Hoba Hariho Ubuzima Inyuma yo Gupfa?
“Harih’ivyizigiro vy’igiti, iyo giciwe, yuko kizokwongera kunaga, . . . Umuntu ni yapfa, mbeg’azosubira kubaho?”—MUSA, UMUHANUZI WA KERA.
1-3. Ni mu buryo ubuhe abantu benshi barondera guhumurizwa iyo babuze uwabo?
MU NZU imwe itegurirwamwo abaja gufubwa mu Gisagara ca New York, abagenzi n’umuryango batonze mu gacerere hampande y’isandugu y’ikiziga ipfunduruye. Bagenda bitegereza nya kiziga, kikaba ari ic’umuhungu yari amaze imyaka 17. Bagenzi biwe bavuye kw’ishure ntibashobora kumumenya neza. Imiti bari baramuvuje yaramumunguye umushatsi; kanseri yaramunyunyuye. Mbega uwo ashobora kuba ari wa mugenzi wabo? Amezi makeyi imbere yaho, yari umuntu afise ivyiyumviro vyinshi, ibibazo vyinshi, inguvu nyinshi—eka yari n’amagara meza! Nyina wiwe yavunitse umutima aragerageza kwizigira no gusubiza umutima mu nda ngo kumbure umuhungu wiwe yoba akiri muzima. Aguma asubiramwo ivyo yigishijwe yiyuha iryosozi, avuga ngo: “Tommy ubu ari mu buhirwe burushirije. Imana yashatse ko Tommy aja kubana na yo mw’ijuru.”
2 Kure yaho, nko ku birometero 11 000 i Jamunagari mu Buhindi, abahungu batatu b’umugabo w’umudandaza yari amaze imyaka 58 bariko bafasha kurambika ikiziga c’uwo se ku gicaniro bayigirizako abapfuye. Ku kazuba ko ku musase, umuhungu mukuru atangura nya birori vyo guturira ico kiziga, ahera ku kudomeka ibigegene vy’inkwi akoresheje igishirira, hanyuma nya kiziga ca se agisukako ibintu bimota bivanze n’imibavu. Umuriro uraruguta ariko ukarutwa n’amajambo menshi y’ugutongera y’Ababurahamani aja arasubirwamwo mu rurimi rwa kera rw’Abahindi, ayasobanura ngo: “Ubugingo butigera bupfa nibubandanye utwigoro twabwo two gucika umwe na kwa kuri ntabanduka.”
3 Igihe abo bahungu batatu bavukana bariko bitegereza ivyo birori, umwe wese aribaza mu gacerere ati: ‘Noba nemera ko hariho ubuzima inyuma yo gupfa?’ Kubera ko barerewe mu mihingo itandukanye y’isi, batanga inyishu zitandukanye. Umuhererezi yumva yizeye yuko umuvyeyi wabo bakunda cane azokwongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa, akagira ubuzima bwiza kuruta. Umuhungu w’ubuheta yemera ko abapfuye hari ukuntu basinziriye, ata kintu na kimwe bazi. Mukurwabo arapfayo kwemera ivyerekeye ugupfa, kuko yiyumvira yuko ata muntu n’umwe ashobora kumenya neza ingene bitugendera iyo dupfuye.
Ni Ikibazo Kimwe Cishurwa Kwinshi
4. Ni ikibazo ikihe kimaze imyaka n’imyaka kigora abantu?
4 Hoba hariho ubuzima inyuma yo gupfa? Ico kibazo kimaze imyaka ibihumbi kiyobera abantu. Incabwenge imwe ya Gatolika yitwa Hans Küng ivuga iti: “N’abanyatewolojiya nyene barabura uko babikika igihe bahuye n’[ico kibazo].” Hose abantu baramaze imyaka n’imyaka bazirikana ico kibazo, yamara inyishu zikaza indiri.
5-8. Amadini atari amwe yigisha iki ku vyerekeye ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?
5 Hari abitwa Abakirisu benshi bemera ivy’ijuru n’umuriro. Abahindu bobo bemera ko iyo umuntu apfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa. Amir Muawiyah, igisongerezi w’ahigishirizwa ivy’idini y’Abisilamu, yaragize ico avuga ku vyiyumviro vy’Abisilamu ati: “Twemera yuko hazoba umusi w’urubanza inyuma y’ugupfa, aho uja imbere y’Imana Allah, kukazoba nk’ukurenguka muri sentare.” Nk’uko Abisilamu bavyemera, ngo Allah azoca avuga icese uko umwumwe wese yigenjeje mu buzima, hanyuma arungike umuntu mw’iparadizo canke mu muriro udahera.
6 Muri Siri Lanka, Ababuda n’Abagatolika barareka inzugi n’amadirisha bikaguma bitaburuye igihe mu rugo rwabo hari umuntu yapfuye. Itara rya peteroli riradomekwa, hanyuma isandugu y’ikiziga igaterekwa ku buryo ibirenge vy’uwasandavye biraba mu muryango wo hanze. Bemera yuko ngo ubwo buryo butuma umushaha canke ubugingo bw’uwo yasandavye bworoherwa gusohoka, bukava mu nzu.
7 Nk’uko bivugwa na Ronald M. Berndt wo kuri Kaminuza ya Ostraliya yo mu Burengero, ngo Imvukira za Ostraliya zemera yuko “imitima y’ibiremwa-muntu idashobora gupfa.” Imiryango imwimwe yo muri Afirika yemera yuko inyuma yo gupfa ba nyarucari bacika ibihume, abakire na bo bagacika imishaha y’abakurambere izoterwa iteka kandi ikambazwa nk’indongozi zitaboneka z’abantu baho.
8 Mu bihugu bimwebimwe, ivyo abantu bemera ku vyerekeye ivyitwa imitima y’abapfuye usanga ari igisukirane c’imigenzo yaho n’ivyitwa Ubukirisu. Nk’akarorero, Abagatolika n’Abaporotisanti benshi bo muri Afirika y’Uburengero bari n’umugenzo wo gupfuka ivyirore iyo hari umuntu yapfuye, kugira ngo ntihagire uwuhava yiraba mu cirore akabona umuzimu w’uwo yapfuye. Maze, iyo haheze imisi 40 uwabo apfuye, incuti n’abagenzi barahimbaza iduga ry’umutima wiwe mw’ijuru.
Ni Ikintu Kivugwa Henshi
9, 10. Amadini menshi rwose ahuriye ku nyigisho nyamukuru iyihe?
9 Inyishu zitangwa ku kibazo cerekeye uko bitugendera igihe dupfuye ziri kwinshi nk’uko nyene imigenzo hamwe n’ivyo bene kuzitanga bemera biri kwinshi. Yamara amadini menshi ari n’ikintu ngenderwako ahuriyeko: Ngo imbere mu muntu hariho ikintu kidahwera kandi kibandanya kubaho iyo apfuye, kikaba ari ubugingo, umutima, canke umushaha.
10 Ivy’ukwemera ukudahwera kw’ubugingo biruzuye nka hose mu madini ibihumbi y’Abitwa Abakirisu no mu tudumbi twayo. No mw’idini y’Abayuda ni inyigisho yemewe. Mw’idini y’Abahindu ni co kintu bemera kigize ishingiro rya ya nyigisho y’uko umuntu yapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa. Abisilamu bemera yuko ubugingo buvuka buri kumwe n’umubiri, ariko bukabandanya kubaho iyo umubiri upfuye. Mu yandi madini—iyo muri Afirika ishingiye ku vy’umushaha, iya Shinto, n’iy’Ababuda nyene—bigisha ibinyuranye kuri iyo nyigisho nyene.
11. Incabwenge zimwezimwe zibona gute iciyumviro c’uko ubugingo budahwera?
11 Hari abiyumvira ukundi, bakavuga ko akenge gahera iyo umuntu apfuye. Kuri bo, iciyumviro c’uko inyiyumvo be n’ubwenge bibandanya kubaho mu bugingo butakiri umuntu, bw’igitutu butandukanye n’umubiri, gisa n’ikitumvikana. Uwitwa Miguel de Unamuno, umwanditsi wo muri Esupanye akaba n’incabwenge wo mu kinjana ca 20, yanditse ati: “Kwemera ukudahwera kw’ubugingo ni ukwipfuza ko ubugingo butopfa, ariko kukaba ukuvyipfuza umuntu akobeje ku buryo ataba agikoresha n’ubwenge bwiwe.” Mu banse kwemera ivy’ukudahwera kw’umuntu harimwo ba bafilozofe ba kera bazwi cane, ari bo Aristote na Epikuro, umuganga Hipokarate, wa mufilozofe David Hume wo muri Ekose, ya ncabwenge Averowesi w’Umwarabu, be n’uwatanguye kuba umushikiranganji wa mbere w’Ubuhindi inyuma y’ukwikukira kwabwo, ari we Jawaharlal Nehru.
12, 13. Ni ibibazo bihambaye ibihe bivyuka ku vyerekeye inyigisho y’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo?
12 Ikibazo ni iki: Twoba vy’ukuri dufise ubugingo budahwera? Niba vy’ukuri ubugingo bushobora gupfa, vyashobotse bite none ngo mwene iyo nyigisho y’ikinyoma igire ikibanza gihambaye mu madini menshi rwose yo muri iki gihe? Ico ciyumviro cavuye hehe? Kandi niba vy’ukuri ubugingo bureka kubaho iyo umuntu apfuye, ni icizigiro ikihe coba kihari ku bapfuye?
13 Ubwo twoshobora kuronka inyishu z’ukuri kandi zimara inyota kuri ivyo bibazo? Egome! Ivyo bibazo hamwe n’ibindi nyene, biraja kwishurwa mu biganiro bikurikira. Ubwa mbere, reka twihweze ukuntu iyo nyigisho y’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo yavutse.