Baruki, wa mukarani w’intahemuka wa Yeremiya

WOBA uzi “Baruki mwene Neriya” (Yeremiya 36:4)? Naho avugwa mu bigabane bine vyonyene vya Bibiliya, abasomyi ba Bibiliya barazi neza ko yari umukarani mwishikira wa wa muhanuzi Yeremiya, akaba n’umugenzi wiwe somambike. Bompi baraciye mu myaka 18 ya nyuma y’ubwami bw’Ubuyuda yaranzwemwo ibintu bidurumbanye, baribonera ingene Yeruzalemu hasangangurwa n’Abanyababiloni bimwe biteye ubwoba mu 607 B.G.C., bongera barahungira mu Misiri inyuma y’aho ivyo bibereye.

Mu myaka mikeyi iheze, haratowe utuntu tw’ibumba tubiri two gufatisha imizingoa two mu kinjana c’indwi imbere y’igihe cacu twari twanditsweko ngo “ni [icete] ca Berekhyahu [ukwo akaba ari ko Baruki yitwa mu giheburayo], umuhungu wa Neriyahu [ukwo akaba ari ko Neriya yitwa mu giheburayo], Umwanditsi”, tukaba twaratumye incabwenge zirondera kumenya ivyerekeye uwo muntu avugwa muri Bibiliya. None Baruki yari nde? Yakomoka mu muryango uwuhe, yari yigiye ibiki, kandi yari afise igiti ikihe? Kuba yagumye ashigikiye Yeremiya ashikamye vyerekana iki? Ni igiki dushobora kumwigirako? Nimuze turondere inyishu z’ivyo bibazo mu kuraba ico Bibiliya ibivugako be n’amakuru y’ivya kahise.

Amamuko yiwe be n’igiti yari afise

Muri iki gihe, incabwenge nyinshi ziyumvira yuko Baruki yakomoka mu muryango ukomeye w’abanditsi wo mu Buyuda. Zirerekana impamvu zitari nke zishigikira ico ciyumviro zifise. Nk’akarorero, Bibiliya ivuga Baruki ikoresheje izina ry’icubahiro ridasanzwe ngo “umukarani”, Bibiliya zimwezimwe na zo zikaba zikoresha “umwanditsi”. Vyongeye, Ivyanditswe birerekana yuko Seraya mwenewabo na Baruki, yari umutegetsi ahambaye ku kirimba c’Umwami Zedekiya.​—Yeremiya 36:32; 51:59.

Umucukuzi w’ivya kera yitwa Philip J. King yandika ku vyerekeye abanditsi bo mu gihe ca Yeremiya ati: “Abanditsi, abari bagize umugwi w’abahinga muri ico gikorwa, bari abantu bakomakomeye mu Buyuda mu mpera z’ikinjana c’indwi no mu ntango z’ikinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C. . . . Iryo zina ry’icubahiro ryahabwa abategetsi bakurubakuru bo ku kirimba”.

N’ikindi kandi, inkuru ivugwa muri Yeremiya ikigabane ca 36, iyo tugiye kurimbura ido n’ido, isa n’iyerekana yuko Baruki yari afise uburenganzira bwo kubonana n’abahanuzi b’umwami kandi ko yemererwa gukoresha icumba c’uburiro ca Gemariya, ari co cumba ciwe cagirirwamwo amanama, uno akaba yari umuganwa canke umutegetsi. Incabwenge imwe yo mu vya Bibiliya yitwa James Muilenberg iratanga impamvu zivyemeza, iti: “Baruki yarashobora kwinjira mu cumba c’amanama c’abanditsi kubera yuko yari abifitiye uburenganzira, kandi ubwiwe akaba yari umwe mu bategetsi b’i bwami batumweko muri ca gihe gihambaye cane abantu basomerwa umuzingo. Yari umwe muri abo bategetsi”.

Igitabu kimwe (Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals) kiratanga iyindi mpamvu yemeza ko Baruki yari umwanditsi, mu kuvuga giti: “Kubera yuko akantu k’ibumba ko kurumya imizingo ka Berekhyahu katowe kari kumwe n’utundi twinshi tw’abandi bategetsi bakurubakuru, birumvikana ko umuntu yokwiyumvira yuko Baruki ari we Berekhyahu yari asangiye ikivi n’abo bategetsi bakurubakuru”. Amakuru ahari asa n’ayerekana ko Baruki na mwenewabo Seraya bari abategetsi bakurubakuru bashigikiye wa muhanuzi w’intahemuka Yeremiya mu myaka yabayemwo ibintu vyinshi bikomeye y’imbere y’uko Yeruzalemu hasangangurwa.

Baruki ashigikira Yeremiya ku mugaragaro

Twisunze ukuntu ibihe vyagiye birakurikirana, Baruki avugwa ari bwo bwa mbere muri Yeremiya ikigabane ca 36, mu ‘mwaka ugira kane Yehoyakimu ari ku ngoma’, aho hakaba hari nko mu 625 B.G.C. Muri uwo mwaka, Yeremiya yari amaze imyaka 23 ari umuhanuzi.​—Yeremiya 25:1-3; 36:1, 4.

Ico gihe, Yehova yabwiye Yeremiya ati: “Abīra umuzingo w’igitabo, wandikemw’amajambo yose nakubariye abūrira Abisirayeli n’Abayuda n’amahanga yose, . . . uhereye ku ngoma ya Yosiya, ugashitsa no kur’uyu musi”. Iyo nkuru ibandanya iti: “Yeremiya ahamagara Baruki mwene Neriya; maze Baruki yandika amajambo yose y’Uhoraho. . . ayakūye mu kanwa ka Yeremiya”.​—Yeremiya 36:2-4.

Baruki yahamagawe kubera iki? Yeremiya yamubwiye ati: “Jewe ndabujijwe kuja mu ngoro y’Uhoraho” (Yeremiya 36:5). Biboneka yuko Yeremiya yari yarabujijwe kuja ahantu ho mu rusengero ubutumwa bwa Yehova bwategerezwa gusomerwa, kumbure kubera yuko ubutumwa Yeremiya yari yarashikirije imbere y’aho bwari bwatumye abategetsi ishavu riniga (Yeremiya 26:1-9). Nta gukeka ko Baruki yari umuntu asenga Yehova ata buryarya, kandi yaciye “akora vyose nk’uk’ūvugishwa n’Imana Yeremiya yamubariye”.​—Yeremiya 36:8.

Kwandika imburi zari zatanzwe mu myaka 23 yari iheze vyasavye igihe, kandi Yeremiya na we nyene ashobora kuba yari arindiriye igihe kibereye c’uko izo mburi zandikwa. Yamara, muri Munyonyo canke muri Kigarama 624 B.G.C., Baruki, abigiranye ugushira amanga, “[yarasomye] muri ca gitabu amajambo ya Yeremiya ahagaze mu ngoro y’Uhoraho, mu cumba ca Gemariya . . . , ayasomera abantu bose”.​—Yeremiya 36:8-10.

Mikaya umuhungu wa Gemariya yaciye abwira se be n’abandi baganwa batari bake ivyari bihejeje kuba, maze baca basaba Baruki gusubira gusoma uwo muzingo n’ijwi ryumvikana. Iyo nkuru igira iti: “Nuko bumvise amajambo yose, beraguzanya bafise ubgoba, babarira Baruki, bati ntitwobura kubarira umwami ayo majambo yose. . . . Genda winyegeze, mwe na Yeremiya; ntihagire umuntu n’umwe amenya aho muri”.​—Yeremiya 36:11-19.

Igihe Umwami Yehoyakimu yumva ivyo Baruki yari yanditse abibwiwe na Yeremiya, yaciye n’ishavu n’akantu acagagura uwo muzingo, awuterera mu muriro, hanyuma ategeka abantu biwe gufata Yeremiya na Baruki. Bitegetswe na Yehova, abo bagabo babiri barasubiye kwandika ya majambo nyene yari muri wa muzingo wa mbere, bawandika bari aho bari binyegeje.​—Yeremiya 36:21-32.

Nta wokeka ko Baruki yatahura neza akaga kari muri ico gikorwa yari ashinzwe. Ategerezwa kuba yari azi ukuntu Yeremiya yatewe ubwoba mu myaka mikeyi y’imbere y’aho. Ashobora kandi kuba yarumvise ivyashikiye Uriya, uwari yaramenyesheje “[i]bihwanye n’amajambo yose ya Yeremiya”, yamara Umwami Yehoyakimu akamwica. Naho vyari ukwo, Baruki yari afise umutima ukunze wo gukoresha ubuhanga yari afise mu gikorwa ciwe hamwe n’imigenderanire yari afitaniye n’abategetsi kugira ngo ashigikire Yeremiya muri ico gikorwa yakora.​—Yeremiya 26:1-9, 20-24.

Ntiwironderere “ibintu bihambaye”

Igihe Baruki yariko arandika umuzingo wa mbere, yaramaze igihe kinaka ari mu mubabaro. Yavuze ati: “Mbonye ibara, kuk’Uhoraho yongereje intuntu ku mubabaro wanje! Kuniha kurandambiye, simbona akaruhuko”. Ni igiki catumye Baruki agira uwo mubabaro?​—Yeremiya 45:1-3.

Nta nyishu idomako itangwa. Ariko, gerageza kuzirikana ku kuntu ivya Baruki vyari vyifashe. Kuba yaravuze ivyerekeye imburi zahawe ababa muri Isirayeli no mu Buyuda mu kiringo c’imyaka 23 ntibibura kuba vyaratumye ubuhuni bwabo be n’ingene bateye akagere Yehova bija ku mugaragaro. Ingingo Yehova yari yarafashe y’uko Yeruzalemu n’Ubuyuda vyosanganguwe, maze iryo hanga rikamara imyaka 70 ryarajanywe inyagano i Babuloni, ivyo Yehova akaba yabihishuye muri uwo mwaka nyene, bikaba kandi kumbure vyaranditswe muri uwo muzingo, itegerezwa kuba yaravunye umutima Baruki (Yeremiya 25:1-11). N’ikindi kandi, kuba yarashigikiye Yeremiya ashikamye muri ico gihe gihambaye cane vyari gushobora gutuma atakaza igiti yari afise n’akazi yakora.

Uko biri kwose, Yehova ubwiwe yarahaserutse kugira ngo afashe Baruki kugumiza mu muzirikanyi urwo rubanza rwari rwimirije. Yehova yavuze ati: ‘Ico nubatse nzogisambura, kandi ico nateragiye nzokirandura: nzokora ntyo mu gihugu cose’. Yaciye akebura Baruki ati: “Ngo mbega nawe wironderera [“ibintu bihambaye”, NW]? Ntub[i]rondere”.​—Yeremiya 45:4, 5.

Yehova ntiyavuze adomako ivyo “bintu bihambaye” ivyo ari vyo, ariko Baruki we ategerezwa kuba yari azi nimba yari imigambi y’ubwikunzi, ukurondera ubukuru canke ukurondera amaronko. Yehova yamuhanuye kubona ibintu mu buryo bubereye no kuguma yibuka ivyari bigiye gushika, ati: ‘Nzozana ivyago ku bafise umubiri bose, ariko weho nzoguha gukirira aho uzoba ugiye hose’. Ikintu c’agaciro kuruta ibindi vyose Baruki yari atunze, ari bwo buzima bwiwe, cozigamwe aho ari ho hose yogiye.​—Yeremiya 45:5.

Bibiliya, ihejeje kuvuga ivyo bintu bidondorwa muri Yeremiya ikigabane ca 36 n’ica 45 vyabaye kuva mu 625 B.G.C. gushika mu 624 B.G.C., nta co isubira kuvuga ku vyerekeye Baruki gushika hasigaye amezi makeyi ngo Abanyababiloni basangangure Yeruzalemu n’Ubuyuda mu 607 B.G.C. Ni igiki none cabaye muri uwo mwaka?

Baruki asubira gushigikira Yeremiya

Igihe Abanyababiloni bugariza Yeruzalemu ni ho Baruki asubira kuvugwa mu nkuru ya Bibiliya. Yeremiya, “[a]bohewe mu rugo rw’ibohero”, Yehova yamubwiye ngo agure itongo rya mwene sewabo ryari i Anatoti kugira ngo kibe ikimenyetso c’uko ibintu vyosubiye kumera nk’uko vyahora. Baruki yarahamagawe kugira ngo afashe mu vyo kugura no kugurisha mu buryo buhuye n’amategeko.​—Yeremiya 32:1, 2, 6, 7.

Yeremiya yasiguye ati: “Nandika icete c’uko tuguze, nkiyagirizakw ishashara ndomamw’ikimenyetso, mpamagara ivyabona, ndamugerera za feza ku munzane. Nuko nābīra ico cete c’uko tuguze, ikidomwekw ikimenyetso . . . bo n’ikindi kitamatanijwe, maz’ico cete c’uko tuguze ngih[a] Baruki”. Yaciye ategeka Baruki kubika mu kibumbano ivyo vyete vy’uko baguze kugira ngo bibikwe neza. Hari incabwenge ziyumvira yuko naho Yeremiya yavuze ko ‘yanditse’ ico cete, ashobora kuba yabwiye Baruki ku munwa, uwari umwanditsi w’umuhinga, maze Baruki aba mu vy’ukuri ari we acandika.​—Yeremiya 32:10-14; 36:4, 17, 18; 45:1.

Baruki na Yeremiya barakurikije ivyari bisanzwe bisabwa n’amategeko ico gihe. Kimwe muri ivyo, kwari ukwandika ivyete bibiri. Ca gitabu (Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals) gisigura giti: “Icete ca mbere citwa ‘icete kidomweko ikimenyetso’ kubera yuko cazingwa kigaca gifatishwa akantu k’ibumba kamwe canke twinshi; caba canditsweko amasezerano nyezina yagizwe. . . . Ica kabiri, icitwa ‘icete kitadomweko ikimenyetso’, yari ikopi y’icete cadomweko ikimenyetso, kikazingwa, kikaba cari kigenewe kuza kirasomwa. Hariho rero ivyete bibiri, icete nyezina be n’ikopi yaco, vyanditse ku nkorogoto zibiri zitandukanye”. Ivyatowe mu bucukuzi bw’ivya kera biremeza yuko ivyo kubika ivyete mu kibumbano vyari bisanzwe bigirwa.

Amaherezo, Abanyababiloni barigaruriye Yeruzalemu, barahaturira, bongera batwara abantu baho bose inyagano, uretse abantu nciyaho bakeyi. Nebukadinezari yaragenye Gedaliya ngo abe buramatari, uno akaba yaciye agandagurwa haheze amezi abiri. Abo Bayuda batatwawe mu bunyagano baragiye umugambi wo kuja mu Misiri, baranka impanuro ivuye ku Mana Yeremiya yabahaye, kandi muri ico gihe ni ho Baruki asubira kuvugwa.​—Yeremiya 39:2, 8; 40:5; 41:1, 2; 42:13-17.

Indongozi z’Abayuda zabwiye Yeremiya ziti: “Uvuze ibinyoma: Uhoraho Imana yacu ntiyagutumye kuvuga, ngo Ntituje muri Egiputa kubayo; ariko Baruki mwene Neriya ni we akuduteranijeko, kugira ngo dutangwe mu maboko y’Abakaludaya, ngo batwice, canke batujane i Babuloni tur’inyagano” (Yeremiya 43:2, 3). Ivyo birego bisa n’ivyerekana yuko indongozi z’Abayuda ziyumvira yuko Baruki yagira akosho gakomeye kuri Yeremiya. Boba babona ko Baruki atari akiri gusa umwanditsi w’uwo muhanuzi, bafatiye ku giti yari afise canke kubera ubucuti yari afitaniye na Yeremiya bwari bumaze igihe kirekire? Vyoshoboka. Ariko ivyo izo ndongozi z’Abayuda ziyumvira vyaba ibihe, ikizwi co ni uko ubwo butumwa bwari koko bwavuye kuri Yehova.

Naho ba Bayuda batatwawe mu bunyagano bahawe imburizi ziva ku Mana, baragiye mu Misiri kandi bagenda bajanye “ūvugishwa n’Imana Yeremiya, na Baruki mwene Neriya”. Yeremiya yanditse ati: “[Baraheza] baja mu gihugu ca Egiputa, kuko batumviye Uhoraho: nuko bashika i Tahapanesi”, ico kikaba cari igisagara giherereye amaja mu Buseruko bwo mu karere k’ishamikiro ry’Uruzi Nili, aho ico gihugu gihana urubibe n’akarere ka Sinayi. Gushika aho, Baruki ntasubira kuvugwa mu nkuru ya Bibiliya.​—Yeremiya 43:5-7.

Ivyigwa dushobora kwigira kuri Baruki?

Hariho ivyigwa vyinshi bihambaye dushobora kwigira kuri Baruki. Icigwa kimwe gihambaye cane tumwigirako ni umutima ukunze yari afise wo gukoresha mu murimo wa Yehova ubuhanga yari afise mu kazi yakora be n’imigenderanire yari afitaniye n’abantu bakurubakuru, ataravye inkurikizi bishobora gutera. Ivyabona vya Yehova benshi muri iki gihe, baba abagabo canke abagore, barerekana mwene uwo mutima, bakitanga bagakoresha ubuhanga bwabo mu murimo wo kuri Beteli, mu gikorwa c’ubwubatsi no mu bindi nk’ivyo. Woshobora gute kugaragaza umutima nk’uwo Baruki yagaragaje?

Igihe Baruki yibutswa ko mu misi ya nyuma y’Ubuyuda atari co gihe co kwironderera “ibintu bihambaye”, biboneka ko yaciye yakira neza ico kintu yibukijwe, kubera yuko ubuzima bwiwe bwazigurijwe. Birumvikana ko iyo mpanuro twoyiyerekezako, kubera ko na twebwe nyene tubayeho mu misi ya nyuma y’urunkwekwe rw’ibintu. Na twebwe Yehova adusezeranira yuko ubuzima bwacu buzozigurizwa. Twoba natwe twokwakira ivyo vyibutswa nk’uko Baruki yavyakiriye?

Hariho ikindi cigwa c’ingirakamaro twigira kuri iyo nkuru. Baruki yarafashije Yeremiya na mwene sewabo gukora ivyari bikenewe gukorwa mu buryo buhuye n’amategeko mu bijanye n’ukugura no kugurisha, naho nyene abo bagabo babiri bari incuti. Ico ni ikintu gishingiye mu Vyanditswe abakirisu bari n’ivyo bakorana mu vy’ubucuruzi n’abavukanyi canke abavukanyikazi babo bo mu vy’impwemu bakwiye gukurikiza. Gukurikiza ako karorero ko gushira mu nyandiko amasezerano yo mu vy’ubucuruzi ni ikintu gihuje n’Ivyanditswe, c’ingirakamaro kandi kiranga urukundo.

Naho Bibiliya ivuga bike gusa kuri Baruki, birabereye ko abakirisu bose muri iki gihe barondera kumenya ivyo bomwigirako. Woba uzokwigana akarorero keza k’uwo mukarani w’intahemuka wa Yeremiya?

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 16]

Aka ni ka kantu k’ibumba ko gufatisha imizingo ka Baruki

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ako kantu k’ibumba: iyo foto tuyikesha Israel Museum, Jerusalem