Ingene Ico Ciyumviro Cinjiye mu Madini yo mu Buseruko
“Ivy’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa vyangiye mu bwenge kuva nkiri umwana mutoyi. Nama nantaryo niyumvira yuko ukudahwera kw’ubugingo ari ukuri ntabanduka umuntu wese yemera. Ni co gituma natangaye vy’ukuri aho menyeye ko abanyabwenge bamwebamwe bakomakomeye bo mu Buseruko no mu Burengero barwanije iyo nyigisho bivuye inyuma. None ubu ndibaza ingene ico ciyumviro c’ukudahwera cinjiye mu bwenge bw’Abahindu.”—UMUNYESHURE WO KURI KAMINUZA YAKURIYE MW IDINI Y’ABAHINDU.
1. Ni kuki dukwiye kwitwararika kumenya ingene inyigisho y’ukudahwera kw’umuntu yatsimbataye ikongera igakwiragira mu madini anyuranye?
ICIYUMVIRO c’uko umuntu afise ubugingo budahwera cinjiye gute mw’idini y’Abahindu no mu yandi madini yo mu Buseruko? Ico kibazo kirakeneye inyishu, no ku bantu bo mu Burengero bashobora kuba batazi ivy’ayo madini, kubera ko iyo nyigisho iri n’ico ikora ku kungene umuntu wese abona kazoza. Kubera ko inyigisho y’ukudahwera kw’umuntu isangiwe n’amadini menshi muri iki gihe, kumenya ingene ico ciyumviro catsimbataye vyoshobora koko gukomeza ugutahura n’ukwumvikana neza birushirije.
2. Ni kuki Ubuhindi bwabaye isoko rikomeye mu vy’ukwinjiza inyigisho z’ivy’idini muri Aziya?
2 Ninian Smart, umuporofeseri w’ivyigwa vyerekeye idini kuri Kaminuza y’i Lancaster mu Bwongereza avuga ati: “Mu Buhindi ni ho habaye ahantu hakuru havuye inyigisho z’ivy’idini zinjiye mu bantu bo muri Aziya. Ivyo ntibitumwa gusa n’uko Ubuhindi ubwabwo ari bwo soko ry’amadini atari make—nk’iy’Abahindu, Ababuda, Abajayini, Abasiki, n’ayandi—ahubwo ni kubera ko imwe muri izo ari yo y’Ababuda yahavuye yinjira cane mu mico kama ya Aziya y’Ubuseruko nka yose.” Nk’uko Nikhilananda incabwenge w’Umuhindu abivuga, abantu bo mu mico kama myinshi bohejwe muri ubwo buryo “baracabona ko mu vy’idini Ubuhindi ari bwo mavukiro yabo.” None iyo nyigisho y’uko ubugingo budahwera yisobekanze gute mu Buhindi no mu yindi mihingo ya Aziya?
Inyigisho y’Abahindu y’Uko Umuntu Yapfuye Yongera Kuvukira mu Kindi Kiremwa
3. Nk’uko umutohozakahise umwe abivuga, ivy’uko ubugingo bwoba bwimukira ahandi vyoba vyajanywe mu Buhindi na ba nde?
3 Mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C., igihe Pitagoro n’abayoboke biwe mu Bugiriki bariko barashigikira inyigisho y’uko ubugingo bwimukira ahandi hantu, abanyabwenge b’Abahindu baba ku nkengera z’inzuzi Indus na Gange mu Buhindi bariko batsimbataza ico ciyumviro nyene. Nk’uko umutohozakahise Arnold Toynbee abivuga, kuba ukwemera ivyo bintu kwaziriye rimwe “mu karere k’Ubugiriki no mu Buhindi ntibishobora kuba vyarizanye.” Arabandanya ati: “Isoko rimwe rusangi bishobora [kuba vyaravuyeko] ni muri ba bantu bakomoka ku Buraya na Aziya b’abimukīra bamanutse mu Buhindi mu kinjana c’8 n’ic’7 G.C., muri Aziya yo mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero, igihugu c’imisozi ihanamye kiri ku nkengera zo mu buraruko z’Ikiyaga Cirabura n’utuzinga twa Balkani na Anatoliya.” Ayo moko y’abasuhuke bakomoka ku Buraya na Aziya biboneka ko baje bazanye mu Buhindi iciyumviro c’ivy’uko ubuzima bwimukira ahandi hantu.
4. Ni kuki iciyumviro c’ivy’uko ubugingo bwimukira ahandi cakwegēreye incabwenge zo mw’idini y’Abahindu?
4 Idini y’Abahindu yari yatanguriye mu Buhindi imbere yaho cane, itangurana n’ugushika kw’Abariyena nko mu 1 500 B.G.C. Kuva mu ntango nyene, abo mw’idini y’Abahindu bemera yuko ubugingo butandukanye n’umubiri, n’uko kandi ngo ubugingo bubandanya kubaho iyo umuntu apfuye. Abahindu rero barasenga aba kera kandi bagategurira ibifungurwa imitima y’ababo bapfuye ngo ibirye. Inyuma y’ibinjana igihe iciyumviro c’uko ubugingo bwimukira ahandi cashika mu Buhindi, gitegerezwa kuba carakwegēreye abanyabwenge b’Abahindu bari bahanganye n’ingorane ikwiye hose yerekeye ikibi hamwe n’umubabaro uri mu bantu. Abanyabwenge b’Abahindu barafashe ivyo babisukiranya n’iciswe itegeko rya Karma, iryerekeye ivy’uko ibintu biba biri n’ikibituma, hanyuma bakuramwo inyigisho y’ivy’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa, ngo maze ivyiza n’ibibi vyakozwe mu buzima bumwe bigatangirwa impera canke bigahanirwa mu buzima bukurikira.
5. Nk’uko idini y’Abahindu ibivuga, intumbero ntabanduka y’ubugingo ni iyihe?
5 Ariko ico gihe hariho ikindi ciyumviro cinjiye mu nyigisho y’Abahindu yerekeye ubugingo. Nk’uko igitabu Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics kibivuga, “bisa n’uko ari ivy’ukuri yuko igihe nyene ya nyigisho y’uko ubuzima bwimukira ahandi hamwe n’ivya karma vyashingwa, canke mbere n’imbere yaho, hari ikindi ciyumviro . . . cariko kirakura buhorobuhoro mu ncabwenge nkeyi zo mu Buhindi bwo mu Buraruko—iciyumviro ca filozofiya cerekeye Brahman-Ātman [Burahamani ruheta kandi ahoraho, we kuri ntabanduka].” Ico ciyumviro casukiranijwe n’inyigisho y’ivy’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa, kugira ngo hasigurwe intumbero ntabanduka y’idini y’Abahindu—intumbero yo guhabuza (ubuzima bw’umuntu) bukareka kuza burimuka, kugira ngo bwiyunge na nya kuri ntabanduka. Ivyo, nk’uko Abahindu bavyemera, ngo umuntu abishikira yihase kugira ngo agire inyifato yemewe mu bantu akagira n’ubumenyi budasanzwe bw’ivy’Abahindu.
6, 7. Abo mw’idini y’Abahindu y’ubu bemera ibiki ku vyerekeye Ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?
6 Abanyabwenge b’idini y’Abahindu baciye bafata iciyumviro c’uko ubugingo bwimukira ahandi hantu, bakivyazamwo inyigisho y’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa, mu kugisukiranya na rya tegeko rya Karma hamwe na ca ciyumviro ca Burahamani. Octavio Paz, umupowete yatsindiye ka Gashimwe Kitiriwe Nobel akaba kandi yahoze ari uwuserukira Mekizike mu Buhindi, yanditse ati: “Uko idini y’Abahindu yakwiragiye, ni ko . . . hakwiragiye iciyimviro idini y’ivya Burahamani, iy’Ababuda hamwe n’ayandi madini yo muri Aziya ashimikiyeko: ico ciyumviro kikaba ari ic’uko ubugingo buja burimukira mu buzima bwo mu bundi buryo.”
7 Inyigisho y’ivy’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa ni yo canecane idini y’Abahindu yo muri iki gihe ihagazeko. Umufilozofe Nikhilananda wo mw’idini y’Abahindu avuga ati: “Umuhindu mwiza wese yanyuzwe yuko ugushikira ukudahwera atari agateka gaterwa abantu bakeyi batoranijwe, ahubwo ko ari uburenganzira buvukanwa na bose.”
Urukurikirane rw’Ivy’Ukwongera Kuvuka mw’Idini y’Ababuda
8-10. (a) Idini y’Ababuda isigura ite ukubaho? (b) Incabwenge yo mw’idini y’Ababuda isigura gute ivy’ukwongera kuvuka?
8 Idini y’Ababuda yashinzwe mu Buhindi nko mu mwaka w’500 B.G.C. Nk’uko inkuru mpererekano z’Ababuda zibivuga, ngo umuganwa w’Umuhindi yitwa Siddhārtha Gautama, uwahavuye yitwa Buddha inyuma y’aho amariye kubonesherezwa, ni we yashinze idini y’Ababuda. Kubera ko iyo dini yakomotse ku y’Abahindu, inyigisho zayo ziri n’ukuntu zisa n’izo mw’idini y’Abahindu. Nk’uko idini y’Ababuda ibivuga, ngo ukubaho ni urukurikirane rw’ukuza umuntu aravuka yongera apfa, kandi nk’uko bimeze mw’idini y’Abahindu, ngo uko umuntu wese amerewe mu buzima bwiwe kuva ku bikorwa yakoze mu buzima bw’imbere yaho.
9 Ariko idini y’Ababuda ntisigura ukubaho mu buryo bw’uko ubugingo bw’umuntu bubandanya kubaho iyo apfuye. Arnold Toynbee yavuze ati: “[Buddha] yabonye mu bwenge bw’umuntu urukurakurane gusa rw’imero z’akenge zitabandanya, zikaba zungwa n’ukwipfuza kwonyene.” Yamara Buddha yemera yuko hari ikintu gihanahanwa kiva mu buzima kija mu bundi—kikaba ari imero canke inguvu yinaka. Dr. Walpola Rahula, incabwenge yo mw’idini y’Ababuda, asigura ati:
10 “Burya ikiremwa si ikindi atari ihurirane ry’inguvu canke inkomezi z’umubiri n’iz’ubwenge. Ico twita urupfu ni ukudakora namba kw’uyu mubiri. None izo nguvu n’izo nkomezi vyose vyoba bihagarara buhere iyo umubiri utagikora? Idini y’Ababuda ivuga iti ‘Oya.’ Ukwipfuza, ukunyoterwa ukubaho canke ukubandanya kubaho, kubandanya kuza uravuka, ni inguvu ikomeye cane ikoresha ubuzima bwose, ukubaho kwose, igakoresha mbere n’isi yose. Iyo ni yo nguvu iruta izindi, ni yo nkomezi iruta izindi mw’isi. Nk’uko bivugwa n’idini y’Ababuda, iyo nguvu ntihagarara iyo umubiri uretse gukora, ari rwo rupfu; ariko irabandanya kwigaragaza mu bundi buryo, igatuma umuntu yongera kubaho ari vyo vyitwa ukwongera kuvuka.”
11. Mw’idini y’Ababuda babona gute ivy’Ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?
11 Uko abo mw’idini y’Ababuda babona ivy’ubuzima bw’inyuma y’ugupfa ni uku: Ukubaho ntiguhera kiretse mu gihe umuntu ashikiriye intumbero ya nyuma ari yo Nirivana, ukubohorwa umuntu akava muri rwa rukurikirane rw’ukwongera kuvuka. Nirivana ni imero itari iy’agahimbare gahoraho, si n’ukwiyunga na kwa kuri ntabanduka. Ahubwo gusa ni imero y’ukutabaho—ahitwa “ahantu hatagira urupfu” harengeye ukubaho kw’umuntu. Igitabu nyizamvugo Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, gisigura “Nirivana” ko ari “ahantu canke imero y’ukuba umuntu atakigira ukwitwararika, ukubabara, canke ukumenya ivyo hanze.” Mu gishingo co kurondera ukudahwera, abo mw’idini y’Ababuda baremeshwa kukurenga mu gushikira Nirivana.
12-14. Imigwi itandukanye yakomotse kw’idini y’Ababuda yerekana gute iciyumviro c’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo?
12 Uko idini y’Ababuda yagiye irakwiragira ahantu hanyuranye muri Aziya, ni ko yagiye irahindura inyigisho zayo kugira ngo izihuze n’ivyo abaho bemera. Nk’akarorero, umuce w’idini y’Ababuda witwa Mahayana, ari na wo ugwiriye mu Bushinwa no mu Buyapani, uremera ivy’uko hariho ibinyabuzima vyo mw’ijuru vyitwa bodisatuvasi, ari vyo ba Buddha bo muri kazoza. Ivyo binyabuzima ngo birigiza kure ukwinjira muri Nirivana ngo bize birongera kuvuka akadaharurwa kugira ngo bibone gukorera abandi no kubafasha kuyishikira. Gutyo umuntu arashobora guhitamwo kubandanya muri rwa rukurikirane rw’ukuza arongera kuvuka naho yoba amaze gushikira Nirivana.
13 Ikindi kintu cahinduwe cagize ububasha cane mu Bushinwa no mu Buyapani, ni ya nyigisho y’ivy’Igihugu Gityoroye c’amaja mu Burengero, iyazanywe na Buddha Amitabha, ari we Amida. Abambaza izina rya Buddha bizeye, barongera kuvukira muri ico Gihugu Gityoroye, ari yo paradizo, aho ibintu vyorohereza umuntu gushikira ibonesherezwa rya nyuma. Ni ibiki vyatsimbataye bivuye muri iyo nyigisho? Porofeseri Smart, uwo twavuze amaja mu ntango, asigura ati: “Ntibitangaje kubona ivyiza vy’iparadizo, ibivugwa mu buryo bwiza mu vyanditswe bimwebimwe vy’idini y’Abamahayana, vyahavuye bisubirira nirivana mu vyiyumviro bifiswe na benshi biba yo ntumbero ruheta.”
14 Idini y’Ababuda y’i Tibeti irimwo n’ibindi bintu abaho bemera. Nk’akarorero, igitabu c’ivy’abapfuye c’Abanyatibeti kiradondora ibishikira umuntu mu mero acamwo imbere y’uko yongera kuvuka. Bivugwa ko abapfuye bashirwa imbere y’umuco ukayangana wa kwa kuri ntabanduka, abadashobora kurinda uwo muco bakaba badashobora guhabuzwa, ahubwo bongera kuvuka. Birumvikana rero ko idini y’Ababuda mu mero zayo zinyuranye itanga iciyumviro c’ivy’ukudahwera.
Ugusenga Aba Kera kwo mw’Idini ya Shinto yo mu Buyapani
15-17. (a) Ugusenga imizimu y’aba kera kwatsimbataye gute mw’idini ya Shinto? (b) Ni mu buryo ubuhe ukwemera ukudahwera kw’ubugingo kugize ishimikiro ry’idini ya Shinto?
15 Idini yari ihari mu Buyapani imbere y’uko idini y’Ababuda ihashika mu kinjana ca gatandatu G.C. Yari idini itagira izina yari igizwe n’ukwemera kujanye n’imico hamwe n’imigenzo y’abantu baho. Ariko aho idini y’Ababuda imariye kwinjira, haciye hakenerwa gutandukanya idini y’Abayapani n’iyo y’inyamahanga. Gutyo rero izina “Shinto” ribona kubaho, rikaba risobanura ngo “inzira ya za mana.”
16 None abo muri Shinto ya mbere bemera iki ku vyerekeye ukubaho kw’inyuma yo gupfa? Aho haziriye irimwa ry’umuceri mu myaba, nk’uko igitabu Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan kibisigura, “uburimyi bwo mu myaba bwasavye ko abantu biyungunganya neza kandi bakaguma hamwe, hanyuma imihamuro y’ivy’uburimyi iratsimbatazwa, ikaba mu nyuma yararanguye uruhara ruhambaye cane muri Shintō.” Ugutinya imishaha y’abasandavye vyatumye abo bantu bo mu gihe ca kera biyumvira imihamuro yo kuyitururuza. Ivyo vyavuyemwo ugusenga imizimu y’abapfuye.
17 Nk’uko abo mw’idini ya Shinto bavyizera, ubugingo “bwagiye” buba bugifise ubumuntu bwabwo ariko bukaba butyoye kubera urupfu. Igihe ababuze umuntu bakoze imihamuro, ngo bwa bugingo buratyororwa gushika aho ubugunge bwose bubuvako, hanyuma bukagira akaranga k’amahoro n’ubugizi bw’ineza. Mu nyuma, ngo umuzimu wa nya mukurambere uraduga ukaba nk’imana, canke umurinzi. Kubera ko idini ya Shinto yabanye n’iy’Ababuda, yarakiriye inyigisho zimwezimwe z’Ababuda, harimwo na ya nyigisho y’ivya paradizo. Gutyo rero dusanga ukwemera ivy’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo ari ishingiro ry’idini ya Shinto.
Ukudahwera kw’Ubugingo mw’Idini ya Tao, Ugusenga Aba Kera mw’Idini y’Ubukomfisiyani
18. Mw’idini ya Tao biyumvira iki ku vyerekeye ukudahwera?
18 Idini ya Tao yashinzwe na Laotzu, uwuvugwa ko yabaye mu Bushinwa mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C. Intumbero yo mu buzima, nk’uko idini ya Tao ibisigura, ni iy’uguhuza igikorwa c’umuntu na Tao—inzira y’ibidukikije. Ukwiyumvira kwo mw’idini ya Tao ku vy’ukudahwera, mu ncamake gushobora kuvugwa muri ubu buryo: Tao ni yo ngingo igenga ibidukikije vyose. Tao ntigira itanguriro n’iherezo. Umuntu abayeho yisunga Tao, aba agize uruhara muri yo kandi akamaho.
19-21. Ivyo bakekereza vyo mw’idini ya Tao vyatumye hakorwa utwigoro nyabaki?
19 Abo mw’idini ya Tao mu kugerageza kwiyunga n’ibidukikije, mu nyuma bahavuye bitwararika canecane ivy’uguhoraho kwayo n’ububasha ifise bw’ukwihanganira ibintu. Barakekereza bibwira yuko kumbure umuntu abayeho ahuza na Tao, ari yo nzira y’ibidukikije, hari ukuntu ngo yoshobora kwubura amabanga y’ibidukikije hanyuma akabona kwikinga ukugira ico aba ku mubiri, ukurwara, mbere n’ugupfa.
20 Abo mw’idini ya Tao batanguye kugira ivy’ukuzirikana, imyimenyerezo yo mu vy’uguhema, hamwe n’ukwirinda ivyo kurya bimwebimwe, ngo bikaba vyarashobora gutuma umubiri uteba gutituka no gupfa. Mu nyuma inkuru zaratanguye gukwiragira ku vyerekeye abitwa intahwera bashobora kugurukira ku bicu, bagaseruka bakongera bakanyika uko bashaka, ngo bakaba baramaze imyaka idaharurwa bibera ku misozi mitagatifu canke mu mazinga ya kure, batunzwe n’urume canke ivyamwa biza mu buryo bw’amageza. Inkuru y’ivyabaye yo mu Bushinwa ivuga yuko mu 219 B.G.C., umwami w’abami Ch’in Shih Huang Ti yarungitse umugwi w’amato urimwo abahungu n’abakobwa 3 000 ngo baje kurondera izinga rya P’eng-lai rivugwa mu migani ribamwo intahwera, kugira ngo bagarukane icatsi c’umuti uzana ukudahwera. Ico tutokwirirwa turavuga ni uko batagarutse bazanye nya muti uzana ukudahwera.
21 Ivy’ukurondera ubuzima bwamaho vyatumye abo mw’idini ya Tao bagerageza guhingura mu buryo bw’amayobera ibinini vy’ukudahwera. Nk’uko abo mw’idini ya Tao babona ibintu, ngo ubuzima bubaho igihe inguvu zinyuranye ari zo yin na yang (ingabo n’ingore) zihuye. Gutyo rero, mu gushongesha ubutare bw’isasu (bw’ibara rizize, ari vyo yin) be n’ubwitwa merikire (bukayangana, ari vyo yang), abakoresha ubwo buhinga bw’amayoberane ngo baba bariko bigana uburyo bw’ibidukikije, kandi biyumvira yuko vyovamwo ikinini kizana ukudahwera.
22. Akosho k’idini y’Ababuda ku buzima bw’ivy’idini bw’Abashinwa kakoze iki?
22 Mu kinjana c’indwi G.C., idini ya Buddha yarisobekanze mu buzima bw’ivy’idini bw’Abashinwa. Ico vyavuyemwo cabaye uruvange rugizwe n’inyigisho z’Ababuda, ivy’ubupfumu, hamwe n’ugusenga aba kera. Porofeseri Smart avuga ko “idini y’Ababuda n’iya Tao zatsimbataje ivy’ukwizera ubuzima bwo hanyuma, bikaba vyari n’ico bihajije mu gusenga aba kera kwo mu Bushinwa bwo hambere.”
23. Conficius yari ahagaze he ku biraba ugusenga aba kera?
23 Uwitwa Confucius, uwundi munyabwenge wo mu Bushinwa wo mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C., uwo filozofiya yiwe yabaye ishimikiro ry’idini y’Abakomfusiyani, nta vyinshi cane yavuze ku vy’ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa. Ahubwo yashimitse ku kamaro k’ukugira neza hamwe n’inyifato yemewe mu bantu. Ariko yarashigikira ivy’ugusenga aba kera, akaba yarashimika cane ku vyo kwubahiriza imihamuro n’ibirori bijanye n’imizimu y’aba kera basandavye.
Ayandi Madini yo mu Buseruko
24. Idini y’Abajayini yigisha iki ku vyerekeye ubugingo?
24 Ubujayini bwashinzwe mu Buhindi mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C. Uwabushinze, ari we Mahāvīra, yigisha yuko ibintu bifise ubuzima vyose bifise ubugingo bwamaho be n’uko ugukira kw’ubugingo bukava mu minyororo ya Karma gushoboka gusa biciye ku kwiyanka n’ukwigumya biherejeko, hamwe n’ukutagira ikintu kibi namba umuntu agirira ibiremwa vyose. Abajayini ivyo baracavyemera n’ubu.
25, 26. Ni ibiki Abahindu bemera bisangwa no mw’idini y’Abasiki?
25 Mu Buhindi ni ho kandi hakomotse idini y’Abasiki, ikaba ifise abantu imiliyoni 19. Iyo dini yatanguye mu kinjana ca 16 igihe Guru Nānak yafata ingingo yo kuvanga ivyiza biri mw’idini y’Abahindu n’ibiri mu ya Isilamu ngo agire idini yunze ubumwe. Idini y’Abasiki yarakiriye ivyo Abahindu bizera vy’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo, ivy’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa, hamwe n’ivya Karma.
26 Birumvikana, ukwizera yuko ubuzima bubandanya iyo umubiri upfuye ni igihimba kinini kigize amadini menshi yo mu Buseruko. Tuvuge iki none ku vyerekeye Abitwa Abakirisu, Idini y’Abayuda, hamwe n’iy’Abisilamu?
[Ikarata ku rup. 10]
(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raga ako gatabu.)
AZIYA YO HAGATI
KASHIMIRI
TIBETI
UBUSHINWA
KOREYA
UBUYAPANI
Banarasi
UBUHINDI
Budi Gaya
MIYANIMARI
TAYILANDE
KAMBODIYA
SIRI LANKA
JAVA
MU KINJANA CA 3 B.G.C.
MU KINJANA CA 1 B.G.C.
MU KINJANA CA 1 G.C.
MU KINJANA CA 4 G.C.
MU KINJANA CA 6 G.C.
MU KINJANA C’7 G.C.
Idini y’Ababuda yarinjiye muri Aziya yo mu Buseruko hose
[Ifoto ku rup. 9]
Inyigisho y’uko uwapfuye yongera kuvukira mu kindi kiremwa ni yo ahanini idini y’Abahindu ihagazeko
[Ifoto ku rup. 11]
Mu gihe uwo mw’idini ya Tao abayeho ahuza n’ibidukikije, aragerageza guhinduka umuntu ahoraho
[Ifoto ku rup. 12]
Confucius yarashigikira ivyo gusenga aba kera