Umuhero w’isi urateye ubwoba abantu benshi

URETSE ivyiyumviro bitabaho abantu bashikiriza ku bijanye n’umuhero w’isi vyavuzwe mu kiganiro c’imbere y’iki, hariho ibintu biraje ishinga abantu dukwiye kwihweza ata gufyina. Abantu benshi barahagaritswe umutima n’igwirirana ry’abantu be n’ubukene bw’amazi n’ibifungurwa vyoshobora gutezwa n’iryo gwirirana. Abandi barahagaritswe umutima n’inkurikizi ziva ku ngorane z’ivy’ubutunzi zikwiye kw’isi yose. Tuvuge iki ku bijanye n’ivyago vy’ivyaduka, indwara z’ibiza canke intambara ikoreshwamwo ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda? Ivyo bintu vyoba bishobora guteza icago kw’isi yose?

Nimuze twihweze muri make ibintu bimwebimwe bibonwa ko vyoshobora gutuma haba umuhero w’isi. Si vyose biboneka ko vyokwica abantu bose bo kw’isi, mugabo bisa n’uko bifise ubushobozi bwo gutuma ubuzima bw’abantu buherengetera haciye igihe. Muri ivyo bintu harimwo ibi bikurikira:

Ibirunga bidasanzwe

Mu 1991, Umusozi Pinatubo wo muri Filipine waraturitse ikirunga, gihitana abantu barenga 700 congera gituma abashika 100.000 basigara batagira aho bakika umusaya. Ibinyota bimeze nk’igipfungu amahero vyaraduze mu kirere bishika ku bilometero 30 bica bigwa kw’isi, birazika ibiterwa vyongera birasambura ibisenge vy’amazu. Ico kirunga be n’ibindi bimeze nka co, iyo bituritse biratuma ikirere kimara imyaka itari mike gihindagurika.

Hari ibirunga bidasanzwe vyaturitse kera cane. Nka hamwe kimwe muri vyo coturika ubu, coruta incuro ijana ibindi ivyo ari vyose vyaturitse bivugwa mu nkuru ya kahise yanditswe kandi cokwiha inkumbi kikongera kikonona ibintu vyinshi kuruta. Uretse ko coca gitikiza ibintu, ihindagurika ry’ikirere c’isi yose ryotuma ibiterwa bidakura neza, ntihaboneke ibifungurwa bihagije, ivyo bigatuma abantu benshi bicwa na kigoyi.

“Ibirunga birica ibiterwa n’ibikoko biba biri hirya no hino y’aho vyaturikiye; ibirunga bidasanzwe biratuma ubwoko bwose bw’ibinyabuzima bushobora guherengetera mu gutuma haba ihindagurika ry’ikirere kw’isi yose.”—Vyakuwe mu kinyamakuru “National Geographic.”

Ibisyo vyo mu kirere vyitwa astéroïdes

Igihe kimwe hakiri kare mu gitondo mu 1908, hari umugabo yari yicaye mw’ibaraza ry’imbere ry’inzu badandarizamwo i Vanavara muri Siberiya, igihe haturika ikintu kigaca gituma agwa nka hariya avuye ku ntebe yari yicayeko. Ubushuhe bwari bwinshi cane ku buryo yumva umengo ishati yiwe iriko irasha. Ico kintu caturikiye nko ku bilometero 60 uvuye aho yari yicaye. Ico kintu cari gituritse cari igisyo citwa astéroïde c’umuzingi w’ubwaguke bw’imetero 35, kikaba capima nk’ibilo imiliyoni 100. Ico gisyo kimaze gushika mu kirere gikikuje isi, caciye giturika kubera inguvu n’ubushuhe camanukanye. Igihe caturika cararekuye inguvu zingana n’amabombe 1.000 anganangana na ya bombe yaterwa i Hiroshima congera gitikiza ahantu hangana n’ibilometero kwadarato nka 2.000 mu kibira ca Siberiya. Birumvikana yuko igisyo kiruta ico cokwonona ibintu vyinshi kuruta, kigateza imiriro ikomeye, ivyo bikaba vyokurikirwa n’ukugabanuka kwa bukwi na bukwi kw’ubushuhe kw’isi yose, ibinyabuzima vyinshi na vyo bigahona.

“Kuva kera na rindi, ibisyo vyitwa ‘astéroïde’ be n’ibindi bintu vyo mu kirere vyitwa ‘comètes’ vyamye vyiseka kw’isi. Ivyo vyarashitse kenshi cane kera, mugabo bizosubira gushika. Ico tutazi gusa ni igihe bizoshikira.”—Vyavuzwe na Chris Palma, umwigisha mukuru w’icigwa cerekeye ibiri mu kirere kuri kaminuza imwe (Penn State University).

Ihindagurika ry’ikirere

Abahinga mu vya siyansi baremera yuko iyongerekana ry’ubushuhe kw’isi, kuba uturere tumwe ari ubugaragwa utundi na two turimwo imvura nyinshi, ukuyonga kw’ibibarafu bishashe ku misozi n’ibiri ahandi be n’uguhona kwa mwene twa dukoko usanga turundaniye mu mabahari hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima buhambaye, ivyo vyose vyerekana ko ikirere gikikuje isi kiriko kirahindagurika. Naho hatangwa ivyiyumviro bitandukanye ku bijanye n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, abantu benshi bavuga yuko riterwa no kuba imiduga n’amahinguriro biturira ibizuku, ibitoro na wa mwuka wo mu kuzimu (gaz), ivyo bikaba ari ibintu ntanganguvu vyo mu kuzimu birekurira mu kirere umwuka mwinshi cane witwa dioxyde de carbone.

Abahinga bamwebamwe bemera ko uwo mwuka ukora nka mwene ya mazu abonerana aterwamwo ibiterwa, ukaba utangira umwuka ushushe uva mw’isi ukawubuza gukwiragira mu kirere, ivyo bikaba bituma ubushuhe bwongerekana. Kubera yuko ibiti bikwega uwo mwuka dioxyde de carbone, guhonya amashamba vyoshobora na vyo nyene gutuma haba ihindagurika ry’ikirere.

“Isi niyabandanya gushuha, wa mwuka ‘dioxyde de carbone’ na wo ntugabanuke, abahinga mu vya siyansi benshi babona ko ubushuhe bwo kw’isi buzoguma bwongerekana, ivyo bitume ikirere gihindagurika bimwe bikomeye kandi bishike ata wari avyiteze, amazi yo mu mabahari na yo yongerekane ku buryo yoshobora kugeramira uturere tuhegereye ariko tukaba turi hasi cane, akaba ari two abantu benshi babamwo.”—Vyakuwe mu gitabu “A Mind for Tomorrow: Facts, Values, and the Future.”

Indwara z’ibiza

Mu kinjana ca 14, ca kiza ruhonyanganda (peste noire) cahitanye ica gatatu c’abantu baba mu Buraya mu myaka ibiri gusa. Hagati y’umwaka wa 1918 n’uwa 1920, ka kamangu kitiriwe aka Esupanye kahitanye n’imiburiburi abantu imiliyoni 50. Kuba uburyo bwo kwiyunguruza bw’ico gihe butanyaruka, vyaratumye izo ndwara zidakwiragira ningoga. Ariko rero, kubera ko muri iki gihe ibisagara vyagutse cane, kugira ingendo mu makungu na vyo bikaba vyoroshe, indwara nk’iyo yoshobora gukwiragira ningoga mu migabane yose y’isi.

Indwara y’ikiza nk’iyo yoshobora kwiyadukiza. Mugabo abantu bararushiriza gutinya ibirwanisho birimwo imigera, ino ikaba ari indwara zikorwa n’abantu. Abahinga muri ivyo bavuga yuko umugwi w’abantu bakeyi bafise ubumenyi bwa nkenerwa boshobora kugura ibikoresho biciye kuri Internet maze bagahingura ibirwanisho birimwo imigera vyica.

“Indwara ipfa kwiyadukiza iracari ikintu kibangamira ubuzima; ariko rero, umwansi yiyumvira cane afise iyo migera nyene, canke afise [imigera irinda imiti myinshi] kibure iyahinguwe mu buryo buhanitse, yoshobora kwiha inkumbi”—Vyavuzwe n’ikigo kimwe (The Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center.)

Uguhona kw’ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima ngirakamaro

Mu myaka itanu iheze, abavumbi bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika baratakaje nk’ibice 30 kw’ijana vy’inzuki zabo buri mwaka biturutse ku ngorane ijanye n’uguhona kw’inzuki, ico kikaba ari ikintu kidasanzwe mugabo gishika kw’isi yose aho usanga ibigwibigwi vy’inzuki bikamangana mu bitiba vyazo bukwi na bukwi kandi mu buryo busiga ubwenge. Inzuki ntiziduha ubuki gusa. Ziratuma ibiterwa nyamukuru vyama, harimwo imizabibu, amapome, isoya n’ipampa. Ziradufitiye akamaro kanini.

Turafashwa kandi n’ibimera bireremba hagati mu mazi bidashobora kubonwa n’amaso. Bidahari ntitworonka amafi. Mu gihe hatoba hariho imisiba ituma impemu zinjira mu butaka, tworonka ibiterwa biri ku rushi. Uguhona kw’ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima ngirakamaro nk’ivyo, kwotuma haba ubukene bw’ibifungurwa maze hagatera inzara, bigatuma abantu bakora ikibi bakongera bakagumuka. Ugutosekaza ibidukikije, igwirirana ry’abantu, ugukoresha mu buryo burenze urugero ubutunzi kama, ugutikiza aho ibinyabuzima bisanzwe vyibera be n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, biri mu bituma ubwoko bw’ibikoko buhona kumbure incuro 1.000 kuruta uko vyari bisanzwe.

“Buri mwaka, ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima buri hagati ya 18.000 na 55.000 burahona. Ikibituma: ivyo abantu bakora.”—Vyavuzwe n’Umugambi w’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu uraba ivy’iterambere (PNUD).

Intambara ikoreshwamwo ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda

Ikirwanisho ruhonyanganda kimwe gituritse kirashobora gutikiza igisagara mu kanya isase, ico kikaba ari ikintu kibabaje cashitse incuro zibiri muri Myandagaro 1945. Ikirwanisho ruhonyanganda gituritse kiragira inkomezi ziteye ubwoba, kigatikiza kikongera kikica biciye ku nguvu n’umuyaga n’ubushuhe n’umuriro be n’imishwarara iturira kirekura. Iyo mishwarara iranduza kandi ibifungurwa n’amazi. Intambara ikoreshwamwo ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda yotuma amatoni n’amatoni y’umukungugu aja mu kirere, agatangira umuco w’izuba maze bigatuma ubushuhe bugabanuka cane kw’isi yose. Ibiterwa n’ibindi bimera vyokwuma. Ata bifungurwa bihari, abantu n’ibikoko vyokwicwa n’inzara. Bivugwa yuko hariho ibihugu nk’icenda bishobora gukoresha ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda. Ibindi bikeyi na vyo biboneka ko biriko birakora ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vyavyo bwite. Kandi amashirahamwe ya ba gaterabwoba arashashaye cane kubironka.

“Ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda biracari co kintu gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose kibangamiye abantu. . . . Kw’isi yose haracariho ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda nka 25.000 . . . Bitebe bitebuke, ba gaterabwoba bazoronka ikibombe nk’ico.”—Vyavuzwe n’Ishirahamwe rimwe (Union des scientifiques inquiets.)