Yeruzalemu ya kera yatikijwe ryari?​​—Igice ca mbere

Kubera iki kubimenya bihambaye?; Ibimenyamenya vyerekana iki?

Iki ni ica mbere mu biganiro bibiri vyo mu nomero zikurikirana z’Umunara w’Inderetsi bica irya n’ino ibibazo vy’ubushakashatsi bijanye n’igihe Yeruzalemu ya kera yatikizwa. Ico kiganiro c’ibice bibiri kiratanga inyishu zagiriwe ubushakashatsi bushika kure kandi zishingiye kuri Bibiliya z’ibibazo vyazazaniye abasomyi bamwebamwe.

“Abatohozakahise be n’abacukuzi b’ivya kera bavuga ko umwaka wa 586 canke uwa 587 B.G.C. ari wo wemerwa na benshi nka wo mwaka Yeruzalemu yatikijwemwo.a Kubera iki none Ivyabona vya Yehova bavuga ko yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C.? Uwo mwaka mwawutoye mufatiye ku ki?”

IVYO vyanditswe n’umwe mu basomyi bacu. Ariko ni kubera iki dukwiye kurondera kumenya igihe nyezina Umwami Nebukadinezari wa kabiri wa Babiloni yasangangura igisagara ca Yeruzalemu? Imvo ya mbere ni uko ico kintu cabaye catumye haba ihinduka rikomeye muri kahise k’abasavyi b’Imana. Umutohozakahise umwe yavuze yuko cabaye “icago, emwe, icago c’agahebuza.” Muri uwo mwaka ni ho urusengero rwari rumaze imyaka irenga 400 ari intimatima y’insengo y’Imana Mushoboravyose rwatikizwa. Umwanditsi umwe w’amazaburi yacuze intimba ati: “Mana, . . . bahumanije urusengero rwawe rwera, basanganguye Yerusalemu, hasigaye ar’ibirundo vy’amasakamburira.”​—Zaburi 79:1, Bibiliya Yera.b

Imvo ya kabiri ni uko kumenya umwaka nyezina ico “cago c’agahebuza” catanguriyeko no gutahura ingene ugusubizwaho kw’ugusenga kw’ukuri i Yeruzalemu kwashikije amajambo menyeshakazoza yo muri Bibiliya, bituma urushiriza kubona ko Ijambo ry’Imana ari iryo kwizigirwa. Kubera iki none Ivyabona vya Yehova bumira ku mwaka utandukanye imyaka 20 yose n’uwusanzwe wemerwa na benshi? Muri make, ni kubera ibimenyamenya dusanga muri Bibiliya ubwayo.

Ni “imyaka mirongwirindwi” igenewe nde?

Imyaka itari mike imbere y’uko Yeruzalemu itikizwa, umuhanuzi w’Imana w’Umuyuda yitwa Yeremiya yaravuze ikintu gihambaye kidufasha gutahura urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya. Yaraburiye “ababa i Yerusalemu bose” ati: “Iki gihugu cose kizoba amatongo n’akajoreza; kand’ayo mahanga azokorera umwami w’i Babuloni imyaka mirongwirindwi.” (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11, BY) Uwo muhanuzi yongeyeko ati: “Ibi [ni] vyo Yehova avuze: ‘Imyaka mirongo irindwi niyarangira muri i Babiloni, nzobitaho, kandi nzoshitsa kuri mwebwe ijambo ryanje ryiza mu kubagarukana aha hantu.’” (Yeremiya 29:10) None iyo “myaka mirongo irindwi” isobanura iki? Kandi ico kiringo kidufasha gute kumenya umwaka Yeruzalemu yatikizwa?

Bibiliya nyinshi, aho kuvuga ngo imyaka 70 “i Babiloni,” zivuga ngo imyaka 70 “igenewe Babiloni.” (New International Version) Abatohozakahise bamwebamwe baca rero bavuga yuko ico kiringo c’imyaka 70 kiraba Inganji ya Babiloni. Dufatiye ku rukurikirane rw’ibihe rwerekanwa n’amasôko atari ayo muri Bibiliya, Abanyababiloni baganje Yuda ya kera na Yeruzalemu ya kera mu kiringo c’imyaka nka 70, nko kuva mu 609 B.G.C. gushika mu 539 B.G.C., igihe umugwa mukuru wa Babiloni wafatwa.

Ariko Bibiliya yerekana ko iyo myaka 70 cobaye ari ikiringo c’uguhanwa n’Imana, kigenewe neza na neza abantu bo muri Yuda n’i Yeruzalemu bari baragiraniye isezerano na yo ryo kuyigamburukira. (Kuvayo 19:3-6) Igihe banka guheba inzira zabo mbi, Imana yavuze iti: “Nzotuma . . . kuri Nebukadineza umwami w’i Babuloni . . . mbazane ngo barwanye iki gihugu n’abakibamwo, barwanye n’aya mahanga yose agikikije.” (Yeremiya 25:4, 5, 8, 9, BY) Naho amahanga yari akikije Yeruzalemu yari gushikirwa n’uburake bwa Babiloni, ugutikizwa kwa Yeruzalemu maze abaho bakamara imyaka 70 mu bunyagano Yeremiya yavyise “uguhanwa kw’igisata cacu,” kuko Yeruzalemu yari “yaracumuye bikomeye.”​—Gucura intimba 1:8; 3:42; 4:6, NIV.

Bibiliya rero yerekana ko iyo myaka 70 cari ikiringo c’uguhanwa gukomeye kwa Yuda, Imana ikaba yakoresheje Abanyababiloni kugira bashitse ico gihano gikomeye. Ariko Imana yabwiye Abayuda iti: ‘Imyaka mirongwirindwi ni yarangira, nzobagarukana aha hantu,’ ni ukuvuga muri Yuda n’i Yeruzalemu.​—Yeremiya 29:10, BY.

Iyo “myaka mirongwirindwi” yatanguye ryari?

Wa mutohozakahise Ezira yandika ahumekewe n’Imana, uno akaba yabayeho ya myaka 70 yo mu buhanuzi bwa Yeremiya imaze kuranguka, yanditse ku bijanye n’Umwami Nebukadinezari ati: “Abācitse bagakira inkota, uwo mwami abajana i Babuloni, abagira abaja biwe n’ab’abahungu biwe, gushitsa igihe Abaperesi bashikiriye ingoma, kwar’ukugira ngw ijambo Uhoraho yavugiye mu kanwa ka Yeremiya rishike, igihugu gishumbushwe amasabato yaco; igihe cose camaze kikir’amatongo, cariko kiziririza amasabato yaco, gushitsa kimaze imyaka mirongwirindwi.”​—2 Ngoma 36:20, 21, BY.

Iyo myaka 70 yobaye rero ari ikiringo Yuda na Yeruzalemu vyomaze biri mu karuhuko k’“amasabato.” Ivyo vyasobanura yuko ico gihugu kitorimwe, ni ukuvuga ko hatobaye ukubiba imbuto canke ugututurira imirima y’imizabibu. (Abalewi 25:1-5, BY) Kubera ko abasavyi b’Imana bari baragambaraye, mu bicumuro bakoze hakaba hashobora kuba harimwo ukutubahiriza imyaka yose y’Amasabato, igihano bahawe cari ic’uko igihugu cabo comaze imyaka 70 kitarimwa kandi ata wukibamwo.​—Abalewi 26:27, 32-35, 42, 43.

None ni ryari igihugu ca Yuda catanguye gucika umusaka no kutarimwa? Mu vy’ukuri, Abanyababiloni barongowe na Nebukadinezari bateye Yeruzalemu kabiri, mu myaka itandukanye. None iyo myaka 70 yatanguye ryari? Uko biri kwose, si inyuma y’aho Nebukadinezari asugerereje Yeruzalemu irya mbere. Uti kubera iki? Naho ico gihe Nebukadinezari yatwaye abantu benshi ari inyagano i Babiloni abakuye i Yeruzalemu, hari abo yasigaje mu gihugu. N’ikindi kandi, ntiyasambuye igisagara. Haciye imyaka atwaye abo bantu mu bunyagano, abasigaye muri Yuda, “abantu batobato bo mu banyagihugu,” bari bakibeshwaho n’ivyo ubutaka bubaronsa. (2 Abami 24:8-17) Ariko ibintu vyaciye bihinduka bimwe bikomeye.

Abayuda baragumutse, bica bituma Abanyababiloni bagaruka i Yeruzalemu. (2 Abami 24:20; 25:8-10) Igisagara cose baragisanganguye, ushizemwo n’urusengero rweranda rwaho, maze benshi mu bakibamwo babatwara mu bunyagano i Babiloni. Mu mezi abiri, “abantu bose [bari barasigaye mu gihugu], abakomeye n’aboroshe, n’abagabisha b’ingabo, ba[rakuye] hasi baja muri Egiputa, kubgo gutinya Abakaludaya.” (2 Abami 25:25, 26, BY) Ico gihe, mu kwezi kugira indwi kw’Abayuda kwitwa Tishiri (Nyakanga/Gitugutu) kw’uwo mwaka, ni ho vyovugwa yuko ico gihugu, icari gisigaye ari umusaka kandi kitarimwa, catanguye akaruhuko kaco k’Isabato. Biciye kuri Yeremiya, Imana yabwiye Abayuda bari barahungiye mu Misiri iti: “Mwabonye ivyago vyose nateje i Yerusalemu, n’ibisagara vyose vy’i Buyuda; kandi none rāba, uyu musi hasigaye ar’imisaka, ata muntu akihaba.” (Yeremiya 44:1, 2, BY) Biboneka rero ko ivyo bintu vyabaye ari yo ntango ya ya myaka 70. Uti none hari mu mwaka uwuhe? Kugira twishure ico kibazo, turakeneye kubanza kuraba igihe ico kiringo carangiriye.

Iyo “myaka mirongwirindwi” yarangiye ryari?

Umuhanuzi Daniyeli, uwabayeho gushika “Abaperesi bashikiriye ingoma,” yari i Babiloni kandi yaraharuye igihe iyo myaka 70 yobwirijwe kurangira. Yanditse ati: “Jewe Daniyeli namenyeshejwe n’ibitabo igitigiri c’imyaka Yerusalemu hazomara ar’imisaka, kw ar’imyaka mirongwirindwi, ari yo nyene ijambo ry’Uhoraho ryavuze, arivugishije Yeremiya.”​—Daniyeli 9:1, 2, BY.

Ezira yarazirikanye ku buhanuzi bwa Yeremiya maze yerekana ko iyo “myaka mirongwirindwi” yarangiye igihe ‘Uhoraho yakangura umutima wa Kuro umwami w’i Buperesi ngo ashinge ko babitangaza.’ (2 Ngoma 36:21, 22, BY) Itegeko rirekura abari mu bunyagano ryasohowe mu “mwaka wa mbere wa Kuro umwami w’Ubuperesi.” (Raba uruzitiro ruvuga ngo “Umwaka uhambaye cane mu vya kahise.”) Rero, mu gatasi ko mu 537 B.G.C., Abayuda bari bamaze gusubira i Yeruzalemu gusubizaho ugusenga kw’ukuri.​—Ezira 1:1-5; 2:1; 3:1-5.

Twisunze rero urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya, iyo myaka 70 ni ikiringo kireha ukwo nyene carangiye mu 537 B.G.C. Duharuye imyaka 70 dusubira inyuma, duca tubona ko ico kiringo catanguye mu 607 B.G.C.

Mugabo nimba ibimenyamenya vyo muri Bibiliya vyerekana neza yuko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C., kubera iki none abahinga benshi bumira ku mwaka wa 587 B.G.C.? Bishimikiza aya masôko abiri y’amakuru: ivyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse be n’urutonde rwa Ptolémée. None ayo masôko yoba ari ayo kwizigirwa kurusha Bibiliya? Reba tubirabe.

Ivyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse vyoba ata amahinyu birimwo?

Abatohozakahise bo mu gihe cegereye isangangurwa rya Yeruzalemu batanga amakuru anyuranye ku bijanye n’abami b’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni.c (Raba uruzitiro ruvuga ngo “Abami b’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni.”) Urukurikirane rw’ibihe rushingiye ku makuru banditse y’ukuntu ibintu vyagiye bikurikirana ntiruhuza n’urwo muri Bibiliya. Ariko none, ivyo banditse umuntu yovyizigira ukungana iki?

Umwe mu batohozakahise yabayeho mu gihe cegereye ikiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni ni Bérose, “umuherezi wa Beli” w’Umunyababiloni. Igitabu yanditse mu ntango (Babyloniaca), nko mu 281 B.G.C., ntikikiriho; uduhimba twaco ni two gusa tuboneka mu vyo abandi batohozakahise banditse. Bérose yavuze yuko yisunze “ibitabu vyari vyarazigamwe i Babiloni bimwe vyitondewe.”¹ Bérose yoba yari umutohozakahise avuga ibitagira amahinyu? Reka turabe akarorero kamwe.

Bérose yanditse yuko Senakeribu umwami wa Ashuri ari we yakurikiye havuye “ingoma ya mwene wabo”; inyuma yiwe umuhungu wiwe [Esarihadoni atwara] imyaka 8; mu nyuma Samugesi [Shamashi-shuma-ukini] atwara imyaka 21.” (III, 2.1, 4) Ariko rero, inzandiko z’ivya kahise z’i Babiloni zanditswe kera cane imbere y’igihe ca Bérose zivuga yuko Senakeribu atasubiriye mwene wabo ku ngoma, ahubwo ko yasubiriye se wiwe Sarugoni wa kabiri; ko Esarihadoni atatwaye imyaka 8, ahubwo ko yatwaye imyaka 12; ko Shamashi-shuma-ukini atatwaye imyaka 21, ahubwo ko yatwaye imyaka 20. Umuhinga R. J. van der Spek, naho yemera ko Bérose yikoze ku vyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana inkuru z’ivyabaye, yanditse ati: “Ivyo ntivyabujije ko agira ivyo yiyongereyeko akongera agasigura ibintu uko avyumva.”²

None muri iki gihe abandi bahinga babona gute Bérose? S. M. Burstein, uwatohoje yitonze ivyo Bérose yanditse, avuga ati: “Kera Bérose yahora abonwa nk’umutohozakahise.” Yamara, Burstein yasozereye ati: “Turavye ivyo yakoze, si umutohozakahise abushitse. Mbere no mu duhimba twa [ca gitabu yandika citwa] Babyloniaca turiho ubu, harimwo amakosa atangaje atari make ku bintu bisanzwe cane . . . Ku witwa ko ari umutohozakahise, amakosa nk’ayo yoba ari akamaramaza, bisobanura rero ko intumbero Bérose yari afise itari iyo kwandika amakuru y’ukuri ajanye na kahise.”³

Ufatiye kuri ivyo duhejeje kubona, uvyibazako iki? Uburyo Bérose yaharuye imyaka bwoba vy’ukuri bwobonwa ko ata mahinyu burimwo? Ariko tuvuge iki kuri ba batohozakahise bandi ba kera, benshi muri bo bakaba bafatiye ku vyo Bérose yanditse mu kwerekana ingene ibintu vyagiye birakurikirana? Amakuru batanze ku bijanye na kahise yoba vy’ukuri ari ayo kwizigirwa?

Urutonde rwa Ptolémée

Urutonde rw’abami rwa Claude Ptolémée, umutohozamibumbe wo mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C. (G.C. bisobanura “mu Gihe Cacu”), na rwo nyene rurakoreshwa mu gushigikira wa mwaka wa 587 B.G.C. umaze igihe kirekire wemerwa. Urutonde rw’abami rwa Ptolémée rubonwa ko ari yo nkingi nyamukuru inkuru za kera za kahise zishimikiza mu gusigura ingene ibintu vyagiye birakurikirana, ushizemwo n’ivyo muri ca kiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni.

Ptolémée yatunganije urwo rutonde haciye nk’imyaka 600 Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni irangiye. None yamenye gute igihe umwami wa mbere wo kuri urwo rutonde rwiwe yatangura kuganza? Ptolémée yasiguye yuko biciye ku biharuro bijanye n’ibisyo vyo mu kirere, ivyo biharuro bikaba ku ruhande rumwe vyari bishingiye ku bwirakabiri, bashoboye “guharura basubira inyuma gushika ku ngoma ya Nabonasari,” ari na we aza ubwa mbere kuri urwo rutonde.⁴ Ni co gituma uwitwa Christopher Walker wo ku Bushinguro bw’utwa kera bwo mu Bwongereza (British Museum) avuga yuko urwo rutonde rwa Ptolémée rutari rugenewe “kuronsa abatohozakahise inkuru zirashe z’ukuntu abami bagiye baraja ku ngoma n’ukuntu bagiye barapfa,” ahubwo ko bwari “uburyo yiremaremeye kugira aronse abatohozamibumbe urukurikirane rw’ibihe rudahindagurika bokwisunga.”⁵

Uwitwa Leo Depuydt, akaba ari umwe mu baburaniye cane Ptolémée, yandika ati: “Urwo rutonde rwamye rubonwa ko ari urwo kwizigirwa mu vy’imibumbe. . . . Ariko ivyo ntibica bisobanura ko ari urwo kwizigirwa no mu vya kahise.” Ku bijanye n’urwo rutonde rw’abami, uwo mwigisha Depuydt yongerako ati: “Nayo ku vyerekeye abami ba mbere [harimwo na ba bami b’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni], urwo Rutonde umuntu yokenera kurugereranya n’ivyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera yitwa cunéiforme kugira amenye igihe c’ingoma y’umwami umwumwe wese.”⁶

None ivyo “vyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera” bidufasha kumenya nimba urutonde rwa Ptolémée ari urwo kwizigirwa mu bijanye na kahise ni ibihe? Bigizwe n’ivyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana inkuru z’ivyabaye, ivyandikano vy’ubudandaji be n’intonde z’abami, bikaba ari ivyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera vyanditswe n’abimuzi babayeho mu kiringo c’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni canke mu gihe cegeranye na co.⁷

None rwa rutonde rwa Ptolémée rwoba ruhuza n’ivyo vyandikano? Urwo ruzitiro ruri ku rupapuro rwa 30 ruvuga ngo “Urutonde rwa Ptolémée rwoba ruhuza n’ivyandikano vya kera?”, rurerekana agace kamwe k’urwo rutonde, rukakagereranya na kimwe muri ivyo vyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera. Urabona ko urutonde rwa Ptolémée rwerekana yuko hagati y’abami Kandalanu na Nabonide b’Abanyababiloni hatwaye abami bane gusa. Ariko rero, Urutonde rw’abami b’i Uruki, rukaba ruri mu bigize vya vyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera, rwerekana yuko hagati y’abo bami babiri hatwaye abami indwi. Ingoma zabo zoba zari ingoma z’igihe gito kandi ata co zivuze? Vya vyandikano vy’ubudandaji vyerekana ko umwe muri bo yatwaye imyaka indwi.⁸

Vyongeye, mu vyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera, hariho ibimenyamenya bikomeye vyerekana yuko imbere y’ingoma ya Nabopolasari (umwami wa mbere w’Inganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni), hari uwundi mwami (Ashuri-eteli-ilani) yaganje i Babiloni imyaka ine. N’ikindi kandi, ico gihugu caramaze umwaka urenga kitagira umwami.⁹ Ariko ivyo vyose ntivyashizwemwo mu rutonde rwa Ptolémée.

Kubera iki hari abami Ptolémée atashizemwo? Biboneka ko yabonye yuko batari abami ba Babiloni bemewe.¹⁰ Nk’akarorero, ntiyashizemwo umwami wo mu Nganji ya kabiri ya Babiloni yitwa Labashi-Maraduki. Mugabo twisunze ivyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera, abami Ptolémée atashizemwo baraganje koko Babiloni.

Muri rusangi, urutonde rwa Ptolémée rubonwa ko rutagira amahinyu. Mugabo none, uravye ivyo rutashizemwo, ubwo rwoba vy’ukuri rukwiye gukoreshwa mu gutanga amakuru y’ukuri yerekana ukuntu ivyabaye muri kahise vyagiye birakurikirana?

None ivyo bimenyamenya bitweretse iki?

Muri make, Bibiliya irerekana neza yuko Abayuda bamaze imyaka 70 mu bunyagano. Hariho ibimenyamenya bikomeye kandi bishigikiwe n’abahinga benshi vyerekana yuko Abayuda bari barajanywe mu bunyagano bagarutse mu gihugu cabo c’amavukiro mu 537 B.G.C. Duharuye rero dusubira inyuma duhereye kuri uwo mwaka, duca tubona ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C. Naho abatohozakahise ba kera be n’urutonde rwa Ptolémée bidashigikira uwo mwaka, nta wobura kugira imvo yumvikana yo kwibaza nimba ivyo banditse bitanga amakuru atagira amahinyu. Mu vy’ukuri, abo batohozakahise be n’urwo rutonde ntibitanga ibimenyamenya bihagije vyohinyuza urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya.

Ariko rero, hari ibindi bibazo bisigaye. Ubwo vy’ukuri nta bimenyamenya bishingiye ku makuru ya kahise vyoba bishigikira umwaka ushingiye kuri Bibiliya wa 607 B.G.C.? Turavye ivyandikano vya kera vyanditswe n’abiboneye ukuntu ibintu vyagenze, vyinshi muri vyo tukaba dushobora kumenya igihe vyandikiweko, ni ibimenyamenya ibihe tubona? Tuzoca irya n’ino ivyo bibazo mu nomero ikurikira y’iki kinyamakuru.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/​Amafoto ku rup. 28]

UMWAKA UHAMBAYE CANE MU VYA KAHISE

Umwaka wa 539 B.G.C., ari na wo mwaka Kuro wa kabiri yigarurira Babiloni, uharurwa hisunzwe ibimenyamenya vyo:

▪ Mu nkuru za kahise be n’ivyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera: Diyodore w’i Sisile (uwabayeho nko kuva mu 80 gushika mu 20 B.G.C.) yanditse yuko Kuro yabaye umwami w’Ubuperesi mu “mwaka wa mbere wo mu kiringo co hagati ya za nkino zitwa olympiques zigira mirongo itanu na gatanu n’izigira mirongo itanu na gatandatu.” (Historical Library, Igitabu ca 9, igice ca 21) Hari mu mwaka wa 560 B.G.C. Wa mutohozakahise w’Umugiriki yitwa Herodote (uwabayeho nko kuva mu 485 gushika mu 425 B.G.C.) yavuze yuko Kuro yishwe “amaze imyaka mirongo ibiri n’icenda ari ku ngoma,” bigaca vyumvikana ko yapfuye mu mwaka ugira 30 ari ku ngoma, ni ukuvuga mu 530 B.G.C. (Histories, Igitabu ca 1, Clio, igice ca 214) Ivyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera (cunéiforme) vyerekana ko Kuro yamaze imyaka icenda atwara Babiloni imbere y’uko apfa. Gutyo, dufatiye ku mwaka wa 530 B.G.C. tugaharura imyaka icenda dusubira inyuma, bidushikana ku mwaka wa 539 B.G.C. nka wo mwaka Kuro yigarurira Babiloni.

Mu cemeza dusanga mu gisate c’ibumba co mu nyandiko ya kera: Igisate c’ibumba c’i Babiloni kivuga ivy’ibisyo vyo mu kirere (BM 33066) kiremeza ko Kuro yapfuye mu 530 B.G.C. Naho ico gisate kirimwo amakosa amwamwe ajanye n’aho ibisyo vyo mu kirere biherereye, kiradondora ibijanye n’ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi, kikaba kivuga ko bwabaye mu mwaka ugira indwi w’ingoma ya Kambize wa kabiri, umuhungu wa Kuro ari na we yamusubiriye ku ngoma. Bivugwa ko ubwo ari ubwirakabiri bw’ukwezi bwabonetse i Babiloni ku wa 16 Mukakaro 523 B.G.C. no ku wa 10 Nzero 522 B.G.C., bikerekana rero yuko mu ntango z’umwaka wa 523 B.G.C. ari ho umwaka ugira indwi w’ingoma ya Kambize watangura. Ivyo bica bisobanura ko yatanguye gu twara mu 529 B.G.C. Umwaka wa nyuma w’ingoma ya Kuro woba rero ari 530 B.G.C., bigaca vyumvikana ko yatanguye kuganza i Babiloni mu 539 B.G.C.

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Igisate: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 31]

MURI MAKE

▪ Abatohozakahise bakunze kuvuga ko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 587 B.G.C.

▪ Urukurikirane rw’ibihe rwo muri Bibiliya rwerekana neza yuko Yeruzalemu yatikijwe mu 607 B.G.C.

▪ Abatohozakahise bo mu gihe ca none ahanini bisunga ivyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse be n’urutonde rwa Ptolémée.

▪ Ivyo abatohozakahise ba kera banditse birimwo amakosa akomeye kandi ntivyama bihuza n’ivyanditse ku bisate vy’ibumba.

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 31]

Ayandi makuru

1. Babyloniaca (Chaldaeorum Historiae), Igitabu ca mbere, 1.1.

2. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, urupapuro rwa 295.

3. The Babyloniaca of Berossus, urupapuro rwa 8.

4. Almagest, III, 7, caheinduwe na G. J. Toomer, mu gitabu Ptolemy’s Almagest, casohowe mu 1998, urupapuro rwa 166. Ptolémée yari azi yuko abatohozamibumbe b’Abanyababiloni bakoresha ibiharuro mu “guharura” igihe ubwirakabiri bwaba bwarabereyeko n’igihe bwobereyeko kuko basanze yuko iyo habaye ubwirakabiri, ubusa na bwo busubira kuba haciye imyaka 18.​—Almagest, IV, 2.

5. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period, urupapuro rwa 17-18.

6. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Igitabu ca 47, co mu 1995, urupapuro rwa 106-107.

7. Inyandiko yitwa cunéiforme ni ubwoko bw’inyandiko aho umwanditsi yashira ibimenyetso bitandukanye kw’ibumba ricoroshe akoresheje akuma gafise isonga rikarishe rimeze nk’itindo.

8. Sini-shara-ishikuni yatwaye imyaka indwi, kandi ibisate 57 vy’ubudandaji vy’uwo mwami ni ivyo kuva ku mwaka yagiriye ku ngoma gushika mu mwaka w’indwi. Raba Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Igitabu ca 35, co mu 1983, urupapuro rwa 54-59.

9. Igisate kijanye n’ubudandaji C.B.M. 2152 ni ico kuva mu mwaka ugira kane w’ingoma ya Ashuri-eteli-ilani. (Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods​—Chiefly From Nippur, c’uwitwa A.T. Clay, co mu 1908, urupapuro rwa 74.) N’ikindi kandi, Ivyandikano vy’i Harani vya Nabonide, (H1B), inkingi ya 1, umurongo wa 30, bimushira imbere ya Nabopolasari. (Anatolian Studies, Igitabu ca 8, co mu 1958, urupapuro rwa 35, 47.) Ku vyerekeye ikiringo kitagiramwo umwami, raba Igice ca 2, umurongo wa 14, mu gitabu Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, urupapuro rwa 87-88.

10. Abahinga bamwebamwe bavuga yuko Ptolémée yakuyemwo abami bamwebamwe mu rutonde rwiwe rwitwa ko rurimwo abami ba Babiloni gusa, kuko ngo abo bami yakuyemwo bahabwa izina ry’icubahiro “Umwami wa Ashuri.” Ariko rero, nk’uko ubibona mu ruzitiro ruri ku rupapuro rwa 30, abami batari bake bo mu rutonde rwa Ptolémée na bo nyene bari bafise iryo zina ry’icubahiro. Ibisate bijanye n’ubudandaji, amakete yo muri ya nyandiko ya kera be n’ivyandiko biharangatuwe birerekana neza yuko abami Ashuri-eteli-ilani, Sini-shumu-lishiri, na Sini-shara-ishikuni batwaye Babiloni.

[Igicapo/​Ifoto ku rup. 29]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

ABAMI B’INGANJI YA KABIRI YA BABILONI

Nimba aba batohozakahise ari abo kwizigirwa, kubera iki batavuga rumwe?

Abami

Nabo-polasari

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (21)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (20)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (​—)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (21)

Nebukadinezari wa 2

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (43)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (43)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (43)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (43)

Ameli-Maraduki

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (2)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (12)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (12)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (2)

Nerigu-lisari

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (4)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (4)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (40)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (4)

Labashi-Maraduki

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (amezi 9)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (​—)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (amezi 9)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (​—)

Nabonide

BÉROSE nko mu 350-270 B.G.C. (17)

POLYHISTOR 105-? B.G.C. (17)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 G.C. (17)

PTOLÉMÉE nko mu 100-170 G.C. (17)

Imyaka abo bami batwaye, twisunze abatohozakahise ba kera

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ifoto dukesha British Museum

[Igicapo/​Ifoto ku rup. 30]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

URUTONDE RWA PTOLÉMÉE RWOBA RUHUZA N’IVYANDIKANO VYA KERA?

Ptolémée yarakuyemwo abami bamwebamwe mu rutonde rwiwe. Kubera iki?

URUTONDE RWA PTOLÉMÉE

Nabonasari

Nabu-nadini-zeri (Nadinu)

Mukini-zeri na Puli

Ululayu (Shalumaneseri wa gatanu) “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Merodaki-baladani

Sarugoni wa kabiri, “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Ikiringo ca mbere kitagiramwo umwami

Beli-ibuni

Ashuri-nadini-shumi

Nerugali-ushezibu

Mushezibu-Maraduki

Ikiringo ca kabiri kitagiramwo umwami

Esarihadoni “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Shamashi-shuma-ukini

Kandalanu

Nabopolasari

Nebukadinezari

Ameli-Maraduki

Nerigulisari

Labashi-Maraduki

Nabonide

Kuro

Kambize

URUTONDE RW’ABAMI B’I URUKI NK’UKO RURI KU VYANDIKANO VYA KERA

Kandalanu

Sini-shumu-lishiri

Sini-shara-ishikuni

Nabopolasari

Nebukadinezari

Ameli-Maraduki

Nerigulisari

Nabonide

[Ifoto]

Ivyandikano vy’i Babiloni vyigana inkuru z’ivyabaye ni bimwe mu vyandikano vyo mu nyandiko ya kera bidufasha kuraba ko urutonde rwa Ptolémée rwoba rutagiramwo amahinyu

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ifoto dukesha British Museum

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 31]

Ifoto dukesha British Museum