Ibihugu Byagiye Bitera Igihugu cy’Isezerano
MU MWAKA wa 740 M.I.C., Samariya, umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bw’amajyaruguru bwa Isirayeli, yigaruriwe n’Abashuri. Bityo, Abisirayeli bari mu maboko y’abantu b’abagome. Ashuri yari mu majyaruguru y’ibibaya bya Mezopotamiya, hafi y’Uruzi rwa Tigre, rumwe mu nzuzi nini zo muri ako karere karumbuka cyane. Nimurodi ni we wubatse imijyi yari ikomeye yo muri Ashuri, ari yo Nineve na Kala (It 10:8-12). Mu gihe cy’umwami Shalumaneseri wa III, Ashuri yagutse igana iburengerazuba, yigarurira uturere tw’ibibaya binese kandi byeraga cyane byo muri Siriya no mu majyaruguru ya Isirayeli.
Mu gihe cy’Umwami Tigulatipileseri wa III (ari we Puli) uvugwa muri Bibiliya, Ashuri yatangiye gukandamiza Isirayeli. Ibitero by’uwo mwami byageze no ku Buyuda, bwari mu majyepfo ya Isirayeli (2 Abm 15:19; 16:5-18). Nyuma y’igihe, “amazi” menshi, ari yo Ashuri, yisutse ku Buyuda, maze amaherezo aza kugera mu murwa mukuru wabwo, ari wo Yerusalemu.—Ys 8:5-8.
Mu mwaka wa 732 M.I.C., Senakeribu, umwami wa Ashuri, yateye u Buyuda (2 Abm 18:13, 14). Yahinduye umusaka imijyi 46 y’u Buyuda, hakubiyemo n’umujyi wa Lakishi, wari wubatswe ahantu heza cyane mu kibaya cyitwaga Shefela. Nk’uko bigaragara kuri iyo karita, ingabo ze zari zaragose umurwa mukuru w’u Buyuda, ari wo Yerusalemu. Mu nkuru zivuga iby’amateka y’Abashuri, Senakeribu yirata avuga ko yafashe Hezekiya ‘nk’uko inyoni ifatwa mu kazu.’ Icyakora, izo nkuru ntizihingutsa iby’urupfu rw’ingabo za Senakeribu zishwe n’umumarayika w’Imana.—2 Abm 18:17-36; 19:35-37.
Iminsi Ubwami bwa Ashuri bwari bushigaje yabarirwaga ku mitwe y’intoki. Abamedi biberaga ahanini mu karere k’imisozi, ubu kari mu gihugu cya Irani, batangiye kujya babuza amahwemo ingabo z’Abashuri zari zisigaye. Ibyo rero byatumye Ashuri ibura uko yategeka uturere yari ifite mu gace k’iburengerazuba, bityo na two dutangira kuyigomekaho. Hagati aho, Abanyababuloni bagendaga barushaho gukomera, ku buryo bageze n’aho bigarurira umujyi wa Ashuri. Mu mwaka wa 632 M.I.C., Nineve, ‘umurwa wavushaga amaraso,’ yaguye mu maboko y’umutwe w’ingabo zishyize hamwe z’Abanyababuloni, Abamedi n’Abasikuti. Abasikuti bari ubwoko bw’abarwanyi bwo mu majyaruguru y’Inyanja Yirabura. Ibyo byasohoje ubuhanuzi bwa Nahumu na Zefaniya.—Na 3:1; Zf 2:13.
Igitero cyaje gushegesha Ashuri cyabereye i Harani. Icyo gihe, Ashuri yatewe n’ingabo z’Abanyababuloni zari ziyemeje gutsinda. Ashuri yagerageje kwirwanaho itegereje ko Abanyegiputa baza kuyitabara. Ariko igihe Farawo Neko yari mu nzira yerekeza iy’amajyaruguru, yaje guhurira i Megido n’ingabo z’Umwami Yosiya w’u Buyuda, ziramukerereza (2 Abm 23:29). Amaherezo, igihe Neko yageraga i Harani, yasanze nta cyo akiramiye; amazi yari yarenze inkombe. Ubwami bwa Ashuri bwari bumaze gutsindwa.
Ubwami bwa Babuloni
Iyo wumvise ijambo “Ubusitani butendetse” (Jardins suspendus), uhita utekereza ku ki? Iryo jambo ritwibutsa Babuloni, umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bw’igihangange bw’isi na bwo bwitwaga Babuloni, mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi bukaba bushushanywa n’intare ifite amababa (Dn 7:4). Uwo murwa wari uzwi cyane kubera ubutunzi bwawo, ibikorwa byawo by’ubucuruzi, no kuba wari warateye imbere mu birebana n’idini hamwe no kuraguza inyenyeri. Umurwa mukuru w’ubwo bwami wari mu majyepfo ya Mezopotamiya, mu bibaya binese by’Uruzi rwa Tigre n’urwa Ufurate. Uruzi rwa Ufurate rwanyuraga mu murwa hagati, kandi inkuta zawo zatumaga usa n’aho udashobora gutsindwa.
Abanyababuloni bubatse imihanda y’ubucuruzi yanyuraga mu misozi yo mu butayu bwo mu majyaruguru ya Arabiya. Hari igihe Umwami Nabonide yari atuye i Tema, asiga Belushazari ategekera i Babuloni.
Babuloni yateye i Kanaani incuro eshatu zose. Nebukadinezari amaze kumenesha Abanyegiputa i Karikemeshi mu mwaka wa 625 M.I.C., Abanyababuloni bakomereje mu majyepfo i Hamati, aho bongeye kuneshereza Abanyegiputa bahungaga basubira iwabo. Hanyuma, Abanyababuloni bamanutse bakurikiye inyanja, bagenda baca ibiti n’amabuye, banyura ku mujyi wa Ashikeloni basiga bawusakije, bagera mu gikombe cya Egiputa (2 Abm 24:7; Yr 47:5-7). Nyuma y’icyo gitero u Buyuda bwasigaye butegekwa na Babuloni.—2 Abm 24:1.
Mu mwaka wa 618 M.I.C., Umwami Yehoyakimu w’u Buyuda yigometse kuri Babuloni. Babuloni yohereje ingabo zari mu mahanga yari akikije u Buyuda zijya kubutera. Izo ngabo zagose Yerusalemu zirayinesha. Bidatinze Umwami Sedekiya yagiranye amasezerano na Egiputa, bituma Abanyababuloni barakarira u Buyuda cyane. Abanyababuloni baje kongera gutera u Buyuda, maze basenya imijyi yabwo (Yr 34:7). Amaherezo, Nebukadinezari yafashe ingabo ze, berekeza i Yerusalemu, baza kuyifata mu mwaka wa 607 M.I.C.—2 Ngo 36:17-21; Yr 39:10.
[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 23]
IBITABO BYA BIBILIYA BYANDITSWE MURI ICYO GIHE:
Hoseya
Yesaya
Mika
Imigani
Zefaniya
Nahumu
Habakuki
Amaganya
Obadiya
Ezekiyeli
1 na 2 Abami
Yeremiya
[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 23]
(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gatabo)
Ubwami bwa Babuloni n’ubw’Ashuri
Ubwami bwa Ashuri
B4 Mofu (Nofu)
B4 Sowani
B5 EGIPUTA
C2 KUPURO (KITIMU)
C3 Sidoni
C3 Tiro
C3 Megido
C3 Samariya
C4 Yerusalemu
C4 Ashikeloni
C4 Lakishi
D2 Harani
D2 Karikemeshi
D2 Arupadi
D2 Hamati
D3 Ribula
D3 SIRIYA
D3 Damasiko
E2 Gozani
E2 MESOPOTAMIYA
F2 MINI
F2 ASIRIYA
F2 Korusabadi
F2 Nineve
F2 Kala
F2 Ashuri (Asuri)
F3 BABULONI
F3 Babuloni
F4 U BUKALUDAYA
F4 Ereki
F4 Uri
G3 Shushani
G4 ELAMU
Ubwami bwa Babuloni
C3 Sidoni
C3 Tiro
C3 Megido
C3 Samariya
C4 Yerusalemu
C4 Ashikeloni
C4 Lakishi
D2 Harani
D2 Karikemeshi
D2 Arupadi
D2 Hamati
D3 Ribula
D3 SIRIYA
D3 Damasiko
D5 Tema
E2 Gozani
E2 MESOPOTAMIYA
E4 ARABIYA
F2 MINI
F2 ASIRIYA
F2 Korusabadi
F2 Nineve
F2 Kala
F2 Ashuri (Asuri)
F3 BABULONI
F3 Babuloni
F4 U BUKALUDAYA
F4 Ereki
F4 Uri
G3 Shushani
G4 ELAMU
[Utundi turere]
G2 U BUMEDI
Imihanda y’ingenzi (Reba mu gatabo)
[Inyanja]
B3 Inyanja ya Mediterane (Inyanja Nini)
C5 Inyanja Itukura
H1 Inyanja ya Kasipiyene
H5 Ikigobe cya Peresi
[Inzuzi]
B5 Nili
E2 Ufurate
F3 Tigre
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]
Tell Lachish
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]
Igishushanyo cya Megido ya kera
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]
Igishushanyo cy’ubusitani butendetse bw’i Babuloni