Ho Etsa Liphuputso ka Liphoofolo—Likarabo tse Mabifi
HAEBA lenane le nepahetseng la liphoofolo tse maoto a mane tse sebelisoang liphuputsong tsa bongaka le ne le ka thathamisoa, palo ea tsona ea selemo le selemo lefatšeng lohle e ne e tla ba e tšosang. Ho lekanyetsoa hore bonyane liphoofolo tse limillione tse 17—lintja, likatse, litšoene, litoeba, le mebutla—li sebelisoa selemo le selemo United States feela. Litoeba ke tsona tse etsang karolo ea 85 lekholong ea lenane lena. Kaha ha ho litlaleho tse nepahetseng mabapi le moo liphoofolo tsena li sebelisoang teng le hore ho sebelisoa tse kae, litsebi tse ling li nahana hore manane ana ke a lekanyelitsoeng ka mokhoa o fokolang. Mehloli e meng e lekanyetsa lenane la United States ho ba limillione tse lekholo. Na u fumana manane ana a tšosa?
Le hoja ho bolaoa ha libōpuoa tsena tse nang le boea ka bongata e bile ka morero, na ua tšoha ha u nahana ka tsona? Na u nahana ho bolaoa hona ha tsona e le ho sehlōhō? Batho ba limillione ba hloile ho sebelisoa ha liphoofolo liphuputsong. Ba bang ba pheha khang ka hore tšoaro e mpe ea liphoofolo ke ho bontša leeme liphoofolong. Motho ea leeme joalo liphoofolong ke “ea nang le khethollo bakeng sa lithahasello tsa mofuta oa hae le ea leng khahlanong le lithahasello tsa mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo.” (Point/Counterpoint Responses to Typical pro-Vivisection Arguments) Ho ea ka baloaneli ba litokelo tsa liphoofolo, batho ba leeme liphoofolong “ba lumela hore phello e lokafatsa mokhoa oo, ’me bokhopo bo lokela ho etsuoa [liphoofolong] ho finyella molemo bakeng sa [batho].”
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, pono ea saense e akarelitsoe lipotsong tse latelang: Na u hloile tsamaiso e buellang ho bolaoa ha liphoofolo hore lingaka li nolofalloe ho ithuta mekhoa e mecha ea ho buoa batho kapa ho thibela ho ata ha mafu a bolaeang? Na u ikemiselitse ho tela lithethefatsi tse ncha le meriana hobane u tseba hore e ile ea lekoa ka lekhetlo la pele liphoofolong? Na u ikemiselitse le ho rata hore ngoana kapa motsoali oa hao ea phelang empa a shoele boko a sebelisoe litekong tsa ho buuoa ho e-na le hore ho sebelisoe phoofolo? Qetellong, ho na le sena: Haeba phuputso e etsoang ka phoofolo e ne e ka u pholosa kapa ea pholosa moratuoa boloetseng kapa lefung, na u ne u tla hana phuputso eo ka pono ea hore ho bolaea phoofolo ka morero oa pholosa motho ke ntho e sehlōhō? Ba bang ba bolela hore bothata bona bo thata ho rarolloa.
Mekha ea Tokoloho ea Liphoofolo
Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa bo1980, ho ne ho na le lehloeo le eketsehang mabapi le ho sebelisa liphoofolo ho etsa liphuputso. Kajeno lehloeo leo le fetohile kobo-anela mekheng e mafolo-folo e tsoelang pele ho matlafala le ho eketseha. E buella ka matla ho khaotsa ho sebelisa liphoofolo merianeng kapa ho etsa liphuputso.
Batho ba loanelang tokoloho ea liphoofolo ba etsa hore lentsoe la bona le haheloe lesaka ka mekoloko ea boipelaetso seterateng, boipelaetso ba lipolotiki, limakasine le likoranta, seea-le-moea, thelevishene, ’me ka ho hlokomelehang, ka ntoa le mekhoa e mabifi. E mong oa baloaneli ba litokoloho tsa liphoofolo ea tsebahalang Canada o itse mabapi le mokha oa tokelo ea liphoofolo: “Sena se ata ka potlako Europe, Australia, le New Zealand. Mebuso e ntse e ba matla. Ho na le khōlo e babatsehang Canada. Ho na le mekha e tletseng hohle lefatšeng ka boikemisetso ba ho sireletsa litokelo tsa liphoofolo ka mabifi.”
E meng ea ‘mekha ena e mabifi’ e ikemiselitse ho sebelisa pefo ho tšehetsa mabaka a eona. Lilemong tse ’maloa tse fetileng, bonyane likamore tsa liphuputso tse 25 United States li ’nile tsa hlaseloa ke lihlopha tse loanelang litokelo tsa liphoofolo. Likamore tsa liphuputso tsa Univesithi li ile tsa thunngoa ka libomo. Litlhaselo tsena li bakile tšenyehelo ea liranta tse limillione. Litlaleho tsa bohlokoa le boitsebiso ba bohlokoa li ’nile tsa senngoa. Liphoofolo tseo ho etsoang liphuputso ka tsona li ’nile tsa utsuoa le ho lokolloa. Ketsahalong e ’ngoe e joalo, boitsebiso ba bohlokoa ba bofofu ba masea bo ile ba senngoa. Thepa ea liphuputso e bitsang liranta tse likete tse makholo e ’nile ea senngoa.
Lengolong le eang ho batsamaisi ba univesithi le likoranta, sehlopha se seng se loanang se ile sa ithorisa ka ho senya microscope e bitsang R25-000 ka metsotsoana e 12 ka tšepe e bitsang R10 hore e bile “boiphetetso bo loketseng ho tsona.” Libakeng tse ling tsa liphuputso, lingaka le litsebi tsa saense li fumane libuka tsa liphuputso le boitsebiso li tšetsoe ka mali ’me ho ngotsoe mapetjo a tokoloho maboteng. Tlaleho e ’ngoe e bua ka “tšenyo e kopanyelletsang litšoso tsa lefu ho litsebi tsa saense le malapa a bona.” United States, mekha e loanelang tokoloho ea liphoofolo e se e ntšitse litšoso tse ngata tsa lefu kapa pefo ho litsebi tsa saense ka bomong. Ka 1986 seboholi sa BBC ea London [Lekhotla la Khaso la Brithani] se ile sa re: “Se kopanyang mekha ena ke qeto ea hore bohato bo tobileng—ho senngoa ha thepa, esita le ho bolaea batho—ke ho lokileng boitšoarong ntoeng ea ho lokolla liphoofolo.”
Moetapele e mong oa tokoloho ea liphoofolo o itse: “Ha ho motho ea seng a tsoile kotsi empa seo ke tšoso e kotsi . . . Neng kapa neng motho e mong o tla khutlisetsa molamu sefateng ’me mohlomong batho ba tla tsoa likotsi.” Ka 1986, puisanong eona eo, moetapele oa tokoloho ea liphoofolo o ile a bolela esale pele ka pefo ea Brithani le Jeremane Bophirima. Liketsahalo tsa ho thunya ka bomo le pefo li ile tsa tiisa seo a se boletseng. United States, ho entsoe boiteko ba ho bolaea motho e mong eo feme ea hae e neng e etsa liphuputso ka liphoofolo. Bohato bo potlakileng ba mapolesa bo ile ba mo sireletsa hore a se bolaoe ka bomo. Leha ho le joalo, hase mekha eohle ea tokoloho ea liphoofolo e lumellanang le liketso tsena tsa pefo le liketso tseo eseng tsa molao.
Ke Hobane’ng ha ba Hanyetsa?
Ho ea ka The Journal of the American Medical Association, “batho ba bangata ba amehileng ka ho sebelisoa ha liphoofolo liphuputsong ba ka aroloa ka likarolo tse peli: (1) ba amehileng ka boiketlo ba liphoofolo ba sa hanyetse liphuputso tsa bongaka empa ba batla tiisetso ea hore liphoofolo tsena li tšoaroa joaloka batho ka moo ho ka etsahalang, hore lenane la liphoofolo tse sebelisoang ke le fokolang, le hore liphoofolo li tla sebelisoa feela ha ho hlokahala.” Ho ea ka liphuputso tsa haufinyane, sehlopha sena se etsa lenane le fokolang la batho ba bangata.
Ho ea ka mohloli ona oo, sehlopha sa bobeli ke sa “batho ba amehileng ka litokelo tsa liphoofolo ba hanyetsang ka matla ho sebelisoa ha liphoofolo liphuputsong tsa bongaka.” “Liphoofolo li na le litokelo tsa motheo,” ho boletse motlatsi oa motsamaisi oa mokha oo. “Haeba phoofolo e utloa bohloko kapa e tšaba, joale e na le tokelo ea hore e se hlokofatsoe ka lintho tseo.” “Ha ho motheo o tiileng oa ho bolela hore motho o na le litokelo tse khethehileng,” ho boletse ’muelli e mong. “Toeba, kolobe, ntja le moshanyana lia tšoana. Kaofela ke libōpuoa tse anyang.”
Batho ba bangata ba loanelang tokoloho ea liphoofolo ba hanyetsa ho sebelisoa ha liphoofolo bakeng sa lijo, liaparo, lipapali, esita le joaloka liphoofolo tse ruiloeng tsa lapeng. Batšoasi ba lihlapi ba ’nile ba khothomeletsoa ka metsing ke batho ba hanyetsang ho tšoasa lihlapi le ho li ja. Batho ba apereng lijase tsa boea le tsa matlalo a liphoofolo ba ’nile ba hlaseloa literateng. Mabenkele a ’nile a pshatloa ’me lijase tsa boea tse turang haholo li ile tsa senngoa ke batho ba nang le pono ea hore liphoofolo li tšoeroe hampe. “Nke ke ka ja mahe bakeng sa lijo tsa hoseng kapa ho apara liaparo tsa letlalo,” ho boletse e mong. “Leqa le leng le le leng la nama ea kolobe le lehe le leng le le leng le bonahalang le se kotsi, le patile histori ea nako e telele ea sehlōhō se ke keng sa mamelloa,” ho hlokomelisitse Mokhatlo oa Setho oa United States. Hammoho le litšoantšo tse felletseng tsa likolobe le litsuonyana tse koalletsoeng ka hokong e nyenyane, lengolo le ile la bolela qoso ea hore maemo ana a tloaelehileng khoebong ea likolobe le likhoho, a etsa hore “poleiti ea nama ea kolobe le mahe ebe ‘lijo tsa hoseng tse sehlōhō.’” Ka ho hlakileng, ho na le maikutlo a matla le a tšepahalang a amehang bakeng sa ho sireletsa litokelo tsa liphoofolo.
Lipale tse Tšosang
Batho ba bangata ba lumela hore ho ba khahlanong le liphuputso tse etsoang ka liphoofolo ho lokafatsoa ka ho felletseng. E ’ngoe ea liketsahalo tse tšosang e ne e ama nyeoe ea Ntlo ea Liphuputso tsa Kotsi ea Hlooho ea univesithi e ’ngoe ea Amerika. Litheipi tsa video tse utsoitsoeng nakong ea tlhaselo ea tokoloho ea liphoofolo li bontša “litšoene tse buretsoang lihlooho ka mochine ha bafuputsi ba ntse ba tšeha boitšoaro ba libōpuoa tse tsoileng kotsi bokong,” ho tlalehile makasine oa Kiwanis oa September 1988. Sena se ile sa etsa hore ’muso o se hlole o tšehetsa liphuputso tseo ka chelete.
Hape ho boetse ho na le teko e tummeng ea Draize e tsebahalang haholo lifemeng tsa litlolo, tsa li-shampoo, le tsa sesepa, le tsa li-lye. Teko ena e sebelisoa ho lekanyetsa kamoo metsoako ena e ka kenang habohloko kateng ka mahlong a motho. Ka ho tšoanang mebutla e mesoeu e tšeletseng ho isa ho e robong e ile ea kenngoa metšoasong e e lumellang ho ntša melala le lihlooho feela. Sena se e thibela ho koala mahlo ka mor’a hore motsoako oa lik’hemikhale o tšeloe ka mahlong. Ho tlalehiloe hore mebutla e ile ea bokolla ka lebaka la bohloko. Litsebi tse ngata tsa saense li hanyetsa teko ena ka matla ’me li leka ho thibela tšebeliso ea eona. Mekha e loanelang tokoloho ea liphoofolo e ngotse lipale tse ngata tse tšosang tse amanang le liphuputso tsa liphoofolo.
Mekha e loanelang tokoloho ea liphoofolo ha e na pono e phahameng e boletsoeng ke Dr. Robert White ea qotsitsoeng pelenyana. Mokhatlo oa Amerika o Khahlanong le Liteko ka Liphoofolo o ngotse hore “ke ngaka e buoang liphoofolo e tummeng hampe ea Cleveland e ileng ea khaola lihlooho tsa litšoene ’me ea boloka boko ba tsona bo phela ka mokeli-keling ka ntle ho ’mele.”
Joaloka litsekong tse ling tse ngata, ho na le mahlakore a mabeli, ’me ho na le lehlakore le hare le lekang ka matla ho felisa liphello tsena tse mpe. Ka mohlala, na ho na le mekhoa e meng e molemo e ka sebelisoang ho e-na le ho etsa liphuputso ka liphoofolo? Na ho hana ka ho felletseng ho etsa liteko ka liphoofolo ke tsela e ’ngoe, kapa ke karabo e leka-lekaneng? Sehlooho sa rōna se latelang se tla araba lipotso tsena.
[Lebokose le leqepheng la 9]
Lipono tse Fapaneng
“KE LUMELA hore liphoofolo li na le litokelo le hoja li fapane le tsa rōna ebile li ke ke tsa aroloa. Ke lumela hore liphoofolo li na le tokelo ea hore li se hlokofatsoe, li se tšosoe kapa hore re li hlokofatse ’meleng. . . . Li na le tokelo ea hore li se hlokofatsoe ka tsela leha e le efe e le lijo, ka mabaka a boithabiso kapa morero leha e le ofe.”—Seithuti sa tlhaho Roger Caras, ABC-TV News, U.S.A. (Newsweek, December 26, 1988).
“Ha ke talima boholo ba se finyeletsoeng, ha ke latole molemo o moholo o finyeletsoeng ke liphuputso. Meriana ea ho enta, liphekolo, tsebo ea bongaka, le mekhoa e hōlisitsoeng likamoreng tsa liphuputso e ekelitse bolelele ba bophelo ka ho makatsang lekholong le fetileng la lilemo . . . Leseling la sena hase ho sebelisa liphoofolo liphuputsong ho ka talingoang e le khetho ea botho: Re na le tsela ea ho ithuta kamoo re ka fokotsang bohloko empa ha re ea e sebelisa.”—Marcia Kelly, Health Sciences, Fall 1989, Univesithi ea Minnesota.
“Ke re ‘ke hana’ liphuputso tse etsoang ka liphoofolo. Eseng bakeng sa melao ea boitšoaro feela, empa haholo-holo ka mabaka a saense. Ho bontšitsoe hore liphetho tse fumanoeng litekong tse etsoang ka liphoofolo ha li sebetse bathong. Ho na le molao oa tlhaho o amanang le liphetoho tsa lik’hemikhale liseleng . . . ho latela ho chesoa ha lijo ’meleng bakeng sa mofuta ka mong oa phoofolo, ho sebetsang mofuteng o le mong feela eseng ho o mong. . . . Ho etsa liphuputso ka liphoofolo ho fosahetse, ha ho na molemo, ho bitsa chelete e ngata haholo ’me ho feta moo ke sehlōhō liphoofolong.”—Gianni Tamino, mofuputsi Univesithing ea Padua, sekolong se phahameng sa meriana sa Italy.
[Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 7]
Mebutla e kentsoeng metšoasong bakeng sa liteko tsa mahlo tsa Draize
[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng]
PETA
[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng e leqepheng la 8]
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