Ko ha Palopalema ʻi Māmani Lahi

“Ko e taonakitá ko ha palopalema fakaemoʻui fakakolo mafatukituki ia.”—David Satcher, ko e toketā pule U.S., ʻi he 1999.

KO E fakamatala ko iá naʻá ne fakaʻilongaʻi ʻa e ʻuluaki taimi ʻi he hisitōliá kuo ʻai ai ʻe ha toketā pule ʻo e ʻIunaite Seteté ʻa e taonakitá ko ha ʻīsiu fakapuleʻanga ia ke fai ha lāulea ki ai. ʻOku lahi ange he taimí ni hono tāmateʻi ʻe he kakai ʻi he fonua ko iá ʻa kinautolu tonu ʻi hono tāmateʻi kinautolu ʻe he niʻihi kehé. ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo ʻi hono talaki ʻe he Sēnato U.S. ke muʻaki fai ha tokanga fakafonua muʻomuʻa ki hono taʻofi ʻo e taonakitá.

Neongo ia, ko e tuʻunga ʻo e taonakitá ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, ʻa ia naʻe 11.4 ki he toko 100,000 ʻi he 1997, ʻoku ʻi lalo ia ʻi he tuʻunga fakaemāmani lahi naʻe pulusi ʻe he Kautaha Moʻui ʻa Māmaní ʻi he 2000​—ko e toko16 ki he toko 100,000. Ko e tuʻunga ʻi māmani lahi ʻo e taonakitá kuo tupu peseti ʻe 60 ia ʻi he taʻu ʻe 45 fakamuimuí. ʻI he taimí ni, ʻi ha taʻu pē ʻe taha, ʻoku toʻo ai ʻe he kakai ʻe toko taha miliona nai ʻi māmani lahi ʻa ʻenau moʻuí tonu. ʻOku tatau ia mo e fakafuofua ki he mate ʻe taha ʻi he sekoni ʻe 40 kotoa pē!

Kae kehe, ko e ngaahi fiká ʻoku ʻikai lava ke ne fakamatalaʻi kakato ʻe ia ʻa e tuʻungá. ʻI he ngaahi tuʻunga lahi ʻoku fakaʻikaiʻi ai ʻe he ngaahi mēmipa ʻo e fāmilí ha mate ko ha taonakita. ʻIkai ngata aí, ʻoku fakafuofua ko e taonakita kotoa pē kuo fakahoko, mei he vahaʻa ʻo e toko 10 ki he 25 ko e ngaahi feinga taonakita. Naʻe maʻu ʻi ha savea ʻe taha ko e peseti ʻe 27 ʻo e kau ako ʻi he akoʻanga māʻolunga ʻo e ʻIunaite Seteté naʻa nau fakahaaʻi ʻo pehē ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e taʻu ki muʻá, naʻa nau fakakaukauʻi fakamātoato ai ʻa e taonakitá; ko e peseti ʻe 8 ʻo e kulupu naʻe saveaʻí naʻa nau pehē naʻa nau fai ha ngaahi feinga taonakita. Ko ha ngaahi sivisiviʻi kehe naʻe maʻu ai ko e peseti ʻe 5 ki he 15 ʻo e kakai lalahí naʻa nau fakakaukau taonakita ʻi ha taimi.

Ngaahi Faikehekehe Fakaeangafakafonua

Ko e founga ʻo e vakai ʻa e kakaí ki he taonakitá ʻoku kehekehe lahi. ʻOku vakai ki ai ʻa e niʻihi ko ha faihia, ko e niʻihi ko ha hola loto-foʻi, pea ki he toe niʻihi kehe ko ha founga lāngilangi ia ʻo e kole fakamolemole ki ha faihala. ʻOku aʻu ʻo fakakaukau ki ai ʻa e niʻihi ko ha founga lelei ia ki hono fakalahi atu ha tefitoʻi moʻoni. Ko e hā ʻoku kehekehe pehē ai ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukaú? ʻOku fakahoko ʻe he anga fakafonuá ha ngafa mahuʻinga. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku pehē ʻe he The Harvard Mental Health Letter ko e anga fakafonuá ʻoku aʻu nai ʻo ne “tākiekina ʻa e ngalingali hoko ʻa e taonakitá.”

Fakakaukau angé ki ha fonua ʻi ʻIulope lotoloto—ko Hungali. ʻOku lave ʻa Toketā Zoltán Rihmer ki he tuʻunga māʻolunga ʻi ai ʻo e taonakitá ko ha “‘talatukufakaholo’ fakamamahi” ia ʻa Hungali. Ko Béla Buda, ko e talēkita ʻo e Kautaha Fakafonua ki he Moʻui ʻa Hungalí, naʻá ne pehē ʻoku fai taonakita ʻo ʻikai toe toumoua ʻa e kau Hungalí ʻi ha meimei faʻahinga ʻuhinga pē. “ʻOku kanisā—ʻokú ne ʻilo ʻa e founga ke fakangata ai ʻa e tuʻunga ko iá,” fakatatau ki he lau ʻa Buda, ko ha tali anga-maheni ia.

Naʻe ʻi ʻInitia ki muʻa ha tōʻonga fakalotu naʻe ʻiloa ko e suttee. Neongo kuo fuoloa hono taʻofi ʻa e tōʻongá ni, ʻa ia ʻoku puna ai ha uitou ki he loto afi fakamomofiʻanga ʻo e putu ʻo hono husepānití, ʻoku teʻeki ai pē ke mole fakaʻaufuli ia. ʻI hono līpooti mai ʻo ha taonakita ʻa ha fefine ʻe taha ʻi he founga ko ení, naʻe fakavīkivikiʻi ʻe he kakai tokolahi ʻo e feituʻú ʻa e meʻa fakamamahi naʻe hokó. Fakatatau ki he India Today, ko e feituʻu ko ia ʻo ʻInitiá “kuo nau mamata ki he meimei kakai fefine ʻe toko 25 kuo nau tutu kinautolu ʻi he fakamomofiʻanga ʻo honau husepānití ʻi he taʻu tatau ʻe 25.”

ʻOku taau ke tokangaʻi, ʻoku toʻo ʻe he taonakitá ʻi Siapani ʻa e moʻuí ʻo liunga tolu ia ʻi he mate he ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he fefonongaʻakí! “Ko e anga fakafonua tukufakaholo ʻa Siapaní, ʻa ia kuo ʻikai ʻaupito ke fakahalaiaʻi ai ʻa e taonakitá, ʻoku ʻiloa ia ko ha faʻunga māʻolunga fakaeouau mo fakaenofo ia ʻo e fakangākau-kitá (seppuku pe hara-kiri),” ko e lau ia ʻa e Japan​—An Illustrated Encyclopedia.

ʻI heʻene tohi ko e Bushido​—The Soul of Japan, ko Inazo Nitobe, ʻa ia naʻá ne hoko ki mui ko e sekelitali seniale māʻulalo ʻa e Kautaha ʻa e Ngaahi Puleʻangá, naʻá ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga manakoa fakaeangafakafonua ko ení ʻaki ʻa e maté. Naʻá ne tohi: “ʻI he hoko ko ha meʻa naʻe faʻu ʻi he kuonga lotolotó, ko e [seppuku] ko ha founga ia ʻa ia naʻe lava ke fakangata ai ʻe he kau tangata taú ʻenau faihiá, kole fakamolemole ki he ngaahi fehālaakí, hola mei he tuʻunga fakamaá, totongi ki ha hala naʻe fai ki honau ngaahi kaumeʻá, pe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻenau loto-moʻoní.” Neongo ko e faʻunga fakaeouau ko eni ʻo e taonakitá ko ha meʻa fakalūkufua ia ʻo e kuohilí, ʻoku kei hanga pē ki ai ha tokosiʻi koeʻuhi ko e fepaki fakasōsialé.

ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, naʻe fuoloa ʻa e vakai ia ʻi he Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané ki he taonakitá ko ha faihia ia. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono onó mo e fitú, naʻe tuʻusi ai mei he lotú ʻe he Siasi Katolika Lomá ʻa e faʻahinga naʻa nau taonakitá pea fakaʻikaiʻi meiate kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi ouau putú. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi, kuo fakatupunga ai ʻe he faivelenga fakalotú ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga ngali-kehe ʻo fekauʻaki mo e taonakitá—ʻo kau ai ʻa hono tautau ʻa e sino maté pea aʻu ki hono hokaʻi ʻaki ha vaʻakau ʻa e mafú.

Ko e meʻa ngali-kehé, ko e faʻahinga kuo nau feinga taonakitá naʻe lava ke nau ʻomai ai kiate kinautolu ʻa e tautea maté. ʻI heʻene feinga ke tāmateʻi ia tonu ʻaki hono tuʻusi hono mongá, naʻe tautau ai ha tangata Pilitānia ʻi he senituli hono 19. Ko ia ai, naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kau maʻu mafaí ʻa e meʻa naʻe ʻikai malava tonu ʻe he tangatá ke faí. Neongo naʻe liliu ʻa e tautea ki he feinga taonakitá ʻi he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi taʻú, naʻe toki aʻu mai ki he 1961 pea fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he Fale Alea Pilitāniá ʻoku ʻikai kei hoko ʻa e taonakitá mo e feinga taonakitá ko ha ongo hia. ʻI ʻAilani, naʻe kei hoko pē ai ia ko ha faihia ʻo aʻu mai ki he 1993.

ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku fakaʻaiʻai ai ʻe he kau faʻu tohi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e taonakitá ko ha meʻa ke fai ki ai ha fili. Ko ha tohi ʻi he 1991 fekauʻaki mo e tokoniʻi ʻo e taonakita ʻa e kau puke ʻi he mahaki fakatupu-maté naʻe fokotuʻu mai ai ha ngaahi founga ke fakangataʻaki ʻete moʻuí. Ki mui ai, ko e tokolahi fakautuutu ʻo e kakai ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke nau puke ʻi ha mahaki fakatupu-maté naʻa nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi founga naʻe fokotuʻu maí.

Ko e taonakitá ʻa e fakaleleiʻanga moʻoni ki heʻete ngaahi palopalemá? Pe ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ʻuhinga lelei ke hokohoko atu ai ʻa e moʻuí? Ki muʻa ke tau lāulea ki he ongo fehuʻí ni, tau ʻuluaki sivisiviʻi angé ʻa e meʻa ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e taonakitá.

[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 4]

ʻI ha taʻu pē ʻe taha, ʻoku toʻo ai ʻe he kakai ʻe toko taha miliona nai ʻi māmani lahi ʻa ʻenau moʻuí tonu. ʻOku tatau ia mo e mate ʻe taha ʻi he meimei sekoni ʻe 40 kotoa pē!