ʻUhinga ʻOku Foʻi Ai ʻa e Kakaí ʻi he Moʻuí

“Ko e ʻalunga taki taha ki he taonakitá ʻoku ʻi ai hono ʻuhinga tonu: ʻoku mātuʻaki fakapulipuli, taʻealaʻiloʻi, pea fakalilifu.”—Kay Redfield Jamison, toketā ki he ʻatamaí.

“ʻOKU fakamamahi ke moʻui.” Ko e meʻa ia naʻe tohi ʻe Ryunosuke Akutagawa, ko ha faʻu-tohi manakoa ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e senituli hono 20 ʻi Siapani, ʻi he taimi nounou ki muʻa peá ne taonakitá. Kae kehe, naʻá ne kamataʻaki ʻa e fakamatala ko iá ʻa e ngaahi lea: “Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku ʻikai te u fie mate, ka . . .”

ʻI he hangē ko Akutagawa, ko e tokolahi ʻo e faʻahinga ko ia kuo nau toʻo ʻenau moʻuí ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni te nau loto ke nau mate, ka ʻoku nau loto “ke fakangata ha meʻa pē ʻoku hoko,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa ha palōfesa fakaeʻatamai ʻe taha. Ko e fakalea ʻoku maʻu lahi ʻi he ngaahi faitohi taonakitá ʻoku fakahuʻunga mai ai ʻa e meʻá ni. Ko e ngaahi kupuʻi lea hangē ko e ‘Kuo ʻikai te u kei malava ke kātakiʻi ia’ pe ‘Ko e hā ke kei hokohoko atu ai ʻa e moʻuí?’ ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e holi lahi ke hola mei he ngaahi tuʻunga fakamamahi moʻoni ʻo e moʻuí. Kae hangē ko hono fakamatalaʻi ia ʻe ha mataotao ʻe taha, ko hono fai ʻo e taonakitá ʻoku “hangē ia ko hono faitoʻo ʻa e fofonú ʻaki ha foʻi pomu niukiliá.”

Neongo ʻoku kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi ʻuhinga ki he taonakita ʻa e kakaí, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa pau ʻi he moʻuí ʻokú ne faʻa fakatupunga ʻa e taonakitá.

Ngaahi Meʻa Fakatupungá

ʻOku ʻikai ke ngalikehe ki he toʻutupu ʻoku nau tō ki he ʻamanaki-tōnoá pea fai ʻa e taonakitá ke nau fai ia naʻa mo e ʻi he fanga kiʻi meʻa ʻoku hā ngali ʻikai loko mahuʻinga ki he niʻihi kehé. ʻI heʻenau ongoʻi loto-mamahi pea ʻikai lava ke fai ha meʻa fekauʻaki mo iá, ʻoku vakai nai ai ʻa e kau talavoú ki heʻenau maté tonu ko ha ngaahi founga ia ʻo hono sāuni ʻa e faʻahinga kuo nau fakalotomamahiʻi kinautolú. Ko Hiroshi Inamura, ko ha mataotao ʻi hono tokangaʻi ʻa e kakai fakakaukau taonakita ʻi Siapaní, naʻá ne tohi: “Fakafou ʻi heʻenau maté tonu, ʻoku tukulotoa ʻe he fānaú ha ongoʻi fakaʻaiʻai ʻi loto ke tautea ʻa e tokotaha kuó ne fakamamahiʻi kinautolú.”

Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe ha savea ki muí ni ʻi Pilitānia, ʻi he taimi ʻoku ʻi he malumalu ai ʻo e ngaohikoviʻi fefeká ʻa e fānaú, ʻoku meimei liunga fitu ai ʻa e tokolahi ʻo kinautolu ʻoku ngalingali te nau feinga taonakitá. Ko e langa fakaeongo ʻoku fuesia ʻe he fānaú ni ʻoku moʻoni. Ko ha tamasiʻi taʻu taha tolu ʻa ia naʻá ne tautau ia tonu naʻá ne tuku ha tohi ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e hingoa ʻo e faʻahinga ʻe toko nima naʻa nau fakamamahiʻi iá pea aʻu ʻo nau ʻave fakamālohi ha paʻanga meiate iá. “Kātaki ange ʻo fakahaofi ʻa e fānau kehé,” ko ʻene tohí ia.

ʻE feinga nai ʻa e niʻihi ke toʻo ʻenau moʻuí ʻi heʻenau hoko ki ha tuʻunga faingataʻa ʻi he ʻapiakó pe ʻi he laó, hokosia ʻa e ngataʻanga ʻo ha tuʻunga feʻofaʻaki, kovi ʻa e līpōtí, ongoʻi loto-mafasia ʻi he ngaahi siví, pe hoko ʻo loto-siʻi ʻi he hohaʻa fekauʻaki mo e kahaʻú. ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e fānau tupu tuʻunga maaka māʻolunga ʻa ia ʻoku nau tokanga nai ke hoko ko e kau fakahaohaoá, ko ha holomui pe ko ha taʻelavameʻa—pe ʻoku moʻoni pe ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e fakakaukaú—ʻe fakatupunga nai ai ha feinga taonakita.

Ki he kakai lalahí, ko e ngaahi palopalema fakapaʻangá pe felāveʻi mo e ngāué ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻokú ne faʻa fakatupungá. ʻI Siapani, hili ʻa e ngaahi taʻu ʻo ha tōlalo fakaʻekonōmika, ʻoku fakalaka ai ki muí ni ʻa e taonakitá ʻi he toko 30,000 ʻi he taʻú. Fakatatau ki he Mainichi Daily News, ko e meimei vahe fā ʻe tolu ʻo e kakai tangata fatutangata ko ē naʻa nau tāmateʻi kinautolú naʻa nau fai iá “koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi palopalema naʻe tupu mei he ngaahi moʻua, ngaahi taʻelavameʻa fakapisinisi, masiva pea mo e taʻemaʻungāué.” Ko e ngaahi palopalema fakafāmilí foki ʻe iku atu nai ia ki he taonakitá. Naʻe līpooti ʻi ha nusipepa Finilani: “Ko e kakai tangata fatutangata vete mali ki mui ní” ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi kulupu ʻoku ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki lahi tahá. Naʻe ʻilo ʻi ha ako ʻi Hungali ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e tamaiki fefine ʻoku nau fakakaukau taonakitá naʻe ʻohake kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi ʻapi movetevete.

Ko e mālōlō mei he ngāué mo e mahamahaki fakaesinó ko e toe ongo meʻa tefito ia ʻokú ne fakatupungá, tautefito ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau taʻumotuʻá. ʻOku faʻa fili ʻa e taonakitá ko ha founga ia ke hao ai, ʻo ʻikai ko e tupu mei he pau ke mate ʻi ha mahaki, ka ko e taimi ko ia ʻoku vakai ai ha tokotaha mahaki ʻoku taʻealamakātakiʻi ʻa e mamahí.

Kae kehe, ʻoku ʻikai ke fakafeangai ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē ki he ngaahi meʻa ko eni ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e taonakitá ʻaki hono fai ha taonakita. ʻI hono kehé, ʻi he fehangahangai mo e ngaahi tuʻunga fakalotomafasia peheé, ko e tokolahi tahá ʻoku ʻikai te nau toʻo ʻenau moʻuí. Ko e hā leva ʻoku vakai ai ʻa e niʻihi ki he taonakitá ko e fakaleleiʻangá ia, lolotonga ia ʻoku ʻikai ke pehē ʻa e tokolahi tahá?

Ngaahi Meʻa Tefitó

“Ko e lahi ʻo e fili ke maté ʻoku hoko ia ʻi hono fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku hokó,” ko e lau ia ʻa Kay Redfield Jamison, ko e palōfesa ki he mahaki fakaʻatamaí ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti Akoʻanga Fakafaitoʻo ko Johns Hopkins. ʻOkú ne tānaki mai: “Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻatamaí, ʻi heʻene moʻuileleí, ʻoku ʻikai te ne fakaʻuhingaʻi ha meʻa ʻoku hoko ʻoku taulōfuʻu feʻunga ke fakapapauʻi ai ha taonakita.” Ko Eve K. Mościcki, ʻo e Kautaha U.S. Fakafonua ʻo e Moʻuilelei Fakaeʻatamaí, ʻokú ne pehē ko e ngaahi meʻa lahi—ko e niʻihi ʻo kinautolu ʻoku mahuʻinga—ʻoku nau ngāue fakataha ʻo taki atu ai ki he tōʻonga fakaetaonakitá. Ko e ngaahi meʻa tefito peheé ʻoku kau ai ʻa e ngaahi mahaki fakaeʻatamai mo fakatupu maʻunimaá, faʻunga fakakēnisí mo e kemisitulī ʻo e ʻutó. Tau vakai angé ki he niʻihi ʻo kinautolu.

Ko e muʻomuʻa taha ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ko ení ʻa e ngaahi mahaki fakaeʻatamai mo fakatupu maʻunimā hangē ko e loto-mafasiá, ngaahi ʻāvanga femaleleakí, ʻāvanga-motuʻá mo e ngāuekoviʻaki ʻa e ʻolokaholó pe ko e faitoʻo kona tapú. Ko e fakatotolo fakatouʻosi ʻi ʻIulope pea mo e ʻIunaite Seteté ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai, laka hake he peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e ngaahi taonakita kuo fakahokó ʻoku fekauʻaki ia mo e ngaahi mahaki peheé. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe ʻilo ʻe he kau fakatotolo Suētení ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau tangata ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ha fakaʻilonga ai ʻo ha ngaahi mahaki ʻi he faʻahinga ko iá, naʻe 8.3 ʻi he toko 100,000, ai ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e taonakitá, ka ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau loto-mafasiá naʻe mahiki hake ia ai ki he toko 650 ʻi he toko 100,000! Pea ʻoku pehē ʻe he kau mataotaó ko e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku taki atu ki he taonakitá ʻoku meimei tatau ia ʻi he ngaahi fonua Hahaké. Ka neongo ia, naʻa mo e fakatahaʻi ʻo e loto-mafasiá mo e ngaahi meʻa fakatupungá ʻoku ʻikai te ne ʻai ai ke taʻealakalofi ʻa e taonakitá.

Ko Palōfesa Jamison, ʻa ia naʻá ne feinga taonakita tonu ʻi ha taimi, ʻokú ne pehē: “ʻOku hā ngali malava ke kātekina pe kātakiʻi ʻe he kakaí ʻa e loto-mafasiá kehe pē ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tui ʻe fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻá.” Kae kehe, kuó ne ʻiloʻi ʻi he hoko ʻo taʻemakātekina ʻa e tupulaki tuʻumaʻu ʻa e ʻamanaki-tōnoá, ko e malava ʻa e sisitemi fakaeʻatamaí ke taʻotaʻofi ʻa e ngaahi ongoʻi mālohi ke taonakitá ʻoku faifai pē ʻo vaivai. ʻOkú ne fakatatau ʻa e tuʻungá ki he anga ʻo e hoko ʻo manifi ʻa e taʻofi ʻo ha kā ʻi hono toutou malakí.

ʻOku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e hehema peheé koeʻuhi ʻe lava ke faitoʻo ʻa e loto-mafasiá. ʻE lava ke fakafoki ʻa e ngaahi ongoʻi ʻo e ʻikai toe lava ha meʻá. ʻI he feangai mo e ngaahi meʻa tefitó, ʻe tali kehe nai ai ʻa e kakaí ki he ngaahi loto-mamahi mo e ngaahi kulukia ʻokú ne faʻa fakatupunga ʻa e taonakitá.

ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi ko e faʻunga fakakēnisi ʻo ha taha ʻokú ne fakatupu ha meʻa tefito ʻi he ngaahi taonakita lahi. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku fakahoko ʻe he kēnisí ha ngafa ʻi hono fakapapauʻi ʻa e ʻulungaanga ʻo ha taha, pea ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi akó ko e ngaahi laine fakafāmili ʻe niʻihi ʻoku hoko lahi ange ai ʻa e taonakitá ʻi he ngaahi laine kehé. Neongo ia, “ko ha kēnisi hehemangofua ki he taonakitá ʻoku ʻikai ʻaupito ha fakahuʻunga ia ai ʻoku taʻealakalofi ʻa e taonakitá,” ko e lau ia ʻa Jamison.

Ko e kemisitulī foki ʻo e ʻutó ʻoku lava ke hoko ia ko ha meʻa tefito. ʻI he foʻi ʻutó, ʻoku laui piliona ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi niuloni ʻoku nau fetuʻutaki fakakemikale ʻuhila. ʻI he ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻo e fanga kiʻi vaʻa ki tuʻa ʻo e faipa neavé, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi ava iiki ʻoku ui ko e fanga kiʻi sinepi ʻa ia ʻoku fetuku fakakemikale ai ʻa e fakamatalá ʻe he fetukuʻanga-neavé. Ko e lahi ʻo e fetukuʻanga-neave ʻe tahá, ʻa e selotōniní, ʻoku kau nai ia ʻi he tākiekina fakapaiolosī ʻa ha tokotaha ki he taonakitá. Ko e tohi Inside the Brain ʻoku fakamatala ai: “Ko ha lēvolo selotōnini māʻulalo . . . ʻe lava ke ne toʻo ʻa e fiefia ʻi he moʻuí, fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e tokotahá ʻi heʻene ʻi aí pea fakatupulekina ʻa e tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e loto-mafasiá mo e taonakitá.”

Kae kehe, ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku ʻikai ha taha kuo ʻosi fakatufakangaʻi ke ne fai ha taonakita. ʻOku fekuki ʻa e kakai ʻe laui miliona mo e loto-mamahí pea mo e ongoʻi kulukiá. Ko e founga ia ʻo e tali ʻa e ʻatamaí mo e lotó ki he ngaahi tengé ʻoku taki atu ai ʻa e niʻihi ke nau tāmateʻi pē kinautolú. Kuo pau ke toe feangai mo e ngaahi meʻa tefitó kae ʻikai ko e ngaahi tuʻunga fakatupunga taonakitá pē.

Ko ia ai, ko e hā leva ʻe lava ke fai ke fakatupu ai ha vakai fakatuʻamelie ange ʻa ia te ne toe fakatupu ha tuʻunga fiefia ki he moʻuí?

[Puha ʻi he peesi 6]

Tangatá pe Fefiné mo e Taonakitá

Fakatatau ki ha ako ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, lolotonga ko e kakai fefiné ʻoku ngalingali lahi ange ke liunga ua ki he tolu ʻenau feinga taonakitá ʻi he kakai tangatá, ʻoku liunga fā ʻa e ngalingali ke lavameʻa lahi ange ʻa e kakai tangatá. Ko e kakai fefiné, ʻoku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai toe siʻi hifo ʻi he liunga uá ʻenau faingataʻaʻia ʻi he loto-mafasiá ʻi he kakai tangatá, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke fakamatalaʻi nai ai ʻa e tokolahi ange ʻo e ngaahi feinga taonakitá. Kae kehe, ko honau ngaahi puke ʻi he loto-mafasiá ʻe siʻi ange nai ai ʻa ʻene lahí, pea ko ia te nau hanga nai ai ki he ngaahi founga ʻoku ʻikai fuʻu lahí. Ko e kakai tangatá ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, te nau hehema nai ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi founga mālohi mo ʻosi fakapapauʻi lahi ange ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku nau lavameʻa.

Kae kehe, ʻi Siaina ʻoku lavameʻa ai ʻa e kakai fefine tokolahi ange ʻi he kakai tangatá. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku fakaeʻa ʻi ha ako ko e peseti ʻe 56 ʻo e ngaahi taonakita ʻa e kakai fefiné ʻi he māmaní ʻoku hoko ia ʻi Siaina, tautefito ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻutá. ʻOku pehē ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻuhinga ki he ngaahi hehema feinga taonakita ʻa e kakai fefiné ʻo taki atu ai ki he fakahoko ʻi ai ʻo e ngaahi taonakitá ko e faingofua ʻa hono maʻu ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo tāmate manu maumau fakatupu-maté.

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]

Taonakitá mo e Taʻelatá

Ko e taʻelatá ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa tefito ʻoku taki atu ai ʻa e kakaí ki he loto-mafasiá mo e taonakitá. Ko Jouko Lönnqvist, ʻa ia naʻe taki ʻi ha ako fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi taonakitá ʻi Finilani, naʻá ne pehē: “Ki ha fuʻu tokolahi [ʻo e faʻahinga naʻa nau taonakitá], naʻe fakataʻelata ʻa e moʻuí ʻi he ʻaho kotoa pē. Naʻe lahi honau taimi ʻataá kae siʻi ʻa e ngaahi fetuʻutaki fakasōsialé.” Ko Kenshiro Ohara, ko ha toketā ki he ʻatamaí ʻi he Akoʻanga ʻUnivēsiti Fakafaitoʻo Hamamatsu ʻi Siapaní, naʻá ne fakamatala ko e “mavahe” fakaeongó ʻa e meʻa tefito naʻe mahiki hake ai ki muí ni ʻa e ngaahi taonakita ko e fai ʻe he kakai tangata, fatutangata ʻi he fonua ko iá.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]

Ki he kakai lalahí, ko e ngaahi palopalema fakapaʻangá pe felāveʻi mo e ngāué ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakatupunga anga-mahení