Houtamakí—Ko ha Palopalema ʻi Māmani Lahi

“Kapau te ke haʻu ki he akó ʻapongipongi, te mau tāmateʻi koe.”—Ko ha toko taha ako Kānata ko Kilisiteni naʻá ne maʻu ha telefoni fakamanamana mei ha taʻahine naʻe tā ange ʻo ʻikai fakahā hono hingoá.a

“ʻOku ʻikai ko ha toko taha mamahingofua au, ka naʻá ku aʻu ki he tuʻunga ʻo e ʻikai loto ke ʻalu ki he akó. Naʻe langa hoku keté, pea ko e pongipongi kotoa pē hili ʻa e kai pongipongí, naʻá ku lua.”—Ko Hilomi, ko ha toko taha ako taʻu hongofulu tupu ʻi Siapani, ʻokú ne manatu ki he houtamaki naʻá ne hokosiá.

KUO faifai ange pea pau ke ke feangainga mo ha toko taha houtamaki? Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo kitautolú kuo tau hokosia ia ʻi ha taimi. Kuo hoko nai ia ʻi he ʻapiakó pe ʻi he ngāueʻangá, pe kuo aʻu nai ʻo hoko ia ʻi ʻapi tonu—ʻa ia ʻoku fakahāhā ai ʻa e ngāuekoviʻaki pehē ʻo e mālohí ʻi ha tuʻunga lahi fakaʻulia ʻi he ngaahi ʻahó ni. Hangē ko ení, ko ha maʻuʻanga fakamatala Pilitānia, ʻoku fakafuofua ai ko e peseti ʻe 53 ʻo e kakai lalahí ʻoku houtamaki fakaelea ki ai ʻa hono hoa malí pe ko ha hoa ʻokú ne nonofo mo ia. Ko e kau houtamakí mo e faʻahinga ʻoku nau maʻukoviá ko ha tangata nai pe fefine pea mei ha tuʻunga pē ʻo e moʻuí ʻi ha tapa pē nai ʻo e māmaní.b

Ko e hā ʻa e meʻa tonu ʻokú ne fakatupu ʻa e houtamakí? ʻOku ʻikai tatau fakaʻaufuli ia mo e fakahohaʻasí pe ko e fakamamahiʻí. ʻOku angaanga ke kau ki ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi meʻa iiki lahi naʻe hoko ʻa ia ʻoku tātānaki ia ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí kae ʻikai ko ha kiʻi meʻa pē ʻe taha pe siʻisiʻi naʻe hoko. Ko e toketā ki he ʻatamaí ko Dan Olweus, ko ha takimuʻa ʻi he ako fakaefounga ki he houtamakí, ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti anga-maheni ʻo e tōʻonga ko ení, hangē ko e tōʻonga fakaaoao ʻosi fakakaukauʻí mo e ʻikai tatau ʻoku ala fakatokangaʻi ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e mālohí.

Mahalo pē ʻoku ʻikai ha ʻuhinga ʻe taha ʻokú ne kāpui ʻa e tafaʻaki kotoa pē ʻo e houtamakí, ka kuo ui ia “ko ha holi loto-lelei mo lāuʻilo ki ai ke fakamamahiʻi ha taha pea ʻai ia ke ʻi he malumalu ʻo e loto-mafasiá.” Ko e loto-mafasiá ʻoku fakatupunga ia ʻo ʻikai ʻe he meʻa pē ʻoku hoko moʻoní kae pehē foki ki he manavahē ki ha meʻa nai ʻe hoko. Ko e ngaahi foungá ʻoku kau nai ki ai ʻa e fakamataliliʻi fakamālohi, fakaangaʻi maʻu pē, ngāhiʻi, lauʻi, mo e ngaahi kounaʻi taʻefakaʻatuʻi.​—Sio ki he puha he peesi 4.

Ko Kilisiteni, ʻa e taʻu hongofulu tupu naʻe lave ki ai ʻi he kamatá, naʻe fakahohaʻasi ia ʻe he kau houtamakí ʻi he lolotonga ʻa e lahi taha ʻo hono ngaahi taʻu akó. ʻI he ako siʻí, naʻe fakapipiki ʻe he kau houtamakí ʻa e pululolé ʻi hono ʻulú, fakamataliliʻi ia fekauʻaki mo hono fōtungá, pea fakamanamanaʻi ke tā ia. ʻI he akoʻanga māʻolungá, naʻe hoko ʻo toe kovi ange ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻá—ʻo aʻu ki he tuʻunga naʻá ne maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamanamana ʻo e maté ʻi he telefoní. ʻI heʻene taʻu 18 he taimi ní, ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi mamahi: “Ko e ʻapiakó ko ha feituʻu ia ʻokú ke tui te ke ako ai, ʻo ʻikai maʻu ha ngaahi fakamanamana ʻo e maté pea fakahohaʻasi.”

ʻOku fakamatala ha palōfesinale ʻe taha ki he moʻui lelei ʻa e ʻatamaí: “Ko ha tafaʻaki fakamamahi kae anga-maheni ia ʻo e ngaahi mālohi tākiekina fakaetangatá. ʻOku ongoʻi lelei ange ʻa e kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻi hono tuku hifo ha taha kehé.” ʻI he fakalalahi ʻa e tōʻonga ko iá, ʻe iku nai ia ki hano sāuniʻi fakamālohi pea naʻa mo fakamamahi. Ko e fakatātaá, ko ha toko taha ngāue ʻi ha meʻalele uta pāsese naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻanga ʻi heʻene leá naʻe fakamataliliʻi ia mo fai houtamaki lahi ʻaupito ki ai, ʻo iku ai ʻo ne tāmateʻi ʻa e toko fā ʻo hono kaungāngāué peá ne toki fanaʻi foki mo ia.

ʻOku Fakaemāmani Lahi ʻa e Houtamakí

Ko e houtamaki ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e fānau taʻu akó ʻoku hoko ia ʻi māmani lahi. Ko ha savea naʻe pulusi ʻi he Pediatrics in Review ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻo pehē ʻi Noaué, ko e peseti ʻe 14 ʻo e fānaú ko e kau houtamaki pe ko e faʻahinga maʻukovia. ʻI Siapani, ko e peseti ʻe 15 ʻo e kau ako ʻi he lautohi puleʻangá ʻoku nau pehē ʻoku fai ange ʻa e houtamaki kia kinautolu, lolotonga ia ʻi ʻAositelēlia mo Sipeiní, ʻoku hoko lahi ʻa e palopalemá ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e peseti ʻe 17 ʻo e kau akó. ʻI Pilitānia ʻoku fikaʻi ai ʻe ha mataotao ʻe taha ko e fānau ʻe toko 1.3 miliona ʻoku nau kau he houtamakí.

Ko Palōfesa Amos Rolider ʻo e Kolisi Emek Yizre’el naʻá ne saveaʻi ʻa e kau ako ʻe toko 2,972 ʻi he ʻapiako ʻe 21. Fakatatau ki he Jerusalem Post, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he palōfesá “naʻe lāunga ʻa e 65% ki hono taaʻi, ʻakahi, tekeʻi pe fakahohaʻasi ʻe he ngaahi kaungāakó.”

Ko ha ngaʻunu foʻou mo fakatupu maumau ko e houtamaki fakaʻilekitulōniká—ko hono ʻave ha ngaahi pōpoaki fakaelea fakamanamana fou he ngaahi telefoni toʻotoʻó mo e ngaahi komipiutá. ʻOku toe faʻu ʻe he toʻutupú ʻa e ngaahi peesi Uepi fonu he tāufehiʻá fekauʻaki mo ha toko taha maʻukovia, ʻo kau ai ha fakamatala fakafoʻituitui. Fakatatau kia Dr. Wendy Craig ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Queen ʻi Kānatá, ko e founga ko eni ʻo e houtamakí ʻoku “fakatupu maumau anga-kehe ia ki he kiʻi tama ʻoku maʻukovia ʻi he meʻa ko iá.”

Ko e Ngāueʻangá

Ko e houtamaki ʻi he ngāueʻangá ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi tupuʻanga tupulaki vave taha ki he ngaahi lāunga fekauʻaki mo e fakamālohi he ngāueʻangá. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku līpooti ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi ʻoku lahi ange ia ʻi he fefaikehekeheʻaki fakamatakalí pe fakahohaʻasi fakaefehokotaki fakasinó. ʻI he taʻu taki taha, ko e toko taha nai ʻe 1 ʻi he toko 5 ʻi he kau ngāue U.S. ʻoku nau hokosia ʻa e houtamakí.

ʻI Pilitānia ʻi ha līpooti ʻa e Akoʻanga Saienisi mo e Tekinolosia ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Manchester naʻe tukuange mai ʻi he 2000, naʻe pehē ai mei ha kau ngāue ʻe toko 5,300 ʻi he ngaahi kautaha ʻe 70, naʻe līpooti ai ʻe he peseti ʻe 47 kuo nau siotonu ʻi he hoko ʻa e ngaahi houtamaki ʻi he taʻu ʻe nima fakamuimuí. Ko ha savea ʻa e ʻIunioni ʻIulopé ʻi he 1996 makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻekeʻeke ʻe 15,800 ʻi hono ngaahi fonua mēmipa ʻe 15, naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ko e peseti ʻe 8—ʻa ia ko e kau ngāue nai ia ʻe toko 12 miliona—kuo fakamoʻulaloaʻi ki hono fakailifiaʻí pe fai houtamaki ki aí.

Pe ʻi he ʻapiakó pe ko e ngāueʻangá, ko e houtamaki kotoa pē ʻoku hā ngali ʻi ai ha tōʻonga anga-maheni—ko e ngāueʻaki ʻo e mālohí ke fakamamahiʻi pe fakahāeaʻi ha taha kehe. Ko ia, ko e hā ʻoku houtamaki ai ʻa e kakai ʻe niʻihi ki he niʻihi kehé? Ko e hā hono ngaahi ikuʻangá? Pea ko e hā ʻe lava ke fai fekauʻaki mo iá?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha ʻi he peesi 4]

Faʻahinga ʻo e Houtamakí

◼ Houtamaki Fakaesino: Ko e ngaahi houtamaki eni ʻoku faingofua taha ke ʻiloʻí. ʻOku nau fakahaaʻi ʻenau ʻitá ʻaki ʻa e tā, teke lele, pe ʻakahi ʻa e tāketi ʻoku nau filí—pe ʻi hono maumauʻi ʻa e koloa ʻa e toko taha maʻukoviá.

◼ Houtamaki Fakaelea: ʻOku nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea ke fakalotomamahiʻi pe fakahāeaʻi ʻenau tāketí, fakafou ʻi he hingoa ʻoku uiʻaki, ngāhiʻi, pe fakamataliliʻi hokohoko mo anga-fefeka.

◼ Houtamaki Fakaevahaʻangatae: ʻOku nau fakamafola ha ngaahi muhumuhu kovi fekauʻaki mo ʻenau tāketí. Ko e tōʻongá ni ʻoku ngāueʻaki lahi ia ʻe he kau houtamaki fefiné.

◼ Kau Maʻukovia ʻOku Nau Fai ʻa e Tali: Ko e kau maʻukovia eni ʻo e houtamakí ʻoku nau liliu ʻo hoko ko e kau houtamaki. Ko e moʻoni, ko ʻenau hoko ko e kau maʻukovia ʻo e houtamakí ʻoku ʻikai fakatonuhiaʻi ai honau ʻulungāangá; ʻoku tokoni pē ia ke fakamatalaʻi ʻa hono ʻuhingá.

[Maʻuʻanga]

Maʻuʻanga fakamatalá: Take Action Against Bullying, by Gesele Lajoie, Alyson McLellan, and Cindi Seddon