ʻUhinga ʻOku Halaʻatā Ai ʻa e Kupengá

“Kuó u mamata ʻi he ngaahi taʻu lelei mo e taʻu kovi, ka kuo teʻeki ai ʻaupito ke u mamata ʻi ha tōlalo he toutaí ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku hoko kia kimautolu he taimi ní,” ko e lau ia ʻa e taʻu 65 ko George, ʻa ia ʻoku toutai he matāfanga he tokelau-hahake ʻo ʻIngilaní. “ʻOku tāiʻi e meʻa kotoa—ʻa e sāmaní, ika kakano hiná, ngatalá, ʻuó—ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē.”

ʻOKU ʻikai ʻaupito ko George pē ʻoku hohaʻá; ʻoku haʻu ʻa e ngaahi līpooti fakahohaʻa meimei tatau mei he ʻōseni kotoa ʻi he māmaní. Ko Agustín ko ha kapiteni ia ʻo ha vaka toutai toni ʻe 350 ʻi Pelū. ʻOkú ne pehē: “Ko e nounou ʻa e sātiní naʻe kamata ia ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe 12 kuohilí. Naʻe lahi fau ʻi Pelū ʻa e iká ʻi he taʻú kotoa, ka ʻi he taimi ní ʻoku mau nofo noaʻia pē ʻo ʻikai fai ha toutai ʻi ha ngaahi māhina. Naʻe ʻikai ʻaupito ke mau anga ki he toutai ʻo laka hake he kilomita ʻe 25 mei he matātahí, ka ʻi he taimi ní ʻoku mau folau ʻo aʻu ki he kilomita ʻe 300 koeʻuhi ke maʻu ha ika.”

Ko Antonio, ʻa ia ʻoku nofo ʻi Galicia, Sipeini, ʻokú ne pehē: “Kuó u toutai ʻo laka hake he taʻu ʻe 20. ʻOku māmālie ʻeku sio ki he ʻosi atu ʻa e koloa ʻo tahí. ʻOku vave ange ʻemau toʻo ʻa e ika mei tahí ʻi heʻenau fanafanaú.”

ʻOku ʻikai lava ke sio lelei ki ha tā ʻo e ngaahi ʻōseni kuo fuʻu lahi hono toutaiʻí ʻo hangē ko e sio ki he ngaahi vaotā kuo fakaʻauhá, ka ko e maumaú ʻoku tatau tofu pē. Ko ha fakatokanga ki muí ni mei he Kautaha Meʻakai mo e Ngoue ʻa e Puleʻanga Fakatahatahá ki he fuʻu lahi ʻo e toutaí naʻe pehē ai: “Ko e tuʻungá ʻoku mātuʻaki mafatukituki mo fakatuʻutāmaki he ʻoku fakafuofua ko e peseti nai ʻe 75 ʻo e feituʻu toutai ʻo e māmaní ʻoku ʻosi ngāueʻaki kakato ia, ngāueʻaki tōtuʻa, pe tāiʻi.”

Ko e iká ʻa e maʻuʻanga tefito ʻo e polotini ʻi he fanga manú ki he vahe nima ʻe taha ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. Ko ia ai, ko e tuʻunga malu ʻo e taha ʻo ʻetau meʻakai mahuʻinga tahá ʻoku ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki. ʻOku ʻikai lahi ʻa e iká ʻi he feituʻu tahi kotoa pē. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e moʻuí, ko e lahi taha ʻo e ʻōseni vaha noá ʻoku hangē ia ha toafá. Ko e faiʻanga toutai ola lelei tahá ʻoku ofi ia ki he matāfangá pea ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku aake ai ʻa e tahí ʻi heʻene fonu meʻakaí. ʻOku fafangaʻi ʻe he meʻakaí ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻakau valevalé, ʻa ia ʻoku maʻu moʻui tefito mei ai ʻa e meʻamoʻui ʻi ʻōsení. ʻI he founga fē ʻoku fakaʻauha ai ʻe he kau toutaí ʻa e faiʻanga toutai tonu ʻoku fakatuʻunga mei ai e maʻu ʻenau moʻuí? Ko e hisitōlia ʻo e faiʻanga toutai tefito ʻe taha ʻoku ʻomai ai ha tali.

Foʻi Mamaha Lahí —Kamata ʻa e Fakaʻauhá

Naʻe kamata ha meʻa tatau mo e fetukutuku ʻo keli koulá ʻi he taimi naʻe kolosi ai ʻa e kaivai mo e kumi fonua ʻĪtali ko John Cabota ʻi he ʻAtalanitikí mei ʻIngilani ʻo ʻiloʻi ʻa e faiʻanga toutai ko e foʻi Mamaha Lahí, ʻi ha feituʻu ʻoku ʻikai loloto ʻi he tafaʻaki ki he matāfanga ʻo Kānatá. Naʻe hoko eni ʻi he taʻu pē ʻe nima mei he folau fakahisitōlia ʻa Kulisitofā Kolomupusi ʻi he 1492. ʻIkai fuoloa ne ʻalu ʻa e kau toutai ʻe laui teau ki he ʻAtalanitikí ke toutai ʻi he foʻi Mamaha Lahí. Ne teʻeki ai sio ha taha mei ʻIulope ʻi he tahi fonu pehē ʻi he ngatalá.

Naʻe mahuʻinga lahi ʻa e ngatalá. ʻI heʻene mahuʻinga heʻene kakano hinehina, ʻo ʻikai meimei ʻi ai ha ngakó, ʻoku kei manakoaʻi pē ia he māketi ʻi he māmaní. Ko ha ngatala ʻi he ʻAtalanitikí ʻoku faʻa ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kilokalami ʻe 1.4 mo e kilokalami ʻe 9 ʻa hono mamafá, ka ko e niʻihi ʻoku maʻu ʻi he foʻi Mamaha Lahí naʻe lalahi tatau mo e tangatá. ʻI he ngaahi senituli hoko maí naʻe toe lahi ange ai ʻa e ika ʻa e kau toutaí ʻi heʻenau ako ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kupenga tohó mo e ngaahi fuʻu afo lōloa ʻoku tau ki ai e mātaʻu ʻe laui afe.

Nunuʻa ʻo e Pisinisi Toutaí

ʻI he senituli 19, naʻe kamata ai ke fakahaaʻi ʻe he kau ʻIulope ʻe niʻihi ʻa e hohaʻa ʻi he kamata ke ʻosi ʻa e iká, tautefito ki he ika ko e helení. Kae kehe, naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe Palōfesa Thomas Huxley, ko e palesiteni ʻo e Sōsaieti Fakatuʻi Pilitāniá, ʻi he Fakaʻaliʻali Toutai Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻi Lonitoni he 1883: “ʻOku lahi fakaʻulia ʻa e ika ko ení ʻo ʻi ha tuʻunga siʻi fau ai ʻa e ika ʻoku tau maʻú . . . Ko ia ai, ʻoku ou tui ko e faiʻanga toutai ngatalá . . . mo e kotoa nai ʻo e ngaahi faiʻanga toutai lalahí heʻikai ʻosi mei ai ʻa e iká.”

Ko e tokosiʻi pē naʻe veiveiua ʻi he fakakaukau ʻa Huxley ʻo aʻu ki he kamata ʻo e pisinisi toutai vaka mīsini-mao ʻi he foʻi Mamaha Lahí. Naʻe fakautuutu ʻa e fiemaʻu ʻo e ngatalá, tautefito hili ʻa e 1925 ʻi hono ʻiloʻi ʻe Clarence Birdseye ʻo Massachusetts, ʻAmelika ha founga fakapoloka vave ʻo e iká. ʻI hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi vaka toho kupenga mīsini-tīsoló, naʻe toe maʻu ai ʻe he kau toutaí ʻa e ika lahi ange. Ka naʻe pau ke toe hoko mai ha ngāue toutai lahi ange.

ʻI he 1951 naʻe aʻu ai ki he foʻi Mamaha Lahí ha vaka fōtunga faikehe mei Pilitānia ke toutai. Naʻe mita ʻe 85 hono lōloá pea naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e loki ʻe hao ai ʻa e koloa toni ʻe 2,600. Ko e fuofua vaka toho kupenga fakapoloka ika ia ʻi he māmaní. Naʻe ʻi ai hono tahifo ʻi he taumulí, ʻa ia naʻe lava ke toho ai ʻe ha ngaahi uinisi ʻa e fuʻu kupengá, pea ʻi he fungavaka ʻi lalo hifó, naʻe fakaʻotu ai ʻa e ngaahi mīsini toʻo kakano ika mo e ngaahi ʻaisi. ʻI hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e leitá, meʻa fakatotolo iká mo e meʻangāue ʻilekitulōnika tala iká, naʻe lava ai ke kumi ʻe he vaká ʻa e ngaahi potanga iká ʻi he ʻaho mo e pō he laui uike.

Naʻe fakatokangaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fonua kehé ʻa e tupu fakapisinisí, pea ʻikai fuoloa kuo toho kupenga ʻi he tahí ʻa e ngaahi vaka meimei tatau ʻe laui teau, ʻo maʻu ai ʻa e toni ika ʻe 200 ʻi he houa. Ko e ngaahi vaka ʻe niʻihi ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e loki ʻe hao ai ʻa e koloa toni ʻe 8,000 pea ʻi ai honau ngaahi kupenga naʻe lahi feʻunga ke hao ai ha fuʻu vakapuna seti.

Ko e Ikuʻangá

“ʻI he konga ki mui ʻo e 1970 tupú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e tohi ko e Ocean’s End, “ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí naʻa nau kei pipiki pē ki he maʻuhala ko ia ʻoku taʻefakangatangata ʻa e meʻa ʻe maʻu mei ʻōsení.” Naʻe fakautuutu hono toutaiʻi ʻe he ngaahi fuʻu vaka toho kupengá ʻa e foʻi Mamaha Lahí ʻi he 1980 tupú. Naʻe fakatokanga ʻa e kau saienisí kuo fakaʻau ke ʻosi ʻa e ngatalá. Ka ko e kakai ʻe laui mano ne fakatuʻunga ʻenau maʻu moʻuí mei he toutai ko ení, pea naʻe ʻikai loto ʻa e kau politikí ke fai ha fili taʻemanakoa. Faifai atu pē, ʻi he 1992, naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he kau saienisí ʻi he taʻu ʻe 30, kuo holoʻaki ai ʻi ha tuʻunga fakaʻohovale ko e peseti ʻe 98.9 ʻa e lahi ʻo e ngatalá. Naʻe tapui ai ʻa e toutaiʻi ʻo e ngatalá ʻi he foʻi Mamaha Lahí. Ka naʻe fuʻu tōmui. ʻI he taʻu ʻe nimangeau mei hono ʻiloʻí, kuo toutaiʻi ai ke ʻauha ʻa e taha ʻo e faiʻanga toutai ikaʻia taha ʻo e māmaní.

ʻOku fakaʻamu ʻa e kau toutaí ʻe toe foki ki he tuʻunga lahi ʻa e ngatalá. Ka ʻoku moʻui ʻa e ngatalá ʻo laka hake he taʻu ʻe 20 pea ʻoku tuai ʻenau tupú. ʻI he ngaahi taʻu talu mei he 1992, ʻoku teʻeki ai pē ke hoko e ʻamanaki ʻa e kakaí ki ha toe fakaakeake.

Faingataʻa ʻa e Toutaí ʻi Māmani Lahi

Ko e meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he foʻi Mamaha Lahí ko ha fakatātā fakahohaʻa ia ʻo e palopalema fakaemāmani lahi ʻi he pisinisi toutaí. ʻI he 2002, naʻe pehē ai ʻe he minisitā ʻātakai ʻo Pilitāniá ko e “peseti ʻe 60 ʻo e feituʻu ʻoku maʻu ai e ika ʻi he māmaní ʻoku toutaiʻi ia he ʻahó ni ki heʻene ʻauha.” Ko e valú, hakulaá, ʻangá mo e ika-maká ʻoku kau ia ʻi he faʻahinga lahi ʻoku ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he lahi hono toutaiʻí.

Ko e ngaahi fonua tuʻumālie lahi, ʻi he fakaʻau ke ʻosi ʻa honau feituʻu faiʻanga toutaí, ʻoku nau hanga atu he taimí ni ke toutaiʻi ha feituʻu mamaʻo. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e ngaahi matāfanga ʻo ʻAfiliká, ʻoku ʻi ai e niʻihi ʻo e faiʻanga toutai mahu taha ʻi he māmaní. Ko e kau taki ʻAfilika tokolahi ʻoku faingataʻa ke nau fakafisingaʻi hono foaki ʻo e ngaahi laiseni toutaí, ʻa ia ko ha maʻuʻanga paʻanga lahi ia mei muli ki he puleʻangá. ʻOku ʻikai fakaʻohovale ʻa e ʻita ʻa e kakai fakalotofonuá ʻi he tāiʻi e lahi ʻo ʻenau iká.

Ko e Hā ʻOku Hokohoko Atu Ai e Toutai Tōtuʻá?

Ki ha tokotaha mei tuʻa, ʻoku hā ngali faingofua ʻa e fakaleleiʻangá—ko e tuku e toutai tōtuʻá. Ka ʻoku ʻikai faingofua ia. ʻOku fiemaʻu ʻe he pisinisi toutaí ha fuʻu paʻanga lahi ke kumi ʻaki ʻa e meʻangāué. Ko ia ai, ʻoku fakaʻamu ʻa e tangata toutai taki taha ʻe tuku e toutai ʻa e niʻihi kehé koeʻuhi kae lava ke ne hokohoko atu. Ko e olá, ʻoku faʻa ʻikai taʻofi ia ʻe ha taha. ʻIkai ngata aí, ko e ngaahi puleʻangá ʻoku maʻu ʻaonga lahi taha ʻi he toutaí, ʻa ia ʻoku nau hoko ai ko e konga ʻo e palopalemá. Ko e makasini Issues in Science and Technology ʻoku pehē ai: “ʻOku faʻa fakakaukau ʻa e ngaahi fonuá ki he taumuʻa ʻa e [UN] ke maluʻi ʻa e ngaahi faiʻanga toutaí ko ha lao ia ʻoku totonu ke fakalato ʻe he ngaahi fonua kehé ka nau teuteu kinautolu ia ke maumauʻi.”

ʻOku toe kau ʻi he palopalemá ʻa e kau vaʻinga toutaí. ʻI he fakamatala ki ha fakatotolo ʻi ʻAmelika, naʻe pehē ai ʻe he pepa New Scientist: “Ko e vaʻinga toutaí ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e peseti ʻe 64 ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e iká ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻoku fuʻu tōtuʻa hono toutaiʻí ʻi he Kūlifa ʻo Mekisikoú.” Koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tākiekina mālohi fakatouʻosi ʻi he kau vaʻinga toutaí mo e pisinisi toutaí, ʻoku hehema ai ʻa e kau politikí ke fai ʻa e meʻa ʻoku manakoaʻi ai kinautolú kae ʻikai ke maluʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e iká.

ʻE lava ke maluʻi ʻa e ngaahi faiʻanga toutai ʻi he māmaní? ʻOku pehē ʻe Boyce Thorne-Miller ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Living Ocean: “ʻOku ʻikai ha meʻa papau ʻe lava ke ne fakahaofi ʻa e faʻahinga kehekehe ʻo e meʻamoʻui ʻi ʻōsení kae ʻoua kuo liliu lahi ʻa e fakakaukau ʻa e tangatá.” Ko e meʻa fakafiefiá, ko e ʻOtua ko Sihová, kuó ne fokotuʻu ha Puleʻanga ʻa ia te ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e malu e kahaʻu ʻo e māmaní fakakātoa.—Taniela 2:44; Mātiu 6:10.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

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ʻI he hangē ko e vaotā kuo tekeleí, kuo maumau ʻa e potutahi ʻoku toutaiʻi tōtuʻá

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“Ko e peseti nai ʻe 75 ʻo e ngaahi faiʻanga toutai ʻo e māmaní ʻoku ʻosi ngāueʻaki kakato, ngāueʻaki tōtuʻa pe aʻu ʻo tāiʻi.”—Kautaha Meʻatokoni mo e Ngoue ʻa e Puleʻanga Fakatahatahá

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Ko e iká ʻa e maʻuʻanga tefito ʻo e polotini ʻi he kikí ki he vahe nima ʻe taha ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá

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© Janis Miglavs/DanitaDelimont.com

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ʻI ʻolunga: © Mikkel Ostergaard/Panos Pictures; loto mālie: © Steven Kazlowski/SeaPics.com; ʻi lalo: © Tim Dirven/Panos Pictures

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Kemipōtia

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Pisinisi toutai, ʻAlasikā

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Lepupilika Temokalati ʻo Kongo