ʻOku Kei Fai ʻa e Lotu ki he ʻOtua Fefine ko e Faʻeé?

NAʻE kei fai ʻa e lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e Faʻeé he lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi ʻaho ʻo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané. Naʻe fetaulaki ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá mo e lotu ko ʻení ʻi ʻEfesō ʻi ʻĒsia Minu. Pea hangē ko ia ʻi ʻAtenisí, ko ha kolo lotu ia ʻe taha ki he ʻotua fefine, naʻá ne fai fakamoʻoni heni ʻo kau ki he “ʻOtua naʻa ne ngaohi ʻa e univēsi,” ko e Tokotaha-fakatupu ia ʻoku moʻui, ʻoku ʻikai ke “tatau mo ha konga koula, pe siliva pe maka, ha meʻa kuo tongitongi, ko e ngāue mo e fakakaukau ʻa ha tangata.” Naʻe fuʻu lahi ʻeni ke kātakiʻi ʻe he kau ʻEfesoó, ʻa ia ko honau tokolahi taha naʻa nau lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé ko ʻĀtemisi. Ko kinautolu naʻe maʻu ʻa ʻenau moʻuí mei hono teuteuʻi ʻa e fanga kiʻi fale lotu siliva ʻo e ʻotua fefiné naʻa nau fakaʻaiʻai ha fakamoveuveu. ʻOku fakafuofua ki ha houa ʻe ua, naʻe kaila ai ʻa e fuʻu kakaí: “Langilangi ā ka ko Taiana [ʻĀtemisi] ko e ʻotua ʻotautolu Efeso!”​—Ngāue 17:​24, 29; 19:​26, 34.

Ko ʻĀtemisi ʻo e kau ʻEfesoó

Naʻe lotu foki mo e kau Kalisí ki ha ʻĀtemisi, ka ko e ʻĀtemisi naʻe fai ki ai ʻa e lotu ʻi ʻEfesoó naʻe siʻisiʻi pē ʻa e meʻa naʻe faitatau mo iá. Ko e ʻĀtemisi ia ʻo Kalisí ko ha ʻotua fefine tāupoʻou ʻo e tulimanú mo e fanauʻi ʻo e fānaú. Ko e ʻĀtemisi ia ʻo e kau ʻEfesoó ko e ʻotua fefine ʻo e fakafanaú. Ko hono fuʻu temipale ʻi ʻEfesoó naʻe lau ia ko e taha ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakaofo ʻe fitu ʻi he māmaní. Ko e tamapua ʻo iá, ʻa ia naʻe pehē ko e tō ia mei hēvani, naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ko e fakasino mai ia ʻo e fakafanaú, naʻe fonu hono fatafatá ʻi he ngaahi ʻotu huhu ʻoku fōtunga ʻo hangē ha fuaʻimoá. Koeʻuhi ko e anga-kehe ʻa e fōtunga ʻo e ngaahi foʻi huhu ko ʻení kuo hoko ai ha ngaahi fakamatala kehekehe, ʻo hangē ko e pehē ʻokú ne fakatātaaʻi ʻa e ngaahi tuinga foʻi moa pea naʻa mo e ngaahi foʻi mahaki ʻo e fanga pulú. Tatau ai pē pe ko e hā ʻa e fakamatalá, ʻoku hā mahino ai ʻa e fakaʻilonga ʻo e fakafanaú.

Ko e meʻa fakatupu tokangá, ʻo fakatatau ki he The New Encyclopædia Britannica, ko e ʻuluaki tamapua ʻo e ʻotua fefine ko ʻení “naʻe ngaohi mei he koula, ʻeponi, siliva, mo e maka ʻuliʻuli.” Ko ha tamapua ʻiloa ʻo e ʻĀtemisi ʻo ʻEfesoó, ʻoku fakafuofua ki he senituli hono ua T.S., ʻokú ne hā ai ʻoku ʻuliʻuli hono matá, nimá mo e vaʻé.

Naʻe fakaʻaliʻali ʻa e ʻīmisi ʻo ʻĀtemisí ʻi he ngaahi halá. ʻOku tali ʻe he poto mataotao ʻi he Tohitapú ko R. B. Rackham: “ʻI he loto temipale [ʻa ʻĀtemisi naʻe] tauhi ai ʻa ʻene . . . ngaahi ʻīmisi, fanga kiʻi fale toputapu, mo e ngaahi naunau toputapu ʻo e koula mo e siliva, ʻa ia naʻe ʻave ki he koló pea toe fakafoki ʻi ha laka molumalu he lolotonga ʻo ha ngaahi kātoanga lahi.” Ko e ngaahi kātoanga ko ʻení naʻa nau tohoaki mai ʻa e kau pilikimi ʻe laui kilu mei he feituʻu hono kotoa ʻo ʻĒsia Minú. Naʻa nau fakatau ʻa e fanga kiʻi fale toputapu ʻo e ʻotua fefiné pea fakaʻapaʻapaʻiaʻi ia ko e lahi, ko ʻenau fefine, ko e kuini, ko e tāupoʻou, ko e “tokotaha ʻokú ne fakafanongo mo tali ʻa e ngaahi lotú.” ʻI he ngaahi ʻātakai peheé, naʻe fiemaʻu ʻa e lototoʻa lahi kia Paula mo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ke fakahīkihikiʻi ʻa e “ʻOtua naʻa ne ngaohi ʻa e univēsi,” kae ʻikai ko e ngaahi ʻotua mo e ngaahi ʻotua fefine ngaohi mei he “koula, pe siliva pe maka.”

Mei he ʻOtua Fefine ko e Faʻeé ki he “Faʻē ʻa e ʻOtua”

Naʻe kikiteʻi ʻe he ʻapositolo ko Paulá ʻo fakahā ki he kau mātuʻa ʻo e fakatahaʻanga Kalisitiane ʻo ʻEfesoó ʻe hoko ʻa e tafoki mei he tuí. Naʻá ne fakatokanga ko e kau tafoki mei he tuí te nau tupu hake mo leaʻaki ʻa e “ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻalu kehe.” (Ngāue 20:​17, 28-30) ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki tuʻu naʻe ʻi ai maʻu pē ʻi ʻEfesoó ko e toe foki ki he lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé. Naʻe hoko moʻoni ʻa e meʻa ko ʻení?

ʻOku tau lau ʻi he New Catholic Encyclopedia: “ʻI he tuʻunga ko ha senitā ia ʻo e ngāue fakapilikimí, naʻe lau ʻa ʻEfesō ko e tanuʻanga ia ʻo [e ʻapositolo ko] Sioné. . . . Ko ha talatukufakaholo ʻe taha, ʻa ia naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ia ʻe he Kōsilioó ʻo ʻEfesō (431), ʻokú ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e Tāupoʻou Monūʻia ko Melé fakataha mo Sangato Sione. Ko e pasilika ʻa ia naʻe fai ai ʻa e Kōsilioó naʻe ui ia ko e Siasi ʻo Mele.” Ko ha toe tohi Katolika ʻe taha (Théo​—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique) ʻoku lave ki he “talatukufakaholo ngali moʻoni” ʻo pehē naʻe ʻalu fakataha ʻa Mele mo Sione ki ʻEfesō, ʻa ia naʻe nofo ai ʻa Mele ʻi he toenga ʻo ʻene moʻuí. Ko e hā ʻoku mahuʻinga ai kiate kitautolu ʻi he ʻaho ní ʻa e taukaveʻi ʻo hono fekauʻaki ʻa ʻEfesō mo Melé?

Tuku ke tali ʻe he The New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Ko e fakaʻapaʻapa ki he faʻē ʻa e ʻOtuá naʻe tupu ʻene takina vavé ʻi he hoko ʻa e Siasi Kalisitiané ko e siasi fakaʻemipaea ʻi he tataki ʻa Konisitanitainé pea naʻe tafe ʻa e kakai panganí ki he siasí ni. . . . Ko ʻenau anga-fakangalilotú mo e tui fakalotú naʻe ʻosi faʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi afeʻi taʻu ʻo fou ʻi he tui ki he ʻotua fefine ko e ‘faʻē lahi’ mo e ‘tāupoʻou fakaʻotua,’ ko ha meʻa naʻe kamata mai mei he ngaahi lotu motuʻa mo manakoa ʻo Pāpilone mo ʻAsīliá.” Ko e hā mo ha toe feituʻu ʻe lelei ange ka ko ʻEfesō pē ki hono “fakakalisitianeʻi” ʻa e lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé?

Ko ia, naʻe fai ʻi ʻEfesō ʻi he 431 T.S., ʻa e kōsilio hono tolu ʻa e ngaahi siasi Kalisitiané ʻo nau fakahā ai ʻa Mele ko “Theotokos,” ko ha foʻi lea faka-Kalisi ko hono ʻuhingá ko e “fanau-ʻOtua” pe “Faʻē ʻa e ʻOtua.” ʻOku pehē ʻe he New Catholic Encyclopedia: “Ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e hingoa fakalakanga ko ʻení ʻi he Siasí naʻe ʻikai ha toe veiveiua naʻe fakatupunga ai ʻa e tupu ʻo e tokāteline mo e mateaki kia Malia ʻi he ngaahi senituli ki mui maí.”

Ko e “Siasi ʻo e Tāupoʻou ko Mele” ʻa ia naʻe fakataha ai ʻa e kōsilio ko ʻení, kuo maumau ʻi he taimí ni pea ʻoku kei lava pē ke mamataʻi ʻi hono tuʻuʻanga ʻi ʻEfesoó. ʻOku lava pē ke fai ha ʻaʻahi ki ha fale lotu siʻi, pea fakatatau ki ha talatukufakaholo, ko e fale ia naʻe nofo ai ʻa Mele pea mate ai pē. Naʻe ʻaʻahi ʻa e Tuʻi Tapu ko Paulo VI ki he ngaahi fale toputapu ko eni ʻo Maliá ʻi ʻEfesō ʻi he 1967.

ʻIo, ko ʻEfesō ko e feituʻu tefito ia naʻe liliu ai ʻa e lotu pangani ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe fetaulaki mo Paula ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí, ki he mateaki faivelenga kia Mele ko “Faʻē ʻa e ʻOtua.” ʻOku fakatupunga tefito pē ʻi he mateaki kia Melé ʻoku kei fai ai ʻa e lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻo e Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané.

ʻOku Kei Fai Pē ʻa e Lotu ki he ʻOtua Fefine ko e Faʻeé

ʻOku lave ʻa e Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ki he poto mataotao ʻi he Tohitapú ko W. M. Ramsay ʻo ne pehē ko e “fakalāngilangi naʻe fai ʻi he senituli hono 5 ki he Tāupoʻou ko Melé ʻi ʻEfesō ko ha founga [fakafoʻou] pē ia ʻo e lotu pangani mei Anatolia ki he Faʻē Tāupoʻou.” ʻOku pehē ʻe he The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology: “Ko e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e Katoliká ki he ‘faʻē ʻa e ʻOtuá’ mo e ‘kuini ʻo hēvaní,’ neongo ko e meʻa ki mui mai ia ʻi he Fuakava Foʻou, ʻoku nau tuhuʻi ia ki he lahi ʻo e ngaahi muʻaki meʻa fakalotu mo fakahisitōlia ko e haʻu mei he Hahaké. . . . ʻI he fakaʻapaʻapa naʻe fai ki muʻa kia Melé ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi halanga ʻo e tui fakahītení ki he faʻē fakaʻotuá.”

Ko e ngaahi halanga ko ʻení ʻoku fuʻu lahi hono laú pea fuʻu fakaikiiki ke hoko noa pē. Ko e meimei tatau ʻo e ngaahi tamapua ʻo e faʻē-mo-e-tama ʻo e Tāupoʻou ko Melé mo e ngaahi tamapua ʻo e ngaahi ʻotua fefine panganí, ʻo hangē ko ʻIsisi, ʻoku ʻikai ke lava ke taʻe fakatokangaʻi ia. Ko e ngaahi tamapua mo e ngaahi ʻīmisi ʻe laui ngeau ʻo Matona ʻUliʻuli ʻi he ngaahi Siasi Katoliká ʻi he māmaní ʻe ʻikai te ne taʻe malava ke ʻomai ki he fakakaukaú ʻa e tamapua ʻo ʻĀtemisí. ʻOku pehē ʻe he tohi ko e Théo​—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique ʻo kau ki he Kau Tāupoʻou ʻUliʻuli ko ení: “ʻOku ngalingali ko e founga ia ke ʻave ai kia Mele ʻa e meʻa naʻe toe mei he mateaki manakoa kia Taianá [ʻĀtemisí] . . . pe Sipele.” Ko e ngaahi laka ʻo e ʻAho Fakamanatu ʻo e Tāupoʻou ko Melé ʻoku toe maʻu foki honau ʻuluaki sīpingá ʻi he ngaahi laka ʻi hono fakalāngilangiʻi ʻo Sipele mo ʻĀtemisí.

Naʻa mo e ngaahi hingoa fakalakanga kuo ʻoange kia Melé ʻoku nau fakamanatu mai kiate kitautolu ʻa e ngaahi ʻotua fefine pangani ko e faʻē. Naʻe ui ʻa ʻIsitā ko e “Tāupoʻou Toputapu,” “ko ʻeku Fefine,” mo e “faʻē mohu meesi ʻokú ne fanongoa ki he ngaahi lotu.” Naʻe ui ʻa ʻIsisi mo ʻAsitāte ko e “Kuini ʻo Hēvani.” Ko Sipele naʻe lau ko e “Faʻē ʻa e Kau Monūʻia kotoa pē.” Ko e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi hingoa ko ʻení, ʻoku nau kiʻi kehekehe siʻi pē, kuo ngāueʻaki ia kia Mele.

Naʻe fakaʻaiʻai ʻe he Vatikano II ʻa e tui ki he “Tāupoʻou Monūʻia.” ʻOku ʻiloa ʻa e Tuʻi Tapu ko Soane Paulo II ʻi heʻene mateaki faivelenga kia Melé. Lolotonga ʻa ʻene ngaahi fononga lahi ʻaupito, ʻoku ʻikai pē te ne teitei liʻaki ʻa e faingamālie ke ne ʻaʻahi ai ki he ngaahi fale toputapu ʻo Maliá, kau ki ai mo e fale toputapu ʻa e Matona ʻUliʻuli ʻo Czestochowa, ʻi Pōlani. Naʻá ne tuku ʻa e māmaní hono kātoa kia Mele. Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻikai ha ofo ʻoku hā ʻi he tohi ko e The New Encyclopædia Britannica ʻi he kaveinga ko e “ʻOtua Fefine ko e Faʻeé”: “Ko e tuʻunga ko ʻení naʻe toe ngāueʻaki foki ia ki he ngaahi tamapua ʻoku mātuʻaki kehekehe ʻaupito ʻo hangē ko e ngaahi tamapua ʻo ha fefine ʻoku fakafuofua honau motuʻa mei he Kuonga ʻo e Maká pea mo e Tāupoʻou ko Melé.”

Ka ko e fakaʻapaʻapa ʻa e Siasi Katolika Lomá kia Melé ʻoku ʻikai ko e founga pē ia ʻoku hao mai ai ʻa e lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé ʻo aʻu mai ki hotau ʻaho ní. Ko e meʻa ngalikehé, ko e kau poupou ʻo e tuʻunga tatau ʻa e tangatá mo e fefiné kuo nau faʻu ha ngaahi tohi lahi ʻo kau ki he lotu ki he ngaahi ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé. ʻOku nau tui ko e kakai fefiné kuo fakafeʻātungiaʻi ʻi he māmani ʻoku pule fakaaoao ai ʻa e kau tangatá pea ko e lotu ki he fefiné ʻokú ne fakahā ʻa e fiemaʻu ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ki ha māmani ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange ai ʻa e fakaaoaó. ʻOku hā ngali ʻoku nau tui ʻe lelei ange ʻa e māmaní he ʻahó ni mo toe melino ange ʻo kapau ʻe tatau ʻa e fefiné mo e tangatá.

Kaekehe, naʻe ʻikai ke ʻomai ʻe he lotu ki he ʻotua fefine ko e faʻeé ʻa e melinó ki he māmani ʻo e kuonga muʻá, pea ʻe ʻikai pē ke ne ʻomai ʻa e melinó ʻi he ʻahó ni. ʻIkai ko ia pē, ʻoku tokolahi mo toe tokolahi ange ʻa e kakai ʻi he ʻahó ni, ko hono moʻoní ko e laui miliona ʻoku nau feohi mo e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová, kuo nau tui pau ko e māmani ko ʻení ʻe ʻikai ke fakahaofi ia ʻe Mele, neongo ʻoku nau fakaʻapaʻapa mo ʻofa kiate ia ko e fefine mateaki ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí ʻa ia naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e monū fakaofo ʻo hono fanauʻi mo tauhi ʻa Sīsū. ʻOku ʻikai ke tui ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ia ʻe lava ʻe he Feinga Faka-Tauʻatāina ʻa e Kakai Fefiné (Women’s Liberation Movement) ke ʻomai ha māmani melino, neongo ʻe lelei nai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo ʻenau ngaahi fiemaʻú. Ke fakahoko ʻa e meʻá ni ʻoku nau hanga ki he ʻOtuá ʻa ia naʻe fakahā ʻe Paula ki he kau ʻĀtenisí mo e kau ʻEfesoó, “ko e ʻOtua naʻa ne ngaohi ʻa e univēsi, mo e meʻa kehekehe ʻoku ʻi ai.” (Ngāue 17:24; 19:​11, 17, 20) Ko e ʻOtua Māfimafiʻia ko ʻení ʻa ia ko hono huafá ko Sihova, kuó ne talaʻofa mai ha māmani foʻou lāngilangiʻia ʻa ia ʻe “nofoʻanga ai ʻa maʻoniʻoni,” pea ʻoku lava ke tau falala pau ki heʻene talaʻofá.​—2 Pita 3:13.

ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e vakai ʻa e Tohitapú ki he tuʻunga ʻo e fefiné ʻi he ʻao ʻo e ʻOtuá mo e tangatá, ʻe fai ha toe lave ki he kaveinga ko ʻení ʻi he makasini ko ʻení.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]

ʻASITELOTI—Ko e ʻotua fefine ʻo e kau Kēnaní ki he fehokotaki fakasinó mo e taú

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

ʻĀTEMISI—Ko e ʻotua fefine ʻo ʻEfesō ki he fakafanaú

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Musei dei Conservatori, Loma

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]

KO E “FAʻĒ ʻA E ʻOTUA” ʻo Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Chartres Cathedral, Falanisē