Filōsofia Faka-Kalisí—Naʻá Ne Fakakoloa ʻa e Lotu Faka-Kalisitiané?
“Ko hono moʻoní, ko e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané, neongo ʻene fakafili ki he anga-fakafonua pangani faka-Kalisí mo faka-Lomá, kuó ne maʻu ʻa e filōsofia faka-Kalisi mo faka-Loma lahi.”—The Encyclopedia Americana.
ʻOKU maʻu ʻe “Sangato” ʻAokositaine ha tuʻunga taʻealafakakikihiʻi ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e faʻahinga ko ia naʻe ʻi ai ʻenau tākiekina pau ki he fakakaukau “faka-Kalisitiané.” Fakatatau ki he The New Encyclopædia Britannica, ko ʻAokositaine naʻe “ʻi heʻene tokangá ʻa e liliu fakaetākiekina ʻa ia naʻe fio fakakātoa lahi taha ai ʻa e lotu ʻo e Fuakava Foʻoú mo e talatukufakaholo faka-Palato ʻo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí; pea naʻe toe ʻi heʻene tokangá ʻa e ngaahi founga ʻa ia naʻe fakahoko ai ʻa e fua ʻo e fio ko ení ki he ngaahi Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiane ʻo e tui faka-Katolika Loma ʻo e kuonga lotolotó mo e Fakaakeake faka-Palotisaní.”
Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku tolonga ʻa e tukufakaholo ʻa ʻAokositainé. ʻI he lau ki hono lahi ʻo hono tākiekina ʻe he filōsofia faka-Kalisí ʻa Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané, naʻe fakamatala ʻa Douglas T. Holden: “Kuo hoko ʻo mātuʻaki fio ʻa e teolosia faka-Kalisitiané mo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí ʻa ia kuó ne ʻohake ʻa e faʻahinga tāutaha ʻa ia ko e tuifio kinautolu ʻo e ngaahi fakakaukau faka-Kalisi konga ʻe hiva ki he fakakaukau konga ʻe taha faka-Kalisitiane.”
ʻOku tui mālohi ʻa e kau mataotao ʻe niʻihi ko e tākiekina fakafilōsofia peheé naʻá ne fakaleleiʻi ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané ʻi heʻene kei valevalé, fakakoloaʻi ʻa ʻene akonakí, pea ʻai ia ke toe fakatuipau lahi ange. Ko e tuʻungá eni? Naʻe hoko fēfē pea ʻanefē ʻa e tākiekina ʻa e filōsofia faka-Kalisí? Ko hono moʻoní, naʻá ne fakakoloaʻi pe naʻá ne ʻuliʻi ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané?
ʻOku fakamaama ke fakatotoloʻi ha ngaahi fakalakalaka mei he senituli hono tolu K.M., ki he senituli hono nima T.S. fakafou ʻi hano siviʻi ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi lea faikehe ʻe fā: (1) “Lotu faka-Siu Fakaului faka-Kalisí,” (2) “Fakaului faka-Kalisi faka-Kalisitianeʻí,” (3) Lotu faka-Kalisitiane Fakaului faka-Kalisí,” mo e (4) “filōsofia faka-Kalisitiané.”
“Lotu Faka-Siu Fakaului Faka-Kalisí”
Ko ha fepakipaki moʻoni, ʻa e ʻuluakí ʻa e “Lotu faka-Siu Fakaului faka-Kalisí.” Ko e muʻaki lotu ʻa e kau Hepeluú, ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he ʻOtua moʻoni, ko Sihová, naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻu ia ke ʻuliʻiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakaelotu loí. (Teutalonome 12:32; Palovepi 30:5, 6) Kae kehe, mei he kamatá pē, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e tuʻunga maʻa ʻo e lotú ʻo ʻi he fakamanamana ʻi hano fakameleʻi ʻe he ngaahi tōʻonga fakaelotu loí mo e fakakaukau naʻá ne takatakaiʻi iá—hangē ko e tākiekina mei he ngaahi matavai faka-ʻIsipite, faka-Kēnani, mo faka-Pāpilone. ʻOku fakamamahi ke leaʻakí, naʻe fakaʻatā ʻe ʻIsileli ʻa ʻene lotu moʻoní ke hoko ʻo fakameleʻi lahi.—Fakamaau 2:11-13.
ʻI ha ngaahi senituli ki mui ai, ʻi he taimi naʻe hoko ai ʻa Pālesitaine ʻo e kuonga muʻá ko e konga ʻo e ʻEmipaea Kalisí ʻi he malumalu ʻo ʻĀlekisānita ko e Lahí ʻi he senituli hono fā K.M., naʻe aʻu ai ʻa hono fua ʻo e fakameleʻi ko ení ki he tuʻunga māʻulalo ange ʻi ha toe taimi ki muʻa peá ne tuku ai ha meʻa tukufakaholo tolonga mo ʻauʻauha. Naʻe fakakau mai ʻe ʻĀlekisānita ʻa e kau Siu ki heʻene kautaú. Ko e ngaahi felāveʻi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Siú mo honau tokotaha ikuna foʻoú naʻá ne tākiekina lahi ʻa e fakakaukau fakalotu faka-Siú. Naʻe hūhū ki he ako faka-Siú ʻa e fakakaukau Fakaului faka-Kalisí. ʻOku fai ʻa e tui ko e Taulaʻeiki Lahi ko Seisoni naʻá ne fokotuʻu ha ʻapiako faka-Kalisi ʻi Selusalema ʻi he 175 K.M. ke poupouʻiʻaki ʻa e ako fekauʻaki mo Homer.
ʻOku mahuʻingá, ko ha tohi ʻa ha Samēlia, ʻi he konga hono ua ʻo e senituli hono ua K.M., naʻá ne feinga ke fakahoko ʻa e hisitōlia ʻo e Tohitapú ko ha hisitōliakalafi Fakaului faka-Kalisi. Ko e ngaahi tohi Siu faka-ʻApokalifá, hangē ko e Siutití mo Tōpitá, ʻoku lave hangatonu moʻoni ai ki he ngaahi talatupuʻa faka-Kalisi fakatupu holi. Naʻe hā ha kau filōsefa faka-Siu tokolahi ʻa ia naʻa nau feinga ke feongoongoi ʻa e fakakaukau faka-Kalisí mo e lotu faka-Siú pea mo e Tohitapú.
Ko e tokotaha ʻoku lahi taha ʻa e tui ko e tupu mei ai ʻa e meʻá ni ko Filo, ko ha Siu ʻo e ʻuluaki senituli T.S. Naʻá ne ngāueʻaki taʻefakamafaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi tokāteline ʻa Palató (mei he senituli hono fā K.M.), ko e kau Paifakoliení, pea mo e kau Sitoikó. Naʻe tākiekina lahi ʻa e kau Siú ʻe he ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa Filó. ʻI hono tānaki fakataha ʻo e fakahūhū fakapoto ʻo e fakakaukau faka-Kalisi ko ení ki he anga-fakafonua faka-Siú, ʻoku pehē ʻe he faʻu-tohi Siu ko Max Dimont: “ʻI hono fakakoloaʻiʻaki ʻa e fakakaukau faka-Palató, fakakaukau faka-ʻĀlisitōtoló, mo e saienisi faka-ʻEukalití, naʻe ʻunuʻunu ai ʻa e kau mataotao Siú ki he Tolá mo e ngaahi meʻangāue foʻou. . . . Naʻa nau kamata ke tānaki atu ʻa e fakaʻuhinga faka-Kalisi ki he meʻa fakahā faka-Siú.”
Naʻe faifai pē, ʻo maʻu ʻe he kau Lomá ʻa e ʻEmipaea Kalisí, ʻo puleʻi ʻa Selusalema. Naʻe fakaava ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e founga ki he toe ngaahi liliu mahuʻinga lahi ange. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono tolu T.S., ko e ngaahi tokāteline faka-filōsofia mo fakalotu ʻa e kau fakakaukau ko ia naʻa nau feinga ke fakatupulekina mo fakatahaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa Palató naʻe fakahoko ai ʻa honau faʻunga pau, ʻoku ʻiloa kotoa ia he ʻahó ni ko e tui Neopalató. Ko e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e faʻahingá ni naʻe hoko ia ʻo ne tākiekina lahi ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiane tafoki mei he moʻoní.
“Fakaului Faka-Siu Faka-Kalisitianeʻí”
Lolotonga ʻa e ʻuluaki senituli ʻe nima ʻo hotau kuongá, naʻe kumi ai ha kau poto ʻe niʻihi ke fakahāhaaʻi ha felāveʻi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí pea mo e moʻoni kuo fakahaaʻi ʻo e Tohitapú. ʻOku pehē ʻe he tohi A History of Christianity: “Naʻe pau ke fakamatalaʻi ʻe he kau Kalisitiane fakatotolo ki he ʻunivēsí ʻa e kau Kalisí ʻi he ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu ki muʻa ʻia Kalaisí ʻoku nau loto-toʻa ʻi he fāingá kae taʻeʻilo ki ha ʻiloʻi ʻo e ʻOtuá, ʻi he feinga, hangē ko e laú, ke fakaʻuta atu kia Sīsū ʻi he taʻeʻuhinga, pea ke faʻu ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané makatuʻunga ʻi he taʻefakakaukaú.”
Ko Polotinasi (205-270 T.S.), ko ha fakamelomelo ʻo e kau fakakaukau peheé, naʻá ne fakatupulekina ha fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa ia naʻe makatuʻunga tefito ʻi he ngaahi fakakaukau fakamahalo ʻa Palató. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe Polotinasi ʻa e tui ki ha soulu ʻoku mavahe mei he sinó. Naʻe pehē ʻe Palōfesa E. W. Hopkins fekauʻaki mo Polotinasi: “Ko ʻene teolosiá . . . naʻe lahi ʻa ʻene tākiekina ʻa e kau taki ʻo e fakakaukau faka-Kalisitiané.”
“Lotu Faka-Kalisitiane Fakaului Faka-Kalisí” mo e “Filōsofia Faka-Kalisitiané”
Kamata ʻi he senituli hono ua T.S., naʻe fai ai ha feinga ʻosi fakapapauʻi ʻa e kau fakakaukau “Kalisitiané” ke aʻu ki he ngaahi poto fakaʻatamai panganí. Neongo ʻa e fakatokanga mahino ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá ki he “ngaahi koto lau fakaetangata pe” pea mo e “ngaahi fakakikihi ʻa e meʻa na ʻoku lau ko e ʻIlo-loloto, ka ko e lauhala,” ko e kau faiako peheé naʻa nau fakatahaʻi ʻi heʻenau ngaahi akonakí ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti fakafilōsofia mei he anga-fakafonua Fakaului faka-Kalisi takatakaí. (1 Timote 6:20) Ko e fakatātā kia Filó naʻe hā ngali ʻoku fokotuʻu mai ai ʻe malava nai ke ʻai ke huʻufataha ʻa e Tohitapú mo e ngaahi fakakaukau faka-Palató.—Fakafehoanaki mo 2 Pita 1:16.
Ko e moʻoni, ko e meʻa ʻoku maʻukovia moʻoní, ko e moʻoni faka-Tohitapú. Naʻe feinga ʻa e kau faiako “Kalisitiané” ke fakahaaʻi naʻe fehoanaki ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané mo e tokāteline fakaetangata Kalisi-Lomá. Ko Kelemeni ʻo ʻAlekisanituliá mo ʻOliseni (ʻi he senituli hono ua mo hono tolu T.S.) naʻá na ʻai ʻa e tui Neopalató ko e makatuʻunga ia ʻo e meʻa naʻe hoko ko e “filōsofia faka-Kalisitiané.” Ko ʻAmipalosi (339-397 T.S.), ʻa e pīsope ʻo Mīlaní, naʻá ne “ngāueʻaki ʻa e ako fakaeonopooni taha faka-Kalisí, tatau pē ʻa e faka-Kalisitiane mo e fakapangani—tautefito ki he ngaahi ngāue . . . ʻa e pangani tui Neopalato ko Polotinasí.” Naʻá ne feinga ke tokonaki ki he kau Loma potó ha liliu filōsofia faka-Kalisi mo faka-Loma ʻo e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané. Naʻe muimui ʻa ʻAokositaine ki heʻene faʻifaʻitakiʻangá.
ʻI ha senituli ki mui ai, ko Taionisio ko e ʻAleopeikó (naʻe toe fakahingoa loi—ko Taionisio), mahalo ko ha mōnike Sīlia, naʻá ne feinga ke fakafāʻūtahaʻi ʻa e filōsofia Neopalató mo e teolosia “Kalisitiané.” Fakatatau ki he ʻenisaikolopētia ʻe taha, ko ʻene “ngaahi tohí naʻe fokotuʻu ai ha ʻalunga Neopalato pau ʻi ha konga lahi ʻo e tokāteline mo e tuʻunga fakalaumālie faka-Kalisitiane ʻo e kuonga lotolotó . . . ʻa ia kuó ne fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi tafaʻaki kehekehe ʻo hono natula fakalotu mo fakaeouau fakalotú ʻo aʻu mai ki he taimi lolotongá.” Ko ha taʻefakaʻapaʻapa mamafa moʻoni ʻa e fakatokanga ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá ki he “poto fiefilosefa, ʻa ia ko e koto muna mo e kākā, ʻo ne holataki kimoutolu ʻi he ʻalunga ʻo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakaeonoʻaho ʻa e kakai”!—Kolose 2:8.
Ngaahi ʻUli Fakameleʻi
Kuo fakatokangaʻi ko e “kau tui faka-Palato Kalisitiané naʻa nau muʻomuʻa ki he meʻa fakahaá pea vakai ki he filōsofia faka-Palató ko e meʻangāue lelei taha ia ʻoku ala maʻu ki he mahinó mo hono taukapoʻi ʻo e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e Konga Tohitapú pea mo e talatukufakaholo ʻa e siasí.”
Naʻe tuipau ʻa Palato tonu ʻoku ʻi ai ha soulu taʻefaʻamate. ʻOku mahuʻingá, he ko e taha ʻi he ngaahi akonaki loi ʻiloa taha naʻe moulu mai ki he teolosia “Kalisitiané” ko e taʻefaʻamate ko ia ʻa e soulú. Ko hono tali ʻa e akonaki ko ení ʻe ʻikai lava ke fakatonuhi ʻi he makatuʻunga ko hono fai iá naʻá ne ʻai ai ʻa e Lotu faka-Kalisitiané ke toe fakamānako ange ki he kakai tokolahi. ʻI heʻene malanga ʻi ʻAtenisí, ʻa e uhouhonga tonu ʻo e anga-fakafonua faka-Kalisí, naʻe ʻikai ke akoʻi ai ʻe he ʻapositolo ko Paulá ʻa e tokāteline faka-Palato fekauʻaki mo e soulú. Ka, naʻá ne malangaʻi ʻa e tokāteline faka-Kalisitiane fekauʻaki mo e toetuʻú, neongo naʻe faingataʻa ki he tokolahi ʻo ʻene kau fanongo Kalisí ke nau tali ʻa e meʻa naʻá ne leaʻakí.—Ngāue 17:22-32.
ʻI he kehe mo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí, ʻoku fakahaaʻi mahino ʻe he ngaahi Konga Tohitapú ko e soulú ʻoku ʻikai ko e meʻa ia ʻoku maʻu ʻe he tokotahá ka ko ia ia. (Senesi 2:7) ʻI he maté, ʻoku ʻikai ke toe ʻi ai ʻa e soulú. (Isikeli 18:4) ʻOku tala mai ʻe he Koheleti 9:5 kiate kitautolu: “Ko e kau moʻui ʻoku nau ʻilo ai pe te nau pekia; ka ko e kau pekia ʻoku ʻikai te nau ʻilo ha momoʻi meʻa, pea ʻoku ʻikai te nau kei sio totongi: he kuo mole ʻa e manatu kiate kinautolu.” Ko e tokāteline ʻo e taʻefaʻamate ʻa e soulú ʻoku ʻikai ke akoʻi ia ʻi he Tohitapú.
Ko e toe akonaki fehālaaki ʻe taha ʻoku fekauʻaki ia mo e tuʻunga ʻo Sīsū ki muʻa ke ne hoko ko ha tangatá, ʻa e tui ko ia naʻá ne tatau mo ʻene Tamaí. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e tohi The Church of the First Three Centuries: “Ko e tokāteline ʻo e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá . . . naʻe maʻu ʻa hono tupuʻangá ʻi ha matavai kehe fakaʻaufuli mei he meʻa ko ia ʻi he ngaahi Konga Tohitapu faka-Siu mo faka-Kalisitiané.” Ko e hā ʻa e matavai ko iá? Ko e tokāteliné naʻe “tupu hake ia, pea fakahoko mai ki he Lotu faka-Kalisitiané, fakafou ʻi he ngaahi nima ʻo e ngaahi Tamai faka-Palató.”
Ko e moʻoni, ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí pea hoko ʻa e ngaahi Tamai ʻa e Siasí ʻo tākiekina fakautuutu ʻe he tui Neopalató, naʻe maʻu mei ai ʻa e kau muimui tokolahi ange ʻa e kau tui Fakaetolutahaʻiʻotuá. Ko e filōsofia Neopalato he senituli hono tolú ʻoku hā ngali naʻá ne ʻai ke nau malava ʻo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e meʻa taʻealafakaleleiʻí—ke ʻai ha ʻOtua lōtolu ʻo hā hangē ha ʻOtua ʻe tahá. ʻI he fakaʻuhinga fakafilōsofiá naʻa nau taukaveʻi ʻe lava ha toko tolu ʻo hoko ko e ʻOtua ʻe taha lolotonga ia ʻa e tauhi honau tuʻunga fakatāutahá!
Kae kehe, ko e moʻoni ʻo e Tohitapú, ʻoku fakahā mahino ai ko Sihova tokotaha pē ʻa e ʻOtua Māfimafi-Aoniú, ko Sīsū Kalaisí ko Hono ʻAlo siʻisiʻi ange ia ne fakatupú, pea ko e laumālie māʻoniʻoní ko Hono ivi ngāué ia. (Teutalonome 6:4; Aisea 45:5; Ngāue 2:4; Kolose 1:15; Fakahā 3:14) ʻOku fakamāʻulaloʻi ʻe he tokāteline Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá ʻa e ʻOtua moʻoni pē tahá peá ne fakapuputuʻuʻi ʻa e kakaí, ʻi hono fakatafoki kinautolu mei he ʻOtua ʻoku ʻikai lava ke nau mahinoʻi.
Ko e toe maʻukovia ʻe taha ʻe he tākiekina Neopalato ʻo e fakakaukau faka-Kalisitiané ko e ʻamanaki makatuʻunga he Konga Tohitapú ki he taʻu ʻe taha afé. (Fakahā 20:4-6) Naʻe ʻiloa ʻa ʻOliseni ʻi heʻene fakahalaiaʻi ʻa e kau tui ki he taʻu ʻe taha afé. Ko e hā naʻá ne mātuʻaki fakafepaki ai ki he tokāteline makatuʻunga lelei faka-Tohitapu ko eni fekauʻaki mo e pule ʻa Kalaisi ʻi he taʻu ʻe taha afé? ʻOku tali ia ʻe he The Catholic Encyclopedia: “ʻI he vakai ki he tui Neo-Palató ʻa ia naʻe maʻu mei ai ʻa ʻene ngaahi tokāteliné . . . , naʻe ʻikai lava ke faʻahi [ʻa ʻOliseni] mo e kau tui ki he taʻu ʻe taha afé.”
Ko e Moʻoní
ʻOku halaʻatā ha kaunga ʻa ha taha ʻi he ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko ʻa ia ne lave ki ai ʻi ʻolungá ki he moʻoní. Ko e moʻoni ko ení ko e sino fakakātoa ia ʻo e ngaahi akonaki faka-Kalisitiane ʻoku maʻu ʻi he Tohitapú. (2 Kolinito 4:2; Taitusi 1:1, 14; 2 Sione 1-4) Ko e Tohitapú pē taha ʻa e matavai pea ko e matavai pē ia ʻe taha ʻo e moʻoní.—Sione 17:17; 2 Timote 3:16.
Kae kehe, ko e fili ʻo Sihová, ʻo e moʻoní, ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, pea mo e moʻui taʻengatá—ʻa Sētane ko e Tēvoló, ʻa e “tamate-tangata” pea ko e ‘tamai ʻo e loí’—kuó ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi founga kākā kehekehe ke fakameleʻiʻaki ʻa e moʻoni ko iá. (Sione 8:44; fakafehoanaki mo 2 Kolinito 11:3.) ʻOku ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi meʻangāue mālohi taha kuó ne ngāueʻakí ʻa e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e kau filōsefa pangani Kalisí—ko hono moʻoní, ko ha tapua mai ia ʻo ʻene fakakaukaú tonu—ʻi ha feinga ke liliuʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga pea mo e natula ʻo e ngaahi akonaki faka-Kalisitiané.
Ko e fakatahaʻi taʻefakanatula ko eni ʻo e akonaki faka-Kalisitiané mo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí ko ha feinga ia ke fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e moʻoni ʻo e Tohitapú, ʻo holoki ʻa hono mālohí pea mo ʻene fakamānako ki he kau kumi angavaivai, loto-moʻoni, mo akoʻingofua ki he moʻoní. (1 Kolinito 3:1, 2, 19, 20) ʻOku toe ngāue ia ke fakaʻuliʻi ʻa e tuʻunga maʻa ʻo e tokāteline faka-Tohitapu maʻa hangē ha kilisitalá, ʻo ʻai ʻa e laine ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e moʻoní mo e loí ke hā nenefu.
ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻi he malumalu ʻo e tataki ʻa e ʻUlu ʻo e fakatahaʻangá, ʻa Sīsū Kalaisí, kuo toe fakafoki mai ʻa e akonaki faka-Kalisitiane moʻoní. Pehē foki, ʻoku mātuʻaki lavangofua ke ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau kumi loto-moʻoni ki he moʻoní ʻa e fakatahaʻanga Kalisitiane moʻoní ʻi hono ngaahi fuá. (Mātiu 7:16, 20) ʻOku loto-lelei mo vēkeveke ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ke tokoniʻi ʻa e faʻahinga peheé ke nau maʻu ʻa e vai taʻeʻuliʻi ʻo e moʻoní pea ke tokoniʻi kinautolu ke pikimaʻu ki he tofiʻa ko e moʻui taʻengata ʻoku meʻaʻofa mai ʻe heʻetau Tamai, ko Sihová.—Sione 4:14; 1 Timote 6:19.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 11]
Ko ʻAokositaine
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 10]
Konga tohi faka-Kalisi: From the book Ancient Greek Writers: Plato’s Phaedo, 1957, Ioannis N. Zacharopoulos, Athens; Palato: Musei Capitolini, Roma