Ol i Laik Kirapim Gen Saiens

BIHAIN long yia 1750 samting ol senis i kamap insait long wok politik long Amerika, na bihain long Frans. Na long Inglan narapela senis i wok long kamap long dispela taim, em ol i kirap long wokim ol samting long ol masin. Na long dispela taim ol samting bilong saiens i wok long kamap bikpela.

Sampela i tok, ol man i kirapim gen wok saiens long yia 1540 samting, long taim bilong tupela saveman, em Nikolaus Kopenikus bilong Polan na Andreas Vesalius bilong Beljam. Tupela i bin raitim sampela buk i senisim tru sampela tingting bilong ol man long saiens. Sampela i tok, wok bilong saiens i senis long yia 1452, em taim mama bilong Leonado da Vinsi i karim em. Em i man bilong traim wokim olgeta kain samting, na taim em i dai pinis ol man i tingim yet ol tok bilong em na nau ol i wok long kamapim ol balus, na ol traipela ka bilong ami i gat ol bikpela gan long en, na parasut olsem ambrela bilong kalap long balus.

Profesa Ernest Nagel bilong Yunivesiti Kalambia i tok, wok bilong saiens i no kamap strong long hap bilong wes paslain long yia 1600 samting, na bihain long dispela taim em i wok long kirap, na nau ol samting bilong sindaun bilong ol man i wok long senis. Wanpela buk (The Scientist) i tok: “Namel long 1590 na 1690 i gat planti saveman i wok long tingim planti samting bilong saiens, na i no gat narapela handet yia i olsem.”

Sampela Giaman i Kamap

Na sampela man i kamapim olsem saiens giaman, na dispela i paulim ol wok bilong saiens tru. Long yia 1702 Jos Enes Stol i tok, i gat wanpela samting ol i kolim flogiston, na insait bilong dispela tok long tok Grik i olsem samting i bin paia. Stol i kamapim dispela tok olsem samting bilong saiens. Em i tok, taim ol samting i paia, flogiston i kamap, na nau ol man i ting flogiston em i wanpela samting tru. Tasol namel long 1770 na 1790 Antoin Loren Lavoisier i skelim ol samting bilong dispela tok long flogiston na em i tok em i giaman na i no gat as bilong en na em i no wanpela samting tru, olsem na bilip bilong flogiston i dai pinis.

Wanpela buk (The Book of Popular Science) i tok, tru dispela bilip long flogiston i giaman, tasol taim ol man i bin bilip yet long en em i givim rot long ol long kamapim sampela ol narapela bilip moa. Flogiston em wanpela samting ol man i bin ting em i tru, tasol bihain ol i save pinis em i giaman.

Alkemi em i narapela samting ol i bin ting em i tru na ol i bin bilip long en. Wanpela buk (Harrap’s Illustrated Dictionary of Science) i tok, ‘dispela bilip long alkemi em i olsem hap tok win na hap tok majik na hap tok bilong ol samting bilong marasin, na ol i bungim wantaim na ol i kolim alkemi, na em i bin kamap paslain long taim bilong lotu Kristen i bin kamap. Lain bilong en i bin tok, ol i wok long painim rot bilong tanim ol ain samting i kamap gol, na helpim ol man na bai ol i ken i stap longtaim, na olsem wanem ol i ken i stap oltaim oltaim na no ken i dai.’ Tasol ol man i no bilip long dispela kain saiens giaman, na taim ol i no sakim yet ol i kamapim ol save long kemistri, na klostu long yia 1700 ol i save gut long kemistri na ol i bihainim yet inap long nau.

Olsem na dispela tupela saiens giaman i bin kamapim samting i gutpela liklik, tasol narapela samting hia nogat. Ol bikman bilong lotu i ting ol tasol i save long olgeta samting bilong ples antap na graun, tasol ol bikman bilong saiens i ting ol yet i gat dispela save, olsem na tupela lain i tok pait.

Wanpela saveman bilong bipo, em Tolomi, em i tok, ol planet, olsem sampela kain sta, i save raunim wanpela samting i stap namel, na dispela samting tu i save raunim narapela samting. Dispela save i helpim ol man long save long wokabaut bilong san na mun na planet na ol sta, na ol man i bilip long en inap long yia 1500 samting.

Nau Kopenikus (1473-1543) i kamapim narapela tingting. Em i tok, ol planet wantaim graun i save raunim san, na san i stap namel na em i no wokabaut. Bipo ol man i ting graun i stap namel na i no wokabaut na san na mun na ol sta i raunim graun. Olsem na tok bilong Kopenikus i narapela kain tru. Na klostu wan handet yia bihain moa wanpela saveman bilong Itali, em Galileo Galilei, em i mekim wok long kompas bilong lukluk i go longwe na em i tok, tru tumas, Kopenikus i tok tru. Tasol Misin Katolik i kros long Galileo i tok olsem, na ol i tok em i bikhetman na em i mas lusim dispela bilip em i bin kolim na em i mas tanim bel. Ol i subim em na em i mekim olsem.

Ol misin i bin giaman na senisim tok tru bilong saiens. Klostu 360 yia bihain moa Misin Katolik i no tok moa long Galileo i bikhet, na wanpela nius (L’Osservatore Romano) bilong Novemba 4, 1992 i tok, Misin i bin popaia long tok ol i bin mekim long Galileo.

Ol Giaman i Stap Yet

Long nau tu ol misin i givim baksait long tok i tru. Ol i moa laikim ol stori em as bilong en i giaman, olsem ol samting bilong saiens na bilong lotu tu. Ol i bilip long evolusen, na as bilong en em saiens giaman na lotu giaman.a

Charles Darwin i kamapim buk bilong em (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection) long Novemba 24, 1859. Taim lotu Kristen i no bin kamap yet ol man i bilip long evolusen, olsem yumi man i bin kamap long rot bilong ol binatang na animal. Saveman Aristotal bilong Grik i tok, sampela animal isi isi i tanim i kamap man na nau yumi stap. Pastaim ol misin i no bilipim tok bilong Darwin, tasol bihain ol i bilip long en olsem wanpela buk i tok (The Book of Popular Science). Tingting bilong Darwin i olsem: Man i gat strong em bai win na i stap laip, na ol narapela nogat. Ol man i laik kisim biknem ol i wanbel long dispela tok.

Wanpela buk (The Encyclopedia of Religion) i tok: ‘Darwin i dai long 1882 na long dispela taim ol man i bilipim tok bilong em long evolusen, na ol misinman i gat namba ol i tok dispela bilip i no pait wantaim tok bilong Baibel.’

Tasol wanpela buk (The Book of Popular Science) i tok, ‘Ol man i bilipim tok bilong Darwin ol i no gat rot na ol i mas tokaut olsem i gat sampela bikpela popaia bilong en na i no stret tumas. Olsem na ol i bin senisim sampela tok bilong Darwin na ol i rausim sampela hap bilong en na bai ol i ken orait long en. Tasol tok bilong Darwin i bin senisim planti bilip bilong ol man long ol bikpela samting, olsem long stori bilong ol samting i bin kamap bipo, na ol ples samting bilong bipo ol man bilong digim graun ol i bin painim, na ol lain man i gat kain kain skin ol i bin kamap olsem wanem, na ol kain samting olsem.’

Tasol nau planti saveman i gat gutpela tingting ol i no bilip tumas long tok bilong Darwin. Bikman Fred Hoyle i bin kamapim wanpela kain bikpela skul bilong saiens (Cambridge Institute of Theoretical Astronomy) na em i memba bilong wanpela lain bilong saiens (American National Academy of Sciences) na 10-pela yia bipo em i tok, ‘taim ol man bilong bihain bai raitim stori bilong saiens ol bai tok, olsem wanem ol man i bin bilip long samting i no stret olsem evolusen.’

Stori bilong evolusen i senisim tok bilong Baibel long olsem wanem ol man i bin kamap long graun, na i haitim wok bilong God long wokim ol man. Na stori bilong evolusen i no stret wantaim ol narapela tok bilong saiens tru. Karl Marx i amamas long tok bilong evolusen, long wanem, dispela bilip i strongim bilip long gavman Komyunis. Evolusen i olsem wanpela bikpela tok giaman tasol.

Em i Nogutim Husat?

Ol tok bilong evolusen na bilong ol saiens giaman em i paulim tingting bilong ol man i bihainim dispela bilip. Saiens i bin kamapim planti save long ol samting, na dispela i bin giamanim ol man na bai ol i bin ting saiens em i rot bilong mekim olgeta kain wok na kamapim olgeta gutpela samting na stretim olgeta kain hevi.

Bipo ol man i bin bilip long ol tok bilong ol lotu giaman, tasol ol tok bilong saiens i bin kamapim long ples klia ol giaman bilong ol dispela lotu. Ol bikpela kampani na ol bikman bilong politik i pilim olsem saiens inap long helpim wok bilong ol, olsem na ol i givim bel long en.

Isi isi saiens i bin kamap olsem wanpela god ol man i givim bel long en, olsem lotuim, na wanpela buk dikseneri (Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary) i tok, saiens em wanpela samting ol man i bilip strong long en na ol i ting sapos ol i bihainim ol save ol i kisim long saiens ol inap long kamapim ol bikpela samting.

Long taim yia 1900 i laik kamap ol man i laik save, saiens bai kamapim wanem ol samting long bihain? Ol i bin ting em bai kamapim gutaim long bihain. Orait, em i bin mekim, o nogat? Ating nogat, a? Ol dispela samting bilong saiens giaman i wok yet long kamapim ol samting bilong pait na planti man i kisim bagarap, na saiens giaman na lotu giaman i lus tru long mekim gutpela wok.

[Blok long pes 14]

Wantu Kirapim Paua

LONG yia 1800 ol i bin ting elektrisiti olsem paua bilong kirapim lait o ensin samting i no gat wok bilong en, tasol sampela saveman bilong ol kantri nabaut, olsem H. C. Ørsted (1777-1851), na M. Faraday (1791-1867), na A. Ampère (1775-1836), na B. Franklin (1706-1790), ol i bin painim ol save bilong dispela paua elektrisiti, na nau dispela samting i wanpela bikpela samting bilong ol man bilong nau long mekim wok long en. Sapos ol i laik kirapim lait, o ensin, o sutlam, o redio samting, ol i opim tasol paua na samting i kirap. Sapos i no gat paua, ol bai lus tru.

[Ol Futnot]

[Ol Piksa long pes 15]

Nikolaus Kopenikus

Galileo Galilei

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Photos taken from Giordano Bruno and Galilei (German edition)