Michael Faraday—Nyansahufo ne Gyidini

“Anyinam Ahoɔden Farebae.” “Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmufo a ɔsen biara.” Eyinom yɛ nsɛm abien a wɔka fa Michael Faraday a wɔwoo no wɔ 1791 mu wɔ England, a ɔbɔre huu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔnam so yɛɛ anyinam ahoɔden mfiri no ho.

FARADAY kyerɛɛ adufra ne abɔde a aniwa hu ho ade pii wɔ Royal Institution, wɔ London. Ade a ɔkyerɛ de maa nyansahu gyee din no maa mmofra tee nneɛma a asete yɛ den ase. Onyaa abodin ahorow fii sukuupɔn pii mu. Nanso wampɛ sɛ obegye din. Ná ɔyɛ nyamesomfo kɛse, na n’ani gyee kokoam wɔ ne fie a na adan abiɛsa wom no mu ne bere a ɔne n’abusua ne ne mfɛfo gyidifo bɔe no. Na Faraday yɛ “Kristofo kuw ketewaa bi a na wobu wɔn animtiaa a na wɔfrɛ wɔn . . . Sandemanfo” no muni. Na wɔne henanom? Na wɔn gyidi ne dɛn? Na eyi nyaa Faraday so tumi dɛn?

Sandemanfo

Geoffrey Cantor, a ɔkyerɛw Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist no ka sɛ: “Michael Faraday nananom na wɔmaa Faraday abusua no ne Sandeman asɔre no dii kan nyaa abusuabɔ.” Wɔde wɔn ho bɔɔ ɔsɔfo bi a na okyinkyin ka asɛm a na onni asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw akyi na ne mfɛfo gyee Sandemanfo gyidi toom no ho.

Ná Robert Sandeman (1718-71) yɛ sukuupɔn suani wɔ Edinburgh a ɔresua akontaabu, Hela kasa ne kasa foforo, bere a da bi otiee kan Presby sɔfo John Glass kasa. Nea ɔtee no maa no gyaee sukuupɔn no san kɔɔ fie wɔ Perth, na ɔde ne ho kɔbɔɔ Glass ne ne mfɛfo no ho.

Wɔ 1720 mfe no mu no, John Glass adwenem fii ase yɛɛ no nãã wɔ Church of Scotland nkyerɛkyerɛ bi ho. Onyankopɔn Asɛm a osuae no ma ɔkae sɛ na Israel man a ɛho asɛm wɔ Bible mu no yɛ honhom fam man a emufo fi aman pii mu no nsusuwso. Baabiara nni hɔ a ohui sɛ ɛfata sɛ ɔman biara nya n’asɔre.

Bere a Glass annya abotɔyam wɔ n’asɔre a ɛwɔ Tealing wɔ Dundee kurotia wɔ Scotland mu bio no, ogyaee Church of Scotland, na ɔhyehyɛɛ n’ankasa nhyiam horow. Nnipa bɛyɛ ɔha de wɔn ho bɔɔ no, na efi mfiase no, wohuu hia a ɛho hia sɛ wɔma biakoyɛ tra wɔn mu. Wosii gyinae sɛ wobedi Kristo akwankyerɛ ahorow a wɔayɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ Mateo 18, nkyekyem 15 kosi 17 no akyi, de asiesie ntawntawdi biara a ebetumi aba wɔn mu no. Akyiri yi wɔyɛɛ dapɛn dapɛn nhyiam horow a wɔn a wɔwɔ gyidi biako hyiaam bɔɔ mpae tutuu wɔn ho wɔn ho fo.

Bere a nnipa a wɔdɔɔso ara yiye fii ase kɔɔ wɔn nhyiam horow wɔ akuwakuw mu no, mmarima a wɔde asɛyɛde bɛhyehyɛ wɔn nsa ma wɔahwɛ ɔsom no so ho behiae. Nanso na henanom na wɔfata? John Glass ne ne mfɛfo no de wɔn adwene sii nea ɔsomafo Paulo kyerɛw faa asɛm yi ho no so titiriw. (1 Timoteo 3:1-7; Tito 1:5-9) Wɔanhu sukuupɔn adesua anaa hia a ɛho hia sɛ obi te Hebri ne Hela kasa ho asɛm biara wom. Enti bere a wɔde mpaebɔ susuw Kyerɛwnsɛm mu akwankyerɛ ahorow ho akyi no, wɔpaw mmarima a wɔfata ma wɔbɛyɛɛ mpanyimfo. Wɔn a wɔbataa Church of Scotland ho no buu no sɛ “ɛyɛ abususɛm ara ne sa” sɛ mmarima a wonnim nhoma a “wɔwoo wɔn maa ntamanwene, adepam, anaa asase funtum” no bɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔte Bible ase na wɔaka mu asɛm. Bere a Glass ne ne mfɛfo gyidifo no sii wɔn ankasa nhyiam asa wɔ Perth kurow mu wɔ 1733 no, ɛhɔnom sɔfo no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ atemmufo no ma wɔapam wɔn afi kurow no mu. Wodii nkogu, na kuw no yɛɛ kɛse.

Robert Sandeman waree Glass babea panyin, na bere a odii mfe 26 no, ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔpanyin wɔ Glassfo asafo a ɛwɔ Perth no mu. Ná n’asɛyɛde sɛ ɔpanyin no dɔɔso araa ma osii gyinae sɛ ɔde ne bere nyinaa bɛyɛ asɔfodwuma. Akyiri yi, bere a Robert yere wui no, n’asetra ho nsɛm tiawa bi ka sɛ ɔde “anigye penee so sɛ ɔbɛsom Awurade wɔ baabiara a ne ho behia no.”

Sandemansom mu Trɛw

Sandeman de nsiyɛ trɛw ne som adwuma no mu fi Scotland kɔɔ England, baabi a mfɛfo gyidifo akuw foforo yɛɛ kɛse. Saa bere no, ntawntawdi kɔɔ so wɔ Engiresifo Calvinsom mu. Na wɔn mu binom gye di sɛ wɔahyɛ wɔn agyirae ama nkwagye dedaw. Nanso, Sandeman kɔɔ wɔn a na wɔkyerɛ sɛ gyidi yɛ ade a ɛho hia no afã. Ɔyɛɛ nhoma a wotintimii no mpɛn anan, na wotintim no mprenu nso wɔ Amerika de gyinaa saa adwene yi akyi. Sɛnea Geoffrey Cantor kyerɛ no, saa nhoma yi a wotintimii no ne “ade titiriw biako a ɛmaa [Sandeman] kuw no so sen ne mfiase a na ɛwɔ Scotland nkutoo no.”

Wɔ 1764 no, Sandeman ne Glassfo mpanyimfo tuu kwan kɔɔ Amerika, nsrahwɛ a ɛkanyan ntawntawdi ne ɔsɔretia. Nanso, ɛmaa wɔhyehyɛɛ Kristofo kuw bi a na wokura adwenkoro wɔ Danbury, Connecticut.a Ɛhɔ na Sandeman wui wɔ 1771 mu.

Faraday Ɔsom mu Gyidi Ahorow

Abofra Michael suaa Sandemansom nkyerɛkyerɛ fii n’awofo hɔ. Ohui sɛ Sandemanfo twee wɔn ho fii wɔn a wɔmfa Bible nkyerɛkyerɛ nni dwuma no ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔankɔ Anglikanfo aware ho som ase, na wɔmaa wɔn aware ho guasodeyɛ soo nea na mmara hwehwɛ ara so.

Sandemanfo brɛɛ wɔn ho ase maa nniso ahorow, nanso wɔamfa wɔn ho anhyehyɛ amammuisɛm mu. Ɛwom sɛ na wobu wɔn wɔ ɔman a wɔte mu no mu de, nanso na ɛyɛ den sɛ wobegye ɔman no mu dibea ahorow bi. Nanso kakra mpo a wogyei no, wɔamfa wɔn ho anhyehyɛ amanyɔkuw amammuisɛm mu. Saa gyinabea yi a wokuraa mu no de ahohorabɔ baa wɔn so. (Fa toto Yohane 17:14 ho.) Ná Sandemanfo gye di sɛ Onyankopɔn soro Ahenni no yɛ nniso ho nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ. Cantor ka sɛ, wobuu amammuisɛm sɛ “ɔkwan a mfaso nni so, ɔkwammɔne a enni nnyinaso pa.”

Ɛwom sɛ wɔtee wɔn ho fii afoforo ho de, nanso wɔanyɛ wɔn ho sɛ Farisifo. Wɔkae sɛ: “Yebu no sɛ ɛho hia koraa sɛ yɛkwati Honhom ne Nneyɛe a tete Farisifo daa no adi, sɛnea wɔhyehyɛɛ Bɔne anaa Nnwuma pii sen nea Kyerɛwnsɛm no yɛe; na wɔnam nnipa Atetesɛm anaa anifere kwan so Pow asɛyɛde ma Onyankopɔn Ahyɛde yɛɛ hunu no.”

Wogyinaa Kyerɛwnsɛm so tuu wɔn mu biara a ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔsabofo, omimfo, oguamammɔfo, anaasɛ ɔyɛɛ bɔne foforo a anibere wom no. Sɛ na ɔbɔnefo no nu ne ho nokwarem a, na wɔbɔ mmɔden gye no. Ɔkwan foforo so no, wodii Kyerɛwnsɛm mu ahyɛde a ese “munyi ɔbɔnefo no mfi mo mu” no so.—1 Korintofo 5:5, 11, 13.

Sandemanfo no dii Bible ahyɛde a ese wonyi wɔn ho mfi mogya ho no so. (Asomafo no Nnwuma 15:29) Ná John Glass akyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Onyankopɔn nkurɔfo ahyɛde sɛ wodi mogya a wɔabara no so te sɛ nea na Onyankopɔn ahyɛ ne nnipa a wodi kan no sɛ wonnni papa ne bɔne hu nimdeɛ dua no aba no. (Genesis 2:16, 17) Ná mogya ho ahyɛde no ho asoɔden a obi bɛyɛ no te sɛ Kristo mogya a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwampa so, a ɛne bɔne ho mpata no, a ɔpow. Glass de baa awiei sɛ: “Ná mogyadi a wɔabara yi yɛ bere nyinaa asɛm, na ɛda so ara yɛ asɛntitiriw a ɛho hia sen biara.”

Kyerɛwnsɛm no ho a Sandemanfo no susuwii no boaa wɔn ma wɔkwatii asiane pii. Sɛ́ nhwɛso no, wɔ anigyede mu no, wɔde Kristo nkyerɛkyerɛ dii dwuma sɛ wɔn akwankyerɛ. Wɔkae sɛ: “Yenni ho kwan sɛ yɛyɛ Mmara wɔ baabi a Kristo anyɛ bi, na saa ara na ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛto nea ɔde ama yɛn mu biara kyene. Enti, bere a yentumi nhu sɛ wɔbara Anigyede bi, sɛ́ ɛyɛ baguam anaa kokoam de no; yebu Anigyede biara sɛ ɛteɛ bere tenten a ɛne Tebea horow a ɛyɛ bɔne ankasa nni abusuabɔ no.”

Ɛwom sɛ na Sandemanfo wɔ ntease pii a egyina Kyerɛwnsɛm no so nokwarem de, nanso wɔanhu hia a dwumadi ankasa a ɛno na ɛhyɛ nokware Kristofo agyirae, a ɛne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn mu biara ka Ahenni ho asɛmpa no kyerɛ afoforo no ho hia no. (Mateo 24:14) Nanso, obiara tumi kɔɔ wɔn nhyiam horow no bi, na ɛhɔ na wɔbɔɔ mmɔden kyerɛkyerɛɛ wɔn a wobisaa wɔn anidaso a ɛwɔ wɔn mu no ase no nyinaa.—1 Petro 3:15.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na gyidi ahorow yi nyaa nyansahufo Michael Faraday so tumi?

Sandemanni Faraday

Ɛwom sɛ wodii Michael Faraday ni, kamfoo no, buu no wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɔbɔre hui no ho de, nanso ɔmaa n’asetra kwatii akɛsesɛm. Bere a na nnipa a wɔagye din wu na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɔmanfo bɛba wɔn ayi no, na wonhu Faraday wɔ ase, n’ahonim amma no kwan sɛ ɔbɛkɔ na ɔde ne ho akɔhyɛ Church of England asɔre no nneyɛe mu.

Sɛ́ nyansahufo no, Faraday bataa nneɛma a na obetumi ada no adi sɛ ɛyɛ nokwasɛm ho denneennen. Ne saa nti wamfa ne ho ammɔ nhomanimfo a wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ankasa nkyerɛkyerɛ ho nkuran na wogyinaa nkyerɛkyerɛ bi akyi no ho kɛse. Sɛnea bere bi ɔka kyerɛɛ n’atiefo no, ‘nokwasɛm titiriw bi nni yɛn huammɔ da, n’adanse no yɛ nokware bere nyinaa.’ Ɔkaa nyansahu ho asɛm sɛ ade a egyina ‘nokwasɛm ahorow a wɔahwehwɛ mu yiye so.’ Faraday de adebɔ mu tumi titiriw bi ho asɛm reba awiei no, ɔhyɛɛ n’atiefo nkuran sɛ wonsusuw “Nea ɔbɔɔ wɔn no ho.” Afei ɔfaa Kristoni somafo Paulo asɛm kae sɛ: “Efi wiasebɔ so beeme na n’ade a wonhu a ɛne ne daa tumi ne nyamesu ada adi nneɛma a ɔyɛe no ho.”—Romafo 1:20.

Nea ɛmaa Faraday yɛɛ soronko koraa wɔ nyansahufo pii a aka no ho ne ɔpɛ a na ɔwɔ sɛ obesua Onyankopɔn Nhoma a efi honhom mu ne abɔde mu nneɛma a na osua ho ade no. Cantor ka sɛ: “Ɔnam ne Sandemansom no so huu ɔkwan a ɔbɛfa so ayɛ osetie de Onyankopɔn abrabɔ ho mmara atra ase, na wanya daa nkwa ho bɔhyɛ no. Ɔnam ne nyansahu so behuu abɔde ho mmara ahorow a Onyankopɔn nam so di amansan yi so.” Faraday gye dii sɛ “nyansahu ntumi nsɛe tumi kɛse a Bible wɔ no, na mmom sɛ wɔde nyansahu di dwuma yiye wɔ Kristofo kwan so a, ebetumi ama Onyankopɔn nhoma foforo no ada adi yiye.”

Faraday fii ahobrɛase mu pow nidi pii a afoforo pɛe sɛ wɔde ma no no. Ɔkyerɛɛ bere nyinaa sɛ n’ani nnye dibea ho abodin ho. Ɔpɛe sɛ wɔkɔ so frɛ no ‘Owura Faraday kɛkɛ.’ Ɔde bere pii dii n’asɛyɛde ahorow ho dwuma sɛ ɔpanyin, a nea na ɛka ho ne kwan a na otu daa fi ahenkurow no mu kɔ Norfolk akuraa kɔhwɛ kuw ketewa bi a na emufo ne no wɔ gyidi biako a wɔte hɔ no.

Michael Faraday wui wɔ August 25, 1867, na wosiee no wɔ Highgate amusiei wɔ London kusuu fam. Asetra ho nsɛm kyerɛwfo John Thomas ka kyerɛ yɛn sɛ Faraday “gyaw nkyirimma nokware nyansahu mu nneɛma pii sen abɔde ho nyansahufo foforo biara, na nea afi ne nneɛma a ɔbɔre hui mu aba no anya nnɛyi asetra so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.” Faraday yere a owu gyaw no, Sarah, kyerɛwee sɛ: “Metumi aka sɛ na Apam Foforo no nkutoo na ɛyɛ ne kwankyerɛfo & susudua; efisɛ obuu no sɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm . . . na ɛfa Kristofo ho saa ara nnɛ te sɛ bere a wɔkyerɛwee no”—nyansahufo a ɔda nsow a ɔtraa ase sɛnea ne gyidi te ho adansedi a emu yɛ den bɛn ni.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Kratafa 29 adaka]

Bere a wɔpaw Michael Faraday sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo wɔ Britain Royal Institution no, ɔmaa nyansahu bɛyɛɛ nea asete nyɛ den wɔ ɔkwan bi so a mmofra mpo tumi tee ase. Nyansahyɛ a mfaso wɔ so wɔ afotu a ɔde maa ne mfɛfo akyerɛkyerɛfo mu a ɛho hia sɛ nnɛyi Kristofo a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ wɔ baguam no susuw ho.

◻ “Ɛnsɛ sɛ ɔkasa no yɛ ntɛmntɛm ahoɔhare so, na ɛbɛyɛ nea nyansa nni mu, na mmom nea ɛyɛ bɔkɔɔ na wosusuw ho.”

◻ Ɛsɛ sɛ ɔkasafo bɔ mmɔden kanyan n’atiefo anigye “bere a ofi ɔkasa no ase, na ɔyɛ nsakrae nkakrankakra wɔ anifere kwan so a atiefo no nhu, ma atiefo no nkɔ so nnya ɔkasa no ho anigye bere tenten a asɛmti no hwehwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ saa no.”

◻ “Sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo bi ka ne nsusuwii de hwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ nsam ama no, akamfo no a, ɔhwere nidi a ɔwɔ no.”

◻ Krataa a wɔhwɛ so ma ɔkasa: “Mihui bere nyinaa sɛ ɛyɛ m’asɛyɛde sɛ . . . meyɛ [asɛmti no] ho nhyehyɛe wɔ krataa no so na makaakae afã a aka no de ahyehyɛ mu, ebia denam kyere a mɛkyere agu me tirim anaa ɔkwan foforo so. . . . Mehyehyɛ nsɛmti atitiriw ne nketewa pii nnidiso, na eyinom ho na menwene me nsɛm no fa.”

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 26]

Mfonini abien no nyinaa: Royal Institution na wɔmaa ho kwan