WIASE NO FI 1914

Ɔfã 2: 1929​—1934 Wiase Nyinaa Ahokyere, Afei Ɔko Ba Bio

“SƐ ƐDA bi aba pɛn a ɛte sɛ nea United States dii yiye a, ɛnde na ɛyɛ saa da no.” Saa na abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo David A. Shannon ka ɛda a U.S. ɔmampanyin Herbert Hoover fii ase dii tumi wɔ 1929 mu no ho asɛm. Shannon kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Na ɛyɛ asomdwoe afe, na sɛnkyerɛnne biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔko bɛba, na Amerika ahonyade mu retrɛw wɔ amannɔne na na ɛresakra tebea horow a na ɛwɔ wiase no afã horow a enni yiye wɔ sikasɛm mu no.”

Ebeduu Hoover ɔmampanyinyɛ no awiei no, “na ɔman no su asakra koraa. Sɛ anka ɛbɛyɛ nea ahotoso wɔ hɔ mmom no, na abotu, ahoyeraw, ne awerɛhow kɛse na ɛwɔ hɔ.” Na dɛn na aba?

‘Yawda Bɔne’​—Ɛbere bi Awiei

Wɔ Wukuda, October 23, 1929 mu no, nnipa a wotumi de wɔn ani bu nneɛma pii fii ase tɔn wɔn kyɛfa a wɔwɔ wɔ nnwuma mu a ne bo yɛ den kɛse dodo wɔ faako a wɔtɔn eyi wɔ New York a ntease biara nnim. Ɛda a edi hɔ a ɛyɛ Yawda no, esiane sɛ na wɔn a wɔwɔ kyɛfa wɔ nnwuma mu no ho pere wɔn sɛ wɔbɛtɔn wɔn nneɛma ansa na ne bo so atew kɛse nti, wɔde ahopere yɛɛ ade ma enti ɛmaa nneɛma so tew bɛboro dɔla ɔpepepem 15 wɔ dapɛn biako mu na ɛso san tew dɔla ɔpepepem pii bio wɔ asram kakraa a na edi hɔ no mu. Ɛdenam saa kwan no so no, Ahokyere Kɛse no fii ase.

Sikasɛm mu abenfo ne abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu pii a ɛfa nea ɛmaa nneɛma totoe no ho. Nanso sɛnea wɔn mu biako da no adi no, ɛda adi sɛ nneɛma pii a ɛde Ahokyere no bae no “fi yiye a na wodi wɔ 1920 mfe no mu no.” Esiane sɛ na wɔde wɔn yiyedi no asi “nnyinaso a ehinhim so nti . . ., nnwuma mu kyɛfa ho aguadi no gui . . . na sikasɛm mu ɔporɔw a ɛwom no bɛdaa adi mpofirim.”​—The United States in the Twentieth Century, nkratafa 10, 12.

Ɔkwan biara so no, na 1920 mfe a Ɛrebobom no mu tirimdɛ no afi hɔ. Nea efii hɔ nso ne anidaso a wonyae no. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo F. Freidel ne N. Pollack se: “Kyɛfa a wɔwɔ wɔ nnwuma mu ho aguadi no a ɛsɛee wɔ 1929 mu no sɛee biribiara. Bere a nneɛma a na abu so no sae na ɛmaa ɔpepem pii dan ahiafo no, 1920 mfe no bɛyɛɛ te sɛ ahomegye anaasɛ asereseresɛm a enye mmere a ɛnyɛ paara​—jazz mmere a ɔbrasɛe wom ne sika nantwi ba bere.”​—American Issues in the Twentieth Century, kratafa 115.

Mpofirim ara nnipa ɔpepem pii bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ adwuma. Wɔn a na wɔde ka hweree nneɛma a na wɔafiri no a wɔn afie ka ho. Mmusuafo yeree wɔn ho kɛse sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔremmɔ ka. Bere a nneɛma bo kɔɔ soro no, nkurɔfo hweree wɔn agyapade wɔ bere tiaa bi mu. Nnwuma ahorow gui. Nnipa a wokunkum wɔn ho no dodow maa ɔman no ho dwiriw no bere a U.S. sikakorabea mpempem pii gyaee adwumayɛ no. Obi a oyi aseresɛm maa nkurɔfo serew pii bere a ɔkae sɛ na nea onim ne sɛ wɔtaa san de krataa a wɔde yi sika wɔ sikakorabea ma no a wɔkyerɛw so sɛ “sika nni hɔ.” Nanso afei de wɔsan de ma no a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ “sikakorabea biara nni hɔ.”

Sikasɛm nhyehyɛe no sɛee wɔ wiase nyinaa na nea efii mu bae no kɔ akyiri yiye. Nokwarem no, nhoma a wɔfrɛ no The United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943 ka sɛ “saa sikasɛm mu asiane no kaa ɔman biara ne asetra nyinaa, nnipa asetra ne amammuisɛm, ɔman de ne amanaman ntam de.”

Wɔ bere yi mu no na sraadisɛm ho abenfo a wɔwɔ Japan no nso de sikasɛm tebea no redi dwuma ma ɛho aba wɔn mfaso. The New Encyclopedia Britannica no se: “Adwene a wonyae sɛ ntrɛwmu denam asraafo nkonimdi so bɛma Japan atumi adi ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnnennen ho dwuma no mu bɛyɛɛ den wɔ Ahokyere Kɛse a ɛbae wɔ 1929 mu no mu.” Nneɛma a ɛyɛɛ basaa wɔ 1930 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no maa sraadisɛm ho abenfo yi nyaa tumi araa ma wotumi​—dii Manchuria so nkonim wɔ asram anum pɛ mu​—ɛwom sɛ na nniso a emufo nyɛ asraafo no mpene so de. Bere a Amanaman Apam no frɛɛ Japan sɛ nhyɛsofo no, mmuae a ɛma ne sɛ efii Apam mu na ɛnyɛ Manchuria.

Me na Ɛsɛ sɛ Midi Kan!

Ɛdenam anigyede ne honam fam ade dodowpɛ a 1920 Mfe a Ɛrebobom no sii so dua no so no, ɛmaa me na ɛsɛ sɛ midi kan su a ɛsɛee honhom mu nneɛma no nyaa nkɔso. Nanso “sikasɛm mu asasewosow a efii ase wɔ 1929 mu” a sɛnea The United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943 nhoma a yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ no frɛɛ no no ma wohuu saa su yi kɛse mpo. Ɔkwan bɛn so? Efisɛ Ahokyere no “sɛee ɔmanfo no adwene a wɔwɔ biara na ɛmaa abusua biara hwehwɛe sɛ ebegye ne ho a nea ebefi mu aba a ɛkeka afoforo no mfa ho. Obiara nhwɛ ne ho, obiara mpere ne were a ɛmfa ho sɛ hena na waka akyi.

Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Hermann Graml se “wiase sikasɛm mu ɔhaw no sɛee amanaman ntam ntease ne biakoyɛ honhom a na ɛda adi wɔ Amanaman Apam no mu no koraa” na eyi buee kwan maa “pɛsɛmenkominya su a enni anohyeto kɔɔ so wɔ aman no nyinaa mu.” Ose “ɛmaa, aman pii yɛɛ nneɛma a ɛmfata​—nanso ntease wom​—afoforo ho a wonsusuw a egyina obi nkwa so a ɔbɛkora a ɛma ehu ka nnipadɔm no so.”​—Europa zwischen den Kriegen (Europa wɔ Ɔko Ahorow no Ntam) , kratafa 237.

Ebia baabiara nni hɔ a wɔkaa su yi ho asɛm pen sen ɔkasa bi a Nazi Germanni Heindrich Himmler mae wɔ mfe bi akyi no mu. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛyɛ bere a wo ne obi a ɔyɛ wo mogya redi no nkutoo na ɛsɛ sɛ wuyi nokwaredi, nea ɛfata, ne adamfofa su adi. Nea ɛto Rusiani anaa Czechni no mfa me ho kakraa mpo. . . . Sɛ́ aman bi bedi yiye anaasɛ ɔkɔm bekunkum wɔn te sɛ anantwi no fa me ho a, ɛnde na yehia wɔn sɛ nkoa de wɔn ahyehyɛ yɛn amammerɛ ntia. . . . Sɛ́ ɔbrɛ ma Rusiafo mmea 10,000 tete hwe bere a wɔretu ɛkã a wɔde siw ntwitwiridii ano a, ɛbɛyɛ nea ɛfa me ho bere dodow a ɛma Germany tu ne ka wie no.”

Bere a nnipa ankorankoro ne aman nyinaa da me na ɛsɛ sɛ midi kan su a ɛte saa adi na wobu Onyankopɔn mmara sɛ dɔ “wo yɔnko sɛ wo ho” no so no, ɔkwan bɛn so na wobetumi anya asomdwoe na wɔakura mu? (Luka 10:27) Bible no ka wɔ Dwom 119:165 sɛ “asomdwoe pii wɔ wɔn a wɔdɔ wo mmara.” Nanso esiane sɛ na saa ɔdɔ yi nni hɔ nti, na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛtwe aman no akogyina ɔko foforo ano.

Hena so na Ɛsɛ sɛ Onipa de ne ho To?

So wiase tebea a na ɛda adi sɛ ɛresɛe no maa nkurɔfo dan wɔn ho baa Onyankopɔn a na wɔadan wɔn akyi akyerɛ no wɔ 1920 Mfe a Ɛrebobom no mu no nkyɛn? Wɔ nhwɛso ahorow bi mu no, na ɛte saa. Nnipa pii bɛyɛɛ wɔn a na wotie nkrasɛm a Yehowa Adansefo a ɛno ne edin a Kristofo a wɔne Ɔwɛn Aban Asafo no bɔ fekuw no gye too wɔn ho so wɔ 1931 mu no rebɔ ho dawuru no. Nanso na aman no ntie, na wɔde wɔn ho too nnipa “akɛse” so mmom na ɛnyɛ Onyankopɔn.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, bere a 1930 mfe no fii ase no na Mohandas Gandhi renya akyigyinafo pii wɔ India wɔ ne ɔmanfo asoɔden a basabasayɛ nka ho ɔsatu a na wahyɛ mu den no mu. Ná pii wɔ anidaso sɛ ahofadi a wobenya afi Britania nniso ase a na ɔrehwehwɛ no de asetra pa ne asomdwoe bɛba India. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Saa afe no ara mu no, China ɔmampanyin Chiang Kai-shek bɛyɛɛ Methodist Asɔre no muni. Ná nnipa pii wɔ anidaso sɛ Kristosom a wagye atom no bɛbɔ kwan ma ayɔnkofa pa abɛda China ne Atɔe aman a wɔfrɛ wɔn ho Kristofo no ntam. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Wɔ 1932 mu no, wɔ adeyɛ bi a Vaticanfo na wɔyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛe ase no, Mussolini hyɛɛ ne tumidi afe a ɛto so du no ho fã. Ná nnipa pii wɔ anidaso sɛ paapa no nhyira a ɔde guu wɔn so wɔ hɔ no bɛma Italiafo nyamesomfo pa, wɔn akannifo, ne wɔn asase no anya ahotɔ ne ahobammɔ a ɛtra hɔ daa. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Bio nso wɔ 1932 mu no, Franklin D. Roosevelt, United States ɔmampanyin foforo a na wɔapaw no no, hyɛɛ ne manfo bɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ Ade Foforo a ɛbɛma nneɛma akɔ yiye bio. Afe biako akyi no, ɔdaa nhyehyɛe a U.S. ayɛ de regyae akodeyɛ no adi na ɔhyɛɛ aman nyinaa sɛ wonnyae akode a edi awu kɛse a wɔyɛ no. Ná nnipa pii wɔ anidaso sɛ saa Ade Foforo yi de adwuma a wonnya nyɛ ne ohia bɛba awiei na ɛde asomdwoe aba. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Wɔ 1933 mu no, Hitler bɛyɛɛ Germany ɔmampanyin. Ɛno akyi bere tiaa bi, wɔ kasa bi a wɔfrɛɛ no Asomdwoe Kasa, a na ɛyɛ nea etu mpɔn a ɔmae no mu biako no, ɔkasa tiaa ɔko sɛ ɛyɛ “adammɔ a enni ano” a ɛbɛma “asetra ne amammui nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no asɛe.” Osii ɔpɛ a na Germany wɔ sɛ ɔde akode begu fam a ɛne nea na Roosevelt ahyɛ ho nyansa hyia no so dua na ɔkae sɛ: “Germany asiesie ne ho sɛ ɔbɛpene basabasa a wɔrenyɛ ho apam biara no so, efisɛ ennwen afoforo a ɔbɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so ho na mmom n’ankasa ahobammɔ a ebenya ho.” Na nnipa pii wɔ anidaso sɛ saa nhyehyɛe yi bɛma Germany asan anya nidi ne anuonyam na ɛnam asomdwoe kwan so ama ne kannifo a ɔyɛ hyew no nniso no atra hɔ mfirihyia apem. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Na afei na saa ahyehyɛde “kɛse,” Amanaman Apam no wɔ hɔ. Ɔwɛn-Aban nsɛmma nhoma a ɛbae wɔ May 15, 1982 mu no ka faa ne ho sɛ: “Ɛdenam asɔfo afotu so no, wiase ahene, . . . ka wɔn ho bom wɔ Amanaman Apam bi mu na wonya ɛno ne nnipa mmɔdenbɔ mu ahotoso sɛ ebegye wiase a ayɛ basaa na ehu amane yi afi ne mprempren ɔhaw no mu.” Ná nnipa pii wɔ anidaso​—ɛwom sɛ na Yehowa Adansefo nka ho​—sɛ Apam no begye wiase no afi ne haw no mu. So ɛyɛɛ saa?

Bɛboro mfirihyia mpem abien ni no, odwontofo no kyerɛwee sɛ: “Mommfa mo ho nto akɛsefo​—nnipa mma a wonni mmoa biara so.” Bere a wuhu nea nneɛma a esisii no kyerɛ no, so wurennye nyansa a ɛwɔ saa asɛm yi mu no ntom?​—Dwom 146:3, Moffatt.

Sɛ Anka Ahokyere Amma a . . .

“Ɛbɛyɛ nneɛma a wotwa no tiaa ma ɛboro so a nyansa nni mu sɛ wɔbɛka sɛ nneɛma a esisii a nea ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1930 mfe no mu ka ho no nyinaa fi ahokyere no.” Saa na nhoma The United States and Its Place in World Affairs 1918-1943 no akyerɛwfo ka. Wogye tom nso sɛ: “Nanso, ohia a ɛkɔɔ akyiri ne ahobammɔ a na enni hɔ wɔ mfe a nneɛma ho yɛɛ na no mu na efii adeyɛ no ase, ɛmaa agodifo no nyaa nneɛma ahorow bi a ano yɛ den a wɔbɛka ho asɛm, ɛde afã akɛse bɛkaa adeyɛ a ekowiee awerɛhowdi no mu no ho, na ɛmaa bɛhwɛadefo no nyaa akatakyi afoforo a wɔbɛbɔ wɔn nsam ama wɔn anaa ahuhufo a wɔbɛserew wɔn.” Wɔde ba awiei sɛ, sɛ ahokyere biara amma a, anka ebetumi ayɛ yiye sɛ wiase nyinaa ko a ɛto so abien biara remma.

Nanso wiase nyinaa ahokyere bi bae, na wiase nyinaa ko a ɛto so abien bi bae. Enti ɛda adi sɛ, ɛmfa ho sɛ na nyamesom gyina Amanaman Apam no akyi no, antumi amfa asomdwoe a wɔhyehyɛe sɛ ɛnkora so no amma. Efi ne mfiase pɛɛ no na na wɔadome Apam no. Nanso na ɛrenwu ntɛm. Na ebehinhim nkakrankakra de akosi sɛ ebewu. Kenkan ɛno ho asɛm wɔ yɛn nsɛmma nhoma a edi hɔ no mu.

[Kratafa 19 adaka]

Nsɛntitiriw Afoforo a Esisii

1929​—Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Oscars) de akyɛde ahorow mae nea edi kan wɔ Hollywood

1930​—Wohuu okyinsoromma a wofrɛ no Pluto

Uruguay bɛyɛɛ ɔman a edi kan a enyaa Wiase Nyinaa bɔɔlbɔ mu Nkonimbo no

1931​—Nsuyiri a ɛbaa China kunkum nnipa 8,000 na nnipa ɔpepem 23 hweree wɔn afi

Nnipa bɛboro 2,000 wuwui wɔ asasewosow mu wɔ Nicaragua

Wowiee ɔdan a na ɛware sen biara wɔ saa bere no mu, a ɛne New York Empire State Building no si

1932​—Neutron ne deuterium (hydrogen a emu yɛ duru) a wohui no boa me wonyaa nuklea ho nimdeɛ pii

1933​—Germany twe ne ho fi Amanaman Apam no ho; wɔyɛ Hitler ɔmanpanyin; wobue adwumayɛban a, edi kan ano wɔ Dachau; Germany ne Vatican de wɔn nsa hyɛ wɔn ntam apam a ɛfa nyamesom ho ase; wɔhyew nhoma ahorow a wɔmpɛ wɔ baguam wɔ Berlin

1934​—Wɔhyehyɛ FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) wɔ United States a wɔde bɛko atia nsɛmmɔnedifo akuw horow

Chinafo Red Army no mu asraafo bɛyɛ 90,000 fii wɔn Kwan Tenten Nantew no ase de kɔ Yenan

[Kratafa 18 mfoni]

Wɔ bere tiaa bi mu no, nnipa ɔpepem pii bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔnnyɛ adwuma

[Asɛm Fibea]

A. Rothstein/Dover