Nea Adannandi Nkyerɛkyerɛ De Aba

WƆ AFEHA a ɛto so 19 no mfiase no, nyamesom ne nyansahu nyaa abusuabɔ pa. Aka mfe abien pɛ ma wɔatintim The Origin of Species no, abɔde a nkwa wom ho ɔbenfo Louis Agassiz a ɔwɔ Harvard kyerɛwee sɛ wiase a nkwa wom kyerɛ “biribi ho pɔw a wɔbɔ to hɔ, nyansa, ne kɛseyɛ,” na abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua atirimpɔw titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ “Amansan Bɔfo no adwene horow mu.”

Ná nnipa bebree na wokura Agassiz nsusuwii no. Nnipa bebree buu nyansahu ne nyamesom sɛ ade a ehyia. Ná wɔtaa bu nneɛma a wɔnam nyansahu so hu no sɛ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Ɔbɔadeɛ Kɛse bi wɔ hɔ. Nanso anifere kwan so mpaapaemu kɛse bi bɛdaa nyamesom ne nyansahu ntam.

Adwenem Naayɛ Gye Ntini

Charles Lyell nhoma, Principles of Geology no po a edi kan a wotintimii wɔ 1830 mu no gyee nokware a adebɔ ho asɛm a Bible ka no yɛ ho kyim. Lyell kyerɛe sɛ entumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wɔde nnansia ankasa bɛbɔ nneɛma. Nneɛma a aniwa hu ho nimdefo Fred Hoyle kyerɛwee sɛ: “Lyell nhoma no na ɛmaa wiase nyinaa gye dii sɛ mfomso betumi aba Bible no mu wɔ ɔkwan bi so, ade a na wonsusuw ho da de besi saa bere no.”a

Wɔnam saa kwan yi so too adwenem naayɛ ho fapem. Wɔ nnipa bebree adwenem no, na wonim sɛ nyansahu ne Bible ntumi nhyia bio. Bere a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpaw mu bi no, nnipa bebree paw nyansahu. Fred Hoyle kyerɛwee sɛ: “Ná Lyell nhoma no ama wɔagye Apam Dedaw no atiri a edi kan no ho kyim, na wɔde Darwin nhoma no besii ananmu.”

The Origin of Species no baa bere pa mu maa wɔn a na wɔmpɛ sɛ wogye Bible tom sɛ ɛyɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm no. Ná nkitahodi a ɛwɔ nnipa ne nyansahu ntam no mu ayɛ den dedaw. Bɔhyɛ ne nneɛma ahorow a na nyansahu de aba no maa ɔmanfo a na wɔn ani agye ho mmoroso no kodii akyi. Te sɛ aberante bi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔware ɔbea bi no, nyansahu maa nnipa akyɛde foforo pii—afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri nneɛma, afiri a ɛma nneɛma nketewa yɛ akɛse, ne steam engine ne akyiri yi, anyinam ahoɔden, telefon ne kar. Ná nyansahu mu nimdeɛ ama mfiridwuma anya nkɔso dedaw ma mpapahwekwaa renya honam fam nneɛma a wonhuu bi da.

Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, wobuu nyamesom sɛ ade a esiw nkɔso kwan. Ebinom tee nka sɛ ama nnipa ayɛ tebɔɔ a wontumi nyɛ ade ma ɛne nyansahu mu nkɔso a ɛba ntɛmntɛm no nhyia. Wɔn a wonnye nni sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ no fii ase kaa wɔn adwene denneennen akokoduru so kyerɛe. Nokwarem no, sɛnea Richard Dawkins kyerɛwee no, “Darwin na ɔmaa onipa tumi yɛɛ obi a onnye Onyankopɔn nni a wobu no sɛ onim nyansa.” Ná nyansahu rebɛyɛ adesamma nkwagye ho anidaso foforo.

Mfiase no, nyamesom akannifo sɔre tiaa adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ no. Nanso bere a mfe pii twaam no, asɔfo no penee adwene a na nnipa pii kura no so, na wogyee adannandi ne adebɔ a wɔde afrafra no toom. New York Times bi a ɛbaa 1938 mu asɛmti bi bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Church of England Amanneɛbɔ Gye Tom sɛ Adebɔ Nam Adannandi so na Ɛbae.” Agyinatufo kuw a York Sɔfopanyin da wɔn ano no amanneɛbɔ no kae sɛ: “Adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ ho ɔkasatia biara nni adebɔ ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ Genesis I ne II no mu, esiane sɛ Kristofo nhomanimfo nyinaa gye tom sɛ adebɔ ho nsɛm yi yɛ anansesɛm, na mfaso a yenya fi mu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so de mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu de.” Ɔsɔfopanyin no agyinatufo kuw no de baa awiei sɛ: “Wubetumi adwen sɛnea wopɛ biara na woakɔ so ayɛ Kristoni.”

Ɛyɛ nnipa pii sɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔde adannandi bɛfrafra Bible no sɛee Bible mu gyidi a nkurɔfo wɔ no. Ɛno na ɛmaa nkurɔfo pii adwenem yɛɛ wɔn naa wɔ Bible no ho, na eyi da so wɔ hɔ nnɛ, wɔ nyamesom akannifo mpo mu. Ɛho nhwɛso ne nsɛm bi a Episkopal sɔfopanyin bi a ɔwɔ Canada kae sɛ wɔkyerɛw Bible no wɔ bere a na nyansahu nni hɔ ma enti ɛda adwemmɔne ne adwenharesɛm adi no. Ɛdefa Yesu awo ne ne wusɔre ho no, ɔkae sɛ “abakɔsɛm kyerɛw mu mfomso” ne “nsɛm a wogugu mu ankasa” wɔ Bible no mu.

Enti, nnipa bebree, a asɔfo ka ho, de ahopere akeka nsɛm a ɛmma wonnye Bible no nni. Nanso ɛhe na adwenem naayɛ a ɛte saa no akowie? Anidaso foforo bɛn na ɛde ama? Bere a ebinom gyidi a wɔwɔ wɔ Bible mu akɔ fam no, wɔde wɔn ani ato nyansapɛ ne amammuisɛm so.

Nkɛntɛnso a Anya Wɔ Nyansapɛ ne Amammuisɛm So

The Origin of Species maa wɔhwehwɛɛ nnipa nneyɛe mu bio. Dɛn nti na ɔman bi tumi di ɔman foforo so nkonim? Dɛn nti na abusuakuw bi di foforo so? The Origin of Species, a esi asɛm a ɛne sɛ nea otumi ne yɔnko na ɔkɔ so tra ase so dua no, de nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow mae a ɛkanyan nyansapɛfo a wɔagye din a wɔtraa ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu.

Ná Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) ne Karl Marx (1818-1883) yɛ nyansapɛfo a na wɔwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ amammuisɛm mu. Wɔn baanu nyinaa ani gyee adannandi ho. Marx kae sɛ: “Darwin nhoma no ho hia, na mede di dwuma sɛ adebɔ ho nyansahu mu ade a migyina so hu nea enti a nkurɔfo di apere wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no.” Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Will Durant frɛɛ Nietzsche “Darwin ba.” Nhoma a ɛne Philosophy—An Outline-History bɔ Nietzsche gyidi ahorow no biako mua sɛ: “Nkurɔfo a wɔn ho yɛ den, wɔwɔ akokoduru, wotumi di afoforo so, wɔhoahoa wɔn ho, na wɔfata sɛ wɔtra ase daakye.”

Darwin gye dii—na ɔkyerɛw krataa bi kɔmaa n’adamfo—sɛ “mmusua a wɔn ani abue beyi mmusuakuw a wonni ahoɔden dodow bi a enni ano afi hɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa” daakye. Ɔde Europafo a wodii afoforo so no yɛɛ nhwɛso, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛyɛ “ase a wɔbɛtra ho apereperedi.”

Ahoɔdenfo no soo nsɛm a ɛtete saa no mu ntɛm. H. G. Wells kyerɛwee wɔ The Outline of History mu sɛ: “Nnipa a na wɔte afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei no gye dii sɛ ɛyɛ Asetra Ho Apereperedi mu nkonim a ahoɔdenfo ne anitefo dii wɔ wɔn a wɔyɛ mmerɛw na wɔyɛ ntetekwaa so no na ama wɔte ase. Ná wogye di bio sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wonya tumi, wɔn ho yɛ den, wɔn tirim yɛ den, ‘wɔyɛ nea wɔka,’ na wɔda ahopɛ su adi.”

Enti, adwene a ɛne sɛ “nea otumi ne yɔnko na ɔkɔ so tra ase” benyaa ntease ahorow wɔ nyansapɛ mu, abrabɔ mu, ne amammuisɛm mu, na mpɛn pii no, ɛbɛyɛɛ abɔdansɛm bi. Milestones of History nhoma no kae sɛ: “Ebinom fam no, ɔko bɛyɛɛ ‘asetra mu ahiade.’” Na saa nhoma yi sii so dua sɛ “Darwin adwenhorow no bɛyɛɛ Hitler nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne sɛ mmusua bi korɔn sen afoforo no fã titiriw” wɔ afeha a edii hɔ no mu.

Nokwarem no, Darwin, Marx, anaa Nietzsche mu biara antra ase anhu sɛnea wɔde wɔn adwenhorow no bedi dwuma—anaasɛ wɔde bedi dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no. Ampa, wɔhwɛɛ kwan sɛ asetra ho apereperedi no bɛma nnipa asetra atu mpɔn. Darwin kyerɛwee wɔ The Origin of Species mu sɛ “honam fam ne adwenem ɔdom akyɛde nyinaa benya nkɔso akodu pɛyɛ mu.” Afeha a ɛto so aduonu yi mu sɔfo ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho nimdefo Pierre Teilhard de Chardin gyee eyi toom, na ɔkyerɛkyerɛe sɛ awiei koraa no, ‘nsakrae bɛba adesamma mmusua nyinaa adwenem; obiara de biakoyɛ bɛyɛ botae biako ho adwuma.’

Ɛyɛ Adesɛe, Ɛnyɛ Mpɔntu

Wuhu sɛ mpɔntu bi a ɛte saa reba? Clinging to a Myth nhoma no kaa De Chardin anidaso no ho asɛm sɛ: “Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na De Chardin werɛ afi adesamma mogyahwiegu ne mmusua mu nyiyim nhyehyɛe te sɛ nnipa mu nyiyim amammu a ɛwɔ South Africa no. Ɔkasa te sɛ onipa a ɔnte saa wiase yi mu.” Sɛ́ anka ɛde biakoyɛ bɛba no, nnipa a wɔwɔ saa afeha yi mu ahu mmusua ne aman mu mpaapaemu a ebi mmae da.

Anidaso a The Origin of Species kaa ho asɛm sɛ nnipa benya nkɔso akodu pɛyɛ mu, anaasɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no wobetu mpɔn no, mmaa mu koraa. Na bere rekɔ so no, na saa anidaso no rekɔ fam, efisɛ efi bere a wogyee adannandi toom no, adesamma abusua no de wɔn ho ahyehyɛ atirimɔdensɛm mu mpɛn pii. Susuw eyi ho: Wɔakunkum nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem 100 wɔ akodi mu wɔ saa afeha yi mu, bɛyɛ ɔpepem 50 wɔ Wiase Ko II no nkutoo mu. Afei nso susuw mmusua ntam nipakum wɔ mmeae bi te sɛ Rwanda ne kan Yugoslavia no ho hwɛ.

Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔanni ako anyɛ nkurɔfo ayayade wɔ mfehaha pii a atwam no mu? Dabi, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wɔyɛɛ saa. Nanso, adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ no a wogye toom, saa atirimɔden adwene a ɛne asetra ho apereperedi yi, adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea otumi ne yɔnko na ɔkɔ so tra ase no, mmaa nnipa asetra ntuu mpɔn. Enti bere a yentumi nka sɛ adannandi na ɛde onipa haw nyinaa aba no, aboa apiapia adesamma abusua no akɔ nitan, nsɛmmɔnedi, basabasayɛ, ɔbrasɛe, ne animguasede kɛse mu. Esiane sɛ wogye tom kɛse sɛ nnipa fi mmoa mu nti, ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ dodow no ara yɛ wɔn ade sɛ mmoa.

Ɔbɔadeɛ a Wɔhyɛ No Anuonyam

“WƆYƐƐ nhwiren maa afɛfɛde, ɛna wɔyɛɛ nnuaba maa ne di. Nanso nnuaba no mu pii yɛ fɛ. Yɛn soro Agya ani gye ho sɛ ɔbɛma mfaso aba nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ so.” Saa asɛm a yɛafa aka yi mfi nyamesom nkyerɛkyerɛ nhoma bi mu. Efi nyansahu nhoma bi a wɔato din The Child’s Book of Nature mu. Ná nhoma a wɔkyerɛw wɔ 1887 mu no kyerɛwfo, Worthington Hooker, a ɔyɛ oduruyɛfo no adwene ne sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ mmusua ne sukuu mu de akyerɛkyerɛ mmofra ade.

Ɔkwan a ɔkyerɛwfo no faa so kyerɛw saa nhoma yi di adanse sɛ na ɔwɔ Ɔbɔadeɛ mu gyidi ne ne ho suro. Oduruyɛfo Hooker kɔɔ so kyerɛwee sɛ: “Asase so nnuaba dɛ a egu ahorow no yɛ anigye kɛse, sɛnea sɛ wususuw emu dodow no ara a wubetumi ahu ho a wubehu no. Onyankopɔn papayɛ a ɛdɔɔso ho adanse bɛn ara ni! Ɔmfa nneɛma kakraa bi kɛkɛ na egye yɛn ani, na mmom nneɛma bebree. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wiase yi mu nneɛma horow a ɛma anigye nni ano. Hwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ onipa tumi hu eyi nyinaa, na ɔkɔ so tra ase da biara da a ɔnna ne Bɔfo ase!”

Bere a wodii kan tintim The Child’s Book of Nature no, na Darwin nkyerɛkyerɛ no atrɛw bɛyɛ mfe aduasa. Nanso, Oduruyɛfo Hooker nhoma no kyerɛ sɛ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no awiei mpo no, nkyerɛkyerɛ nhoma bi tumi hyɛɛ Onyankopɔn anuonyam pefee, sen sɛ ɛbɛka sɛ adebɔ mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bae mpofirim ara kwa.—Fa toto Yesaia 40:26 ho.

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 6]

‘Darwin nhoma no boa me sɛ nyansahu mu ade a migyina so hu nea enti a nkurɔfo di apere wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no.’—Karl Marx

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 6]

‘Mmusua a wɔkorɔn a wɔn ani abue beyi mmusua a wɔba fam hɔ.’

—Charles Darwin

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 6]

U.S. National Archives mfonini

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 6]

British Museum na wɔmaa hokwan