St. Petersburg—“Beae” a Russiafo “Fa Hu Europa”
EFI NYAN! KYERƐWFO A ƆWƆ RUSSIA HƆ
“Medɔ wo, Peter nsa ano adwuma!/Mepɛ w’ahotua, sɛnea w’afã ahorow yɛ pɛ;/Sɛnea Neva tene bɔkɔɔ/Fa n’akoko a ɛyɛ abo toromtorom no ntam no yɛ fɛ yiye.”—ALEKSANDR SERGEYEVICH PUSHKIN.
PUSHKIN anwensɛm a agye din a ɛfa St. Petersburg ho, a wɔafa mu nsɛm kakra aka wɔ ha no, twe adwene si kurow no kyekyefo ne beae a ɛda wɔ atifi fam akyirikyiri, baabi a Neva Asubɔnten no bɔ Baltic Po mu no so. Ebia wubebisa sɛ, ‘Na ɛyɛɛ dɛn na asase so kurow kɛse yi bɛdaa atifi fam atɛkyɛ asase so?’
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 awiei no, na ɛpo a enni Russia no ama entumi nnya nkɔso. Ná Russia ɔhempɔn kumaa, Peter Ɔkɛseɛ, no pɛ paa ne sɛ ɔbɛma Russia anya “beae” bi a wɔfa “hu Europa” denam ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so apue po ano so. Na Ottoman Ahemman no asiw kwan a wɔde kɔ Po Tuntum a ɛda anafo fam ano no. Enti Peter danee n’adwene kɔɔ atifi fam beae a na Sweden asasesin ne Baltic Po no bɔ hye no.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wadu ne botae ho no, Peter tuu Sweden so sa wɔ August 1700 mu. Ɛwom sɛ n’asraafo no dii nkogu mfiase no de, nanso wampa abaw. Eduu November 1702 no, na Peter atumi apam Swedenfo afi Ɔtare Ladoga ho. Saa ɔtare yi a ɛso sen biara wɔ Europa no kɔbɔ Neva Asubɔnten mu na ɛno nso de no twa kwan kilomita 60 kɔbɔ Baltic Po mu. Swedenfo no ase timii wɔ beae dennen bi wɔ supɔw ketewa bi a na ɛbɛn beae a Neva tene fi ɔtare no mu so. Peter tumi gyee saa beae dennen a na ɛwɔ Swedenfo nsam no, na ɔtoo hɔ din Shlissel’burg.
Akyiri yi Swedenfo no maa wɔn ho so wɔ beae dennen bi a wɔfrɛ no Nienshants a ɛbɛn beae a Neva bɔ Baltic mu no. Wɔ May 1703 mu no, Sweden asraafo dɔm no dii nkogu koraa. Saa nkonimdi no maa asubɔe no nyinaa bedii Russiafo nsam. Ankyɛ koraa na Peter fii ase kyekyee beae dennen bi a ɛbɛn Zayachy Supɔw ho de bɔɔ beae a Neva bɔ po mu no ho ban. Enti, wɔ May 16, 1703 mu, bɛyɛ mfe 300 a atwam no, Peter Ɔkɛseɛ too nea ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ no Peter-Paul Abannennen no fapem nea edi kan. Eyi ne ɛda a wogye tom sɛ wɔkyekyee St. Petersburg a wɔde ɔsomafo Petro a ɔyɛ ɔhempɔn hotefo boafo din too so no.
Wɔkyekye Ma Ɛbɛyɛɛ Ahenkurow
Nea ɛnte sɛ nhenkurow pii no, wɔhyɛɛ da susuw St. Petersburg ho mfiase pɛɛ sɛ wɔrekyekye no ahenkurow. Ɛmfa ho sɛ na ɛda atifi fam akyirikyiri—a ne tɛtrɛtɛ te sɛ ɛnnɛyi Anchorage, Alaska no—Peter toaa ne kyekye no so ara. Wɔde nnua fi beae a na Ɔtare Ladoga da no ne Novgorod bae. Ɔkwan biako a Peter faa so nyaa abo ne sɛ ɔkyɛ maa obiara de bi bae. Na ɛsɛ sɛ Russiani biara a ɔde nneɛma ba St. Petersburg no de abo dodow bi ka ho ba. Afei nso, Peter ma wogyaee adan a wɔde abo si, nea edi kan wɔ Moscow ne afei n’ahemman a aka no nyinaa mu. Ne saa nti, adansifo a na wonni adwuma yɛ no baa St. Petersburg bɛyɛɛ adwuma.
Sɛnea The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ka no, ahenkurow no kyekye no “kɔɔ so ntɛmtɛm sen biara saa bere no.” Ankyɛ koraa na wɔmaa nsuka mu yowee, totoo fapem, yiyii akwan, sisii adan, asɔre, ayaresabea ahorow ne aban nnwumayɛbea ahorow. Wɔ afe a wɔkyekyee ahenkurow no mu no, wɔde po so hyɛn gyinabea na ɛhyɛɛ ase, nea wɔfrɛ no Admiralty, a akyiri yi ɛbɛyɛɛ nsu ani ahyɛnkuw nyinaa gyinabea ti wɔ Russia.
Wɔ 1710 mu no wofii Ahohuru Bere mu Ahemfie ne ahohuru bere mu afie ma ahempɔn no si ase. Wɔ 1712 mu no, woyii Russia ahenkurow no ne aban nnwumayɛbea ahorow no fii Moscow kɔɔ St. Petersburg. Wosii ahenkurow no ahemfie a wɔde abo sii a wɔakora so besi nnɛ no wiei wɔ 1714 mu. Wosi maa Aleksandr Menshikov, a ɔyɛ amrado a odi kan wɔ ahenkurow no mu no. Wɔ saa afe no ara mu no, wofii Peter-Paul Asɔredan Kɛse no ho adwuma ase wɔ Peter-Paul abannennen no mu. N’abantenten no yɛ biribi a ɛda nsow wɔ ahenkurow no mu. Wosii Awɔw Bere mu Ahemfie a ɛwɔ Neva Asubɔnten ho no nso, na wɔsan sii no mpɛn pii. Akyiri yi wosii nnɛyi Awɔw Bere mu Ahemfie a adan bɛyɛ 1,100 na ɛwom no. Saa ahemfie kɛse yi abɛyɛ ahenkurow no asoɛe ne akorae ama Hermitage, ɔman tete nneɛma akorae a agye din no.
Mfe du a edi kan wɔ St. Petersburg kyekye akyi no, kurow no trɛwee maa ɛyɛɛ nwonwa. Amanneɛbɔ kyerɛe sɛ eduu 1714 no, na adan bɛyɛ 34,500 na ɛwɔ kuropɔn no mu! Wɔkɔɔ so sii ahemfie ahorow ne adan akɛse pii. Nkɛntɛnso a na nyamesom wɔ wɔ Russia abakɔsɛm mu no da adi wɔ adan ahorow a na ɛwɔwɔ n’ahenkurow mu no mu.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔwɔ Kazan Asɔredan Kɛse a wɔasi no kurukuruwa na abrannaa da anim no. Sɛnea ne fɛ te wɔ ahenkurow no kwan titiriw, Nevsky Prospekt, ho no ka ho bi na ɛma wobuu kwan no kaa wiase akwan atitiriw no ho. Akyiri yi, wofii St. Isaac Asɔredan Kɛse no si ase. Wɔde adum bɛyɛ 24,000 hyehyɛɛ atɛkyɛ no mu soaa ɔdan no na wɔde sika amapa a emu duru yɛ kilogram 100 sraa biribi kurukuruwa bi a wɔayɛ asi ɔdan no atifi no ho.
Ná adan a wosisii wɔ mmeae a atew ne ho wɔ St. Petersburg no nso sõsõ yiye. Wofii Ahemfie Kɛse a wosi maa Peter sɛ ɔntra mu no ase wɔ 1714 mu wɔ Peterhof, a wɔfrɛ no Petrodvorets nnɛ no. Afei, wosii Catherine Ahemfie no maa Peter yere wɔ kurow Tsarskoe Selo a ɛbɛn hɔ, a wɔfrɛ no Pushkin nnɛ no mu. Akyiri yi wɔ saa afeha koro no ara mu no, wosii ahemfie akɛse abien wɔ mmorɔn abien bi a ɛwɔ anafo fam, Pavlovsk ne Gatchina, so.
Kurow foforo a na wɔakyekye yi bɛyɛɛ fɛ mmoroso denam atwene ɔhaha pii a wɔyɛ totoo ne nsubɔnten ne ne nsuka ahorow so no so. Ɛno nti, wɔtaa ka St. Petersburg ho asɛm sɛ “Atifi fam Venice.” Adansifo a wɔwɔ France, Germany, ne Italy ne Russia adansifo a wonim adwuma yiye no boom kyekyee nea The Encyclopædia Britannica frɛ no “nkuropɔn a ɛyɛ fɛ na wɔahyehyɛ biribiara wom pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Europa no mu biako.”
Wogyina Mu Ɛmfa Ho Ɔsɔretia
Peter asɔretiafo no anhu sɛ Russiafo no betumi akura wɔn bo a wɔasi sɛ wɔbɛkyekye beae a wɔfa hu Europa no mu. Peter the Great—His Life and World nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Fi da a edi kan a Peter Ɔkɛseɛ de ne nan sii baabi a Neva bɔ po mu no, asase ne kurow a eyii ne ho wɔ hɔ no akɔ so ayɛ Russiafo de bere nyinaa.”
Nokwarem no, sɛnea nhoma a yɛafa mu asɛm aka no kyerɛ no, “wɔ mfehaha pii a etwaam mu no, nkonimdifo—Charles XII, Napoleon, Hitler—a wɔde asraafo dɔm a wɔyɛ den hyɛnee Russia no mu biara nni hɔ a otumi ko gyee Peter Baltic po so hyɛn gyinabea no, ɛwom sɛ Nasi asraafo kaa kurow no hyeem nnafua 900 wɔ Wiase Ko II mu de.” Wɔ saa nkahyem a ɛkyɛe no mu no, nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako na wowuwui. Nkurɔfo pii wuwui wɔ awɔw ne ɔkɔm a ɛbae wɔ 1941/42 awɔw bere mu no mu bere a wim nwini yɛɛ digrii 40 ne akyi koraa no. Saa wim nwini yi duu baabi a Celsius ne Fahrenheit no nyinaa yɛɛ pɛ wɔ tɛmomita so.
Bere a Wiase Ko I no fii ase wɔ 1914 mu no, wɔsesaa kurow no din yɛɛ no Petrograd. Bere a Soviet Union kannifo a odi kan, Vladimir Lenin, wui wɔ 1924 mu no, wɔsan sesaa din no yɛɛ no Leningrad. Awiei koraa no, bere a Soviet Union gui wɔ 1991 mu no, wɔsan de kurow no din dedaw, St. Petersburg, no too so bio.
Nkɛntɛnso Pa a Wonya Wɔ Wiase So
Wɔ 1724 mu, afe ansa na Peter rewu wɔ ne mfe 52 mu no, ɔde ahyɛde mae ma wosii Russia Nyansahu Ho Adesuabea no, na wɔ 1757 mu no, wɔtew Nsaanodwuma Adesuabea wɔ kuropɔn no mu. Afeha a ɛto so 19 mu Russiafo adukafo Karl Bryullov ne Ilya Repin gyee nkyerɛkyerɛ wɔ hɔ na wogyee wɔn toom aman nyinaa mu.
Wɔ 1819 mu no wɔtew St. Petersburg Ɔman Sukuupɔn no, na bere kɔɔ so no wɔtetew adesuabea ahorow a wɔde nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛkɔ anim ma wɔ hɔ. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei no, Ivan Pavlov, Russiani a ɔyɛ nnipa asetra ho nsɛm ho nimdefo a onyaa Noble Akyɛde a na ɔte St. Petersburg no de nneɛma a wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe ma ɛno ankasa yɛ adwuma bere ano no ho adwene bae. Saa bere no na Russiani dufrafo Dmitry Mendeleyev hyehyɛɛ element adehwɛpon a wɔsan frɛ no Russia, Mendeleyev pon no.
Kuropɔn no amammerɛ ho nsɛm nso twetwee aman pii. Wɔ 1738 mu no, wɔtew adesuabea a wɔkyerɛ asaw a awiei koraa no ɛbɛyɛɛ Mariinsky Ballet asaw a agye din wɔ wiase no. Ankyɛ na asa ahorow a wɔsaw na wodi agoru wom ne agoruhwɛbea ahorow hyɛɛ kuropɔn no ma. Nnipa a wɔhyehyɛ nnwom pii, a Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky ka ho, bɛtraa St. Petersburg. Wonim no sɛ ɔno na ɔhyehyɛɛ nnwom a akyɛ te sɛ Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, ne The Nutcracker ne afei 1812 Overture a agye din no.
Wɔsan de ntetee maa Russiafo anwensɛm akyerɛwfo ne nhoma kyerɛwfo pii a wɔbɛtraa St. Petersburg no. Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin kumaa bɛyɛɛ obi a Russiafo dodow no ara buu no sɛ “anwensɛm kyerɛwfo a ɔsen biara ne nea ɔde nnɛyi Russiafo nhomakyerɛw bae.” Russiani a na ɔkyerɛw nhoma te sɛ Shakespeare ne Pushkin a wɔakyerɛ ne nhoma no ase kɔ kasa atitiriw nyinaa mu no, na nea ɛka ho ne anwensɛm a wɔhyehyɛ maa St. Petersburg a ɔde hɔ yɛɛ ne kurow a yɛkaa ho asɛm mfiase no. Nea ɔka ho ne Dostoyevski, a The Encyclopædia Britannica ka ne ho asɛm sɛ “wobu no sɛ ayɛsɛm akyerɛwfo a wɔsen biara no mu biako a watra ase pɛn.”
Enti yebetumi aka sɛ biribiara a St. Petersburg nsa kaa fii Europa bere a na ɛrefi ase nkakrankakra no ho san baa mfaso kɛse maa Europa. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ne manfo ama wiase amammerɛ atu mpɔn wɔ mfe a atwam no mu.
Bere a Wɔde Kaakae Nsɛm
Wɔ May 24 kosi June 1 dapɛn no mu no, nnipa ɔpehaha pii a na wɔaba nsrahwɛ wɔ St. Petersburg no nyaa ne mfe 300 fã a wɔhyɛe no mu kyɛfa. Bere a wogyee wɔn ani wɔ nea afi wɔn adwumaden a wɔyɛ de siesiee hɔ mu aba ho no, nnipa dodow no ara nso susuw kurow no fɛ ne ɛho abakɔsɛm a ɛda nsow no ho.
Asɛm a ɛne asɛm hyia no, dapɛn ansa na wɔrehyɛ wɔn fã no, na nnipa mpempem pii aba St. Petersburg sɛ wɔreba Yehowa Adansefo baa dwumadibea a ɛwɔ Russia a wɔatrɛw mu wɔ kuropɔn no borɔn bi so a na wɔrehyira so no ase. Da a edi hɔ no, nnipa 9,817 hyiae wɔ Kirov Agodibea wɔ St. Petersburg tiee ntimu a wɔyɛe wɔ baa dwumadibea so hyira dwumadi no mu ne amanneɛbɔ a ɛhyɛ nkuran a ɛfa Yehowa Adansefo a wɔwɔ aman pii so ho no.
Wuntumi Nhwɛ Nea Ɛwɔ Hɔ Nyinaa Nwie
Mpɛn pii no wɔn a wɔkɔsra St. Petersburg no te nka sɛ nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ araa ma wonhu baabi a womfi ase. Saa na ɛba bere a wɔakɔsra Hermitage no. Wobu akontaa sɛ sɛ obi de yɛ n’adwene sɛ obedi simma biako pɛ wɔ nneɛma a wɔde agu adan ɔhaha pii no mu biara ho a ebegye no mfe pii na ɔde awie ne nsrahwɛ no.
Afoforo susuw sɛ ade biako a ɛma St. Petersburg yɛ anigye paa ne ballet asaw a ɛkɔ so wɔ hɔ no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Mariinsky Agoruhwɛbea a agye din no, obi betumi atra nkanea a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛretwa yerɛwyerɛw ase wɔ ɔdan a wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ a emu duru yɛ kilogram 400 adura n’afasu mu ne ɛho nyinaa mu. Wɔ saa atrae hɔ no, wotumi hwɛ ballet asaw a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ wiase no bi.
Kurow a nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem anum wom mu a wobɛnantew kɛkɛ no bɛma woanya osuahu a ɛyɛ anigye bere a wuhu adan a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛsa Neva Asubɔnten ho no. Kurow no keteke a emu yɛ anigye a ɛnam asase ase beae a emu dɔ sen biara wɔ wiase no mu biako a wode betu kwan kɛkɛ no bɛma woanya amammerɛ ho suahu a ɛyɛ anigye. Da biara nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem abien na wɔtra keteke mu twa asase ase kwan bɛyɛ kilomita 98 a keteke gyinabea bɛboro 50 wɔ so no. Keteke gyinabea no bi wɔ hɔ a yɛkan ka nea ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara wɔ wiase no ho. Wɔ 1955 mu, afe a asase ase keteke no fii ase yɛɛ adwuma no, The New York Times frɛɛ keteke gyinabea ahorow no “afeha a ɛto so aduonu asase ase ahemfie pii a ɛtoatoa so.”
Nokwarem no, ɛnyɛ den sɛ w’ani begye St. Petersburg ho—anwonwakwan a wɔnam so kyekyee kurow no na ɛtrɛwee, ne afei emu nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ a atra hɔ akyɛ, adwini, amammerɛ, nhomasua, ne nnwom. Ɛmfa ho nea wɔn ani gye ho no, nsrahwɛfo begye sɛnea nhoma bi frɛ St. Petersburg sɛ “nkurow a ɛyɛ fɛ paa wɔ Europa no mu biako” no atom.
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 23]
Peter Ɔkɛseɛ, nea ɔkyekyee kurow no
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 24]
Peter-Paul Abannennen ne n’asɔredan kɛse, beae a wɔtoo St. Petersburg fapem no
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 24, 25]
Awɔw Bere mu Ahemfie a ɛwɔ Neva Asubɔnten ho, ɛhɔ ne Hermitage tete nneɛma akorae nnɛ (emu, nifa fam nohoa)
[Asɛm Fibea]
The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 24, 25]
Ahemfie Kɛse
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 25]
Wɔafrɛ St. Petersburg Atifi fam Venice
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 26]
Mariinsky Agoruhwɛbea a agye din wɔ wiase
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Steve Raymer/National Geographic Image Collection
Photo by Natasha Razina
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 26]
Wɔaka St. Petersburg asase ase keteke gyinabea no ho asɛm sɛ “asase ase ahemfie pii”
[Mfonini Ahorow Fibea wɔ kratafa 23]
Atifi mfonini: Edward Slater/Index Stock Photography; painting and emblems: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg