Onipa Nhyehyɛe Ma Amanaman Ntam Dwoodwoo Asetra

““Bere a eyi nyinaa atwam no, yɛpɛ sɛ yɛyɛ wɔn a wobesiesie nneɛma. Yɛpɛ sɛ yɛyɛ nea yebetumi biara de nya nea metumi de anidaso pa afrɛ no wiase nhyehyɛe foforo bi no.”​—U.S. ɔmampanyin George Bush, January 1991, wɔ wɔne lraq ɔko no mfiase akyi pɛɛ.

“Wiase Nhyehyɛe foforo ho adwene a Ɔmampanyin Bush kura no si sɛnea mmara a wɔde bedi dwuma ho hia ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ amanaman no nyinaa wɔ asɛyɛde sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ ma ahofadi ne atɛntrenee aba no so dua. Bere a Ɔko Nwininwini no aba awiei no, bere foforo bi reba.”​—U.S. aban ananmusifo a ɔwɔ Australia, August 1991.

“Anadwo yi, bere a mihu sɛnea demokrase ha nsɛm resisi wɔ wiase nyinaa no, ebia​—ebia yɛabɛn saa wiase nhyehyɛe foforo no sen bere biara.”​—U.S. ɔmampanyin George Bush, September 1991.

WIASE atumfo pii de anidaso pa reka daakye ho asɛm, te sɛ Ɔmampanyin Bush. So ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ nneɛma pa kwan? So nsɛm a asisi fi Wiase Ko II reba no ma wonya nea wobegyina so anya akwanhwɛ pa saa? So wususuw sɛ amammuifo betumi de amanaman ntam dwoodwoo asetra aba?

Onipa Nhyehyɛe Kɛse No

TV so dwumadi bi a wɔato din sɛ Goodbye War, kyerɛkyerɛe mu sɛ “wiase ko a ɛto so abien no mfe abien a etwa to no mu no, na wokunkum nnipa ɔpepem biako ne akyi ɔsram biara.” Saa bere no, amanaman no tee nka sɛ ɛho hia ntɛm sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe bi na ɔko a ɛte saa ansi bio. Bere a ɔko no da so gyina mu no, aman 50 ananmusifo yɛɛ amanaman ntam dwoodwoo asetra ho nhyehyɛe a ɛsen biara a onipa atumi ayɛ pɛn: Amanaman Nkabom no Mmara Nhoma. Nhoma no nnianim nsɛm kae sɛ wɔasi wɔn bo sɛ “wɔremma awo ntoatoaso ahorow a ebedi wɔn akyi aba no nhu akodi mu amane.” Na ɛsɛ sɛ aman a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Amanaman Nkabom no mufo no “ka [wɔn] ahoɔden bom de hwɛ ma amanaman ntam asomdwoe ne dwoodwoo asetra kɔ so tra hɔ.”

Nnafua 41 akyi no, wimhyɛn bi kɔtow atɔm ɔtopae bi too Hiroshima wɔ Japan. Ɛpaee wɔ kuropɔn no mfinimfini so na ekunkum nnipa bɛboro 70,000. Saa ɔtopae no, ne nea wɔtowee nnansa akyi wɔ Nagasaki no, tumi de wɔne Japan ɔko no baa awiei koraa. Esiane sɛ na Germany a ɛyɛ Japan adamfo no agyae ɔko no wɔ May 7, 1945 mu nti, Wiase Ko II baa awiei. Nanso, so na ɛne akodi nyinaa awiei?

Dabi. Efi Wiase Ko II reba no, adesamma ahu akodi nketenkete bɛboro 150 a nnipa ɔpepem 19 ne akyi ahwere wɔn nkwa wom. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ Amanaman Nkabom nhyehyɛe kɛse no ntumi mfaa amanaman ntam dwoodwoo asetra mmae ɛ. Mfomso bɛn na ɛbae?

Ɔko Nwininwini No

Wɔn a wɔyɛɛ Amanaman Nkabom no ho nhyehyɛe no anhu akansi a ɛbaa kan Wiase Ko II mu aman a na wɔyɛ nnamfo ntam ntɛmntɛm no ansie. Aman pii kɔɔ afã wɔ tumidi ho apereperedi yi a wɔbɛfrɛɛ no Ɔko Nwininwini, a ne fã bi yɛ Komunist ne kapitalist ntam apereperedi no mu. Sɛ anka wɔbɛka wɔn ahoɔden abom de ama akodi agyae no, amanaman akuw abien no boaa akuw a wɔsɔre tia wɔn ho wɔ amantam akodi ahorow mu, na wɔnam saa kwan yi so ne wɔn ho wɔn ho koe wɔ Asia, Afrika, ne Amerika aman ahorow mu.

Wɔ 1960 mfe no awiei no, Ɔko Nwininwini no ano fii ase brɛɛ ase. Ano brɛɛ ase kɛse wɔ 1975 mu, bere a Aman 35 de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ nea wɔfrɛ no Helsinki Apam no ase no. Aman a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ krataa no ase no bi ne Soviet Union (Rusia) ne United States, a wɔn mu biara nnamfo a wɔwɔ Europa no ka ho. Wɔn nyinaa hyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ mmɔden ama “asomdwoe ne dwoodwoo asetra” aba na “wɔakwati . . . sɛ wobehunahuna anaasɛ wobedi ako de atia Ɔman bi wɔ n’asasesin mu anaasɛ n’amammui mu ahofadi, anaa wɔ ɔkwan foforo biara a ɛne Amanaman Nkabom no atirimpɔw ahorow no nhyia so.”

Nanso nsusuwii ahorow yi ansow aba. Ebeduu 1980 mfe no mfiase no, aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara no ntam apereperedi no mu yɛɛ den bio. Nsɛm tebea sɛe araa ma wɔ 1982 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom no ɔkyerɛwfo panyin a na wɔapaw no foforo, Ɔbenfo Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, gye toom sɛ n’ahyehyɛde no adi nkogu na ɔbɔɔ “amanaman ntam basabasayɛ foforo” bi a ɛbɛba ho kɔkɔ.

Nanso, nnɛ, Amanaman Nkabom no ɔkyerɛwfo panyin ne akannifo afoforo ka akwanhwɛ pa ho asɛm. Atesɛm amanneɛbɔ ahorow ka “bere a Ɔko Nwininwini no atwam no” ho asɛm. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na nsakrae yi bae?

“Bere a Ɔko Nwininwini no Atwam No”

Ade foforo a ɛfata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow ne Dwoodwoo Asetra ne Biakoyɛ wɔ Europa ho Nhyiam a aman 35 yɛe no. Wɔ September 1986 mu no, wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ nea wɔfrɛ no Stockholm Krataa no ase, de san sii 1975 Helsinki Apam no so a wobedi so dua.a Mmara ahorow pii a ɛkyerɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwɛ sraadi dwumadi ho nsɛm mu wɔ Stockholm Krataa no mu. SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ ne Yearbook 1990 no mu sɛ: “Nea aba wɔ mfe abiɛsa a atwam no mu no hyɛ nkuran na faako a wɔde adi dwuma akodu no afi ase rekɔ akyiri asen Stockholm Krataa no mu asɛyɛde ahorow a wɔkyerɛw no.”

Afei, wɔ 1987 mu no, aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara no tumi bɔɔ pɔw bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsɛe wɔn aprɛm akɛse a wofi asase so tow na etumi twa bɛyɛ kilomita 500 kosi 5,500 no nyinaa. SIPRI ka sɛ “Aprɛm akɛse ne nea wɔde tow no sɛe ankasa no rekɔ so sɛnea wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe no, na ɔfã biara redi apam ahorow no mu nhyehyɛe nyinaa so pɛpɛɛpɛ.”

Wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe afoforo a ɛbɛtew nuklea akodi ho asiane no so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ 1988 mu no, aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara no de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ “aprɛm mmɛma a wotumi tow fi asasepɔn biako so kɔ foforo so ne nea wɔtow fi po so akohyɛn mu” no ho apam bi ase. Ansa na wɔn mu biara bɛtow akode a ɛte saa no, ɛsɛ sɛ odi kan bɔ ɔfoforo no amanneɛ “anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan ansa, de kyerɛ bere a wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛtow, faako a wobefi atow, ne beae a ɛbɛkɔ akɔtɔ no kɛse.” Sɛnea SIPRI kyerɛ no, nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛte sɛɛ no yɛ nea “ɛkame ayɛ sɛ eyi sɛnea ɔman bi mu nsɛm betumi adan wiase nyinaa nuklea akodi no fi hɔ.”

Saa bere no mu no, nhyehyɛe a wɔreyɛ sɛ wɔde bɛma amanaman ntam dwoodwoo asetra anya nkɔso no kɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm. Wɔ May 1990 mu no, bere a aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara no amampanyin yɛɛ nhyiam wɔ Washington, D.C. no, saa bere no Soviet ɔmampanyin Mikhail Gorbachev de too gua sɛ Europa aman akuw abien no mfa wɔn nsa nhyɛ asomdwoe apam bi ase. Wɔ July mu no, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) mu Atɔe Fam aman 16 no hyiae wɔ London. Nea wɔkaa wɔ asɛm a Mikhail Gorbachev de too gua no ho ne sɛ afanu no nyinaa mfa wɔn nsa nhyɛ “tirimbɔ bi a yɛn nyinaa bɛbom aka sɛ yɛnyɛ atamfo bio na yesi yɛn tirimbɔ sɛ yɛremfa akode nhunahuna afoforo anaasɛ yɛmfa nni dwuma bio no so dua” no ase. Afrika atesɛm krataa bi kratafa a edi kan asɛmti kaa eyi ho asɛm sɛ “Adeyɛ Kɛse a Ɛde Wiase Asomdwoe Bɛba.”

Afei, anwummere a ade bɛkye ma wɔayɛ aman a wɔwɔ tumi sen biara no amampanyin ntam nhyiam bi wɔ Helsinki, Finland no, U.S. aban kasamafo bi kae sɛ “ɔko a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebetumi asi wɔ [Mfinimfini Fam Apuei] no ama wɔreyɛ kuw nhyehyɛe foforo bi ama wiase asomdwoe.” Asomdwoe ho akwanside bi bae bere a Iraq kɔtow hyɛɛ Kuwait so, na ɛyɛɛ sɛ nea Mfinimfini Fam Apuei nyinaa rebɛdɛw no. Nanso wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no tumi ase no, amanaman ntam asraafo dɔm bi a United States di mu akoten kɔpam asraafo dɔm a wɔtow hyɛɛ ɔman no so no kɔɔ wɔn ankasa man mu. Atirimpɔw mu biakoyɛ wɔ amanaman no ntam a ɛdaa adi wɔ saa ɔko no mu no hyɛɛ ebinom nkuran ma wonyaa anidaso sɛ biakoyɛ bere foforo bi afi ase.

Efi saa bere no, nsɛm afoforo pii asisi wɔ wiase. Ne titiriw no, nsakrae kɛse aba aman a anka wɔyɛ Soviet Union no yɛbea mu. Wɔmaa kwan ma Baltic Aman no paee wɔn ahofadi, na Soviet Union no mu aman afoforo nso yɛɛ saa ara. Wɔsan huu mmusua ahorow ntam nitan a anibere wom wɔ aman a na anka wɔte sɛ nea wɔaka abom ayɛ kɛse biako wɔ Komunistfo aban nniso ase no mu. Ebeduu 1991 awiei no, na Soviet Union no nni hɔ bio sɛ ɔman.

Wiase amammuisɛm mu nsakrae akɛse yi ama hokwan abue ama Amanaman Nkabom ahyehyɛde no. The New York Times kaa eyi ho asɛm sɛ: “Sɛnea wiase nyinaa mu nitan ano abrɛ ase ne biakoyɛ honhom foforo a aba United States ne Soviet Union ntam no betumi akyerɛ sɛ wiase nyinaa ahyehyɛde no betumi adi dwuma foforo a tumi wom wɔ amanaman ntam nsɛm mu.”

So bere asõ afei sɛ saa ahyehyɛde a adi mfe 47 no bɛkyerɛ nea ebetumi ayɛ? So yɛrehyɛn nea United States frɛɛ no “afeha foforo, ne mfe apem foforo a asomdwoe, ahofadi ne yiyedi wom” no mu ampa anaa?

[Ase hɔ asɛm]