Guan A Huguenotfo Guan Kɔɔ Ahofadi Mu

“Ɛdenam Ɔhene ne Ɔhemmaa ahyɛde so no, . . . Yɛde reto Gua, Sɛ ɛnyɛ Ahobammɔ nko na Protestantfo a wofi France a wɔhwehwɛ Guankɔbea wɔ Yɛn Ahemman yi mu, na Wotu ba mu no nyinaa benya . . . Na mmom Yɛbɛbɔ Yɛn ho Mmɔden nso wɔ Akwan a yebetumi nyinaa so Awowaw wɔn Aboa wɔn . . . sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a Asase yi so tra bɛyɛ ahomeka na ayɛ mmerɛw ama wɔn.”

SAA na England hene William ne ɔhemmaa Mary mpaemuka a wɔde too gua 1689 no kenkan. Nanso ɛyɛɛ dɛn na ɛho behiae sɛ France Protestantfo, anaa Huguenotfo, sɛnea akyiri yi wɔbɛfrɛɛ wɔn no, fi France kɔhwehwɛ guankɔbea ne ahobammɔ wɔ baabi foforo? Dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma guan a woguan fii France bɛyɛ mfe 300 ni no ho hia yɛn nnɛ?

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunsia mu no, akodi ne nyamesom mu ntawntawdi maa Europa asetra yɛɛ den. France a Nyamesom mu Akodi kɔɔ so wɔ Katolekfo ne Protestantfo ntam (1562-1598) no amfa ne ho anni wɔ basabasayɛ yi mu. Nanso, wɔ 1598 mu no, France Hene Henry IV de ne nsa hyɛɛ mmara bi a ɛma ɔsom ahorow ho kwan, Nantes Mmara no, ase na ama Protestant Huguenotfo no anya kwan asom. Ná ɔsom abien a mmara ma ho kwan yi da mu fua wɔ Europa. Ɛmaa afeha a ɛto so 16 no mu nyamesom mu ntɔkwaw a ɛsɛee ade kɛse wɔ France bɛboro mfirihyia 30 no gyaee kakra.

Ɛwom sɛ na adwene no ne sɛ Nantes Mmara no bɛtra hɔ “afebɔɔ a entwam” de, nanso wɔhyɛɛ Fontainebleau Mmara no de twaam wɔ 1685 mu. Akyiri yi Franseni nyansapɛfo Voltaire kaa mmara a wotwaam yi ho asɛm sɛ “awerɛhosɛm akɛse a esisii France no mu biako.” Ɛno akyi pɛɛ no, ɛmaa Huguenotfo bɛyɛ 200,000 guan kɔɔ aman foforo so. Nanso, ɔhaw a edii akyi bae no kɔɔ akyiri sen saa mpo. Ɛnde ɛyɛɛ dɛn na wotwaa mmara a ɛmaa ɔsom ahorow ho kwan no mu?

Wɔsɔre Tiae Fi Mfiase

Ɛwom sɛ ɛkaa kakra ma Nantes Mmara no dii mfe 90 de, nanso abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi ka sɛ “ansa na wɔregu no wɔ 1685 mu no, na ɛregye agu” mpo dedaw. Nokwarem no, mmara no annya nnyinaso pa. Efi ahyɛase pɛɛ na ɛkɔfaa nea wɔfrɛ no “twe-ma-mentwe” baa Katolek asɔfo ne wɔn a na wɔfrɛ wɔn “R.P.R.” (Ɔsom a Wose Wɔasesɛw Mu) no ntam. Efi bere a wɔde Nantes Mmara no sii hɔ wɔ 1598 kosi bɛyɛ 1630 no, na ɛho akameakame gyina Protestantfo ne Katolekfo ntam anobaabae a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ baguam, ɛne nhoma ahorow a ɔsom ahorow no kyerɛwee so. Nanso, ɔsom afoforo ho adwemmɔne no ansõ hɔ ara.

Bere a France aban no ko tiaa Protestantfo fi 1621 kosi 1629 no, wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ mmara bi de asisiw wɔn kwan, na ahyɛ wɔn ma wɔadan Katolekfo. Ɔtan yi mu yɛɛ den wɔ Louis XIV, “Ɔhene Nuonyamfo” no nniso ase. Nea ɔtaa a ɔde bae no kowiei ne sɛ, otwaa Nantes Mmara no mu.

Nhyɛso No

Bere a nhyɛso no rekɔ so no, wogyee hokwan a Protestantfo wɔ sɛ ɔmanfo no fii wɔn nsam nkakrankakra. Efi 1657 kosi 1685 no, wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara bɛyɛ 300 tiaa Huguenotfo no, a mpɛn pii no, na asɔfo na wɔhyɛ akyi. Mmara horow no kyekyeree wɔn wɔ wɔn asetra mu biribiara mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, na Huguenotfo nni hokwan sɛ wɔyɛ nnwuma ahorow pii, a ebi ne sɛ wɔnyɛ aduruyɛfo, mmaranimfo, na na wontumi nnye awo mpo. Ɛdefa gye a wogye obi awo ho no, abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi bisae sɛ: “Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na obi atumi de ne nkwa ahyɛ gyidisakrafo a wasi ne bo sɛ ɔbɛsɛe nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ hɔ no nsa?”

Womiaa nhyɛso no mu wɔ 1677 mu. Sɛ wɔkyere Huguenotni biara sɛ ɔrebɔ mmɔden ama Katolekni bi aba ne som mu a, na wɔma otua France sika pɔn apem. Wɔde sika a ɔman no nya fii tow akɛseakɛse a nkurɔfo tuae mu no dɛfɛdɛfɛɛ Huguenotfo no ma wɔsesaa wɔn som. Wɔ 1675 mu no, Katolek asɔfo no maa Ɔhene Louis XIV, France sika pɔn ɔpepem 4.5, ka kyerɛɛ no sɛ: “Afei de ɛsɛ sɛ wode wo tumi no tu asɔre mu atuatew ase koraa de wie anisɔ a woakyerɛ no koraa.” Ɔkwan a wɔfaa so “tɔɔ” gyidifo yi maa nnipa bɛyɛ 10,000 dan bɛyɛɛ Katolekfo wɔ mfe abiɛsa mu.

Wɔ 1663 mu no, wɔkae sɛ mmara mma kwan sɛ obi bɛdan aba Protestantsom mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara nso de kyerɛɛ baabi a Huguenotfo wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔtra. Mmara a emu yɛ den yi ho nhwɛso ne sɛ, na mmofra a wɔadi mfe ason betumi abɛyɛ Katolekfo ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔn awofo mpene so. Ná ɛyɛ awofo a wɔyɛ Protestantfo no asɛyɛde sɛ wotua nkyerɛkyerɛ a Jesuitfo anaa Katolek akyerɛkyerɛfo foforo de ma wɔn mma no ho ka.

Ade foforo a wɔnam so kaa Huguenotfo no hyɛe ne Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Adommenade Kronkron Fekuw) no dwumadi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ sum ase no. Ná eyi yɛ Katolekfo ahyehyɛde bi a abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Janine Garrisson ka ho asɛm sɛ ayɛ te sɛ “dwumadi nhyehyɛe a emu trɛw” a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ France nyinaa. Esiane sɛ na ɔman mu akunini paa nsa wom nti, na sika ne nsɛm a wɔde bɛyɛ wɔn adwuma ho nyɛ wɔn na. Garrisson kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ na akwan a wɔfa so no dɔɔso: “Compagnie no faa akwannuasa nyinaa so, de nhyɛso ne akwanside, anifere kwan ne afobu, yɛɛ Protestantfo som pasaa.” Nanso, Huguenotfo dodow no ara kɔɔ so traa France bere a na ɔtaa yi rekɔ so no. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Garrisson ka sɛ: “Ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ Protestantfo a wofii Ahemman no mu bere a ɔtaa a wɔde baa wɔn so no mu yɛɛ den nkakrankakra no annɔɔso ansen saa.” Nanso, ewiee ase koraa no, na ɛho abehia sɛ woguan kɔ ahofadi mu.

Wɔsan Begyina Wɔn Ananmu

Nymegen Asomdwoe Apam no (1678) ne Ratisbon Akotewmu no (1684) nti, na Ɔhene Louis XIV ne ɔman biara nni ako. Wɔ February 1685 mu no, Katolekni bi bedii hene wɔ Channel no agya wɔ England. Ná Louis XIV betumi de tebea foforo yi adi ne botae ho dwuma. Mfe kakraa bi a edii anim no, na Katolek asɔfo a wɔwɔ France no atintim France Asɔre Ahyɛde Anan, a ɛbrɛɛ pope no tumi ase no. Ɛno maa Pope Innocent XI “buu France Asɔre no sɛ ɛreyɛ awae.” Ne saa nti sɛ Louis XIV twa Nantes Mmara no mu a, na ebetumi ama ɔne pope no ntam a na ayɛ basaa no asan ayɛ yiye.

Adwene a na ɔhene no afa wɔ Protestantsom ho no bɛdaa adi pefee. Ɛda adi sɛ bere a wɔyɛɛ wɔn bɔkɔɔ (akorɔkorɔ ne mmarahyɛ) no, ammoa. Nanso, dragoon kwana a na wɔde dii dwuma nkyɛe no sii yiye. Enti wɔ 1685 mu no, Louis XIV de ne nsa hyɛɛ Fontainebleau Mmara no ase, de twaa Nantes Mmara no mu. Ɔtaa a emu yɛ den a wɔde baa Huguenotfo so bere a wotwaa mmara no mu no maa wɔn tebea no mu yɛɛ den sen bere a na wonnya nhyɛɛ Nantes Mmara no mpo no. Dɛn na na wɔbɛyɛ afei?

Wonhintaw, Wɔnko, Anaa Wonguan?

Huguenotfo binom yɛɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛsom wɔ sum ase. Esiane sɛ na wɔasɛe wɔn asɔredan ahorow na wɔabara wɔn sɛ wɔnnsom wɔ baguam bio nti, wɔyɛɛ ‘Sare so Asɔre’ anaa wɔsomee wɔ sum ase. Wɔyɛɛ saa ɛmfa ho sɛ na mmara bi a wɔhyɛɛ no July 1686 kyerɛ sɛ wommu nnipa a wɔyɛ asɔre a ɛte saa no kumfɔ. Huguenotfo no bi de wɔn som too hɔ, a wosusuwii sɛ akyiri yi, wobetumi asan asakra aba mu bio. Saafo no bɛyɛɛ Katolekfo wɔ nnipa ani so, na nkyirimma nso suasuaa wɔn.

Aban no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ ɔsom a wɔsakra fi mu no mu den. Sɛ wɔn a wɔasakra wɔn som foforo no benya adwuma ayɛ a, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde krataa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Katolekfo, a wɔn sɔfo a ɔhwɛ sɛ wɔntoto asɔrekɔ mu de ne nsa ahyɛ ase, kyerɛ. Sɛ awofo bi ammɔ wɔn mma asu antete wɔn sɛ Katolekfo a, na wotumi gye wɔn fi wɔn nsam. Wɔhyɛe sɛ sukuu nyinaa nkyerɛkyerɛ Katolekfo nkyerɛkyerɛ. Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Katoleksom ho nhoma ama “nnipa a wokura Nhoma no [Bible no],” sɛnea na wɔfrɛ Protestantfo no. Aban no tintim nhoma bɛboro ɔpepem biako de kɔɔ mmeae a na nnipa pii asakra wɔn som no. Na mmara no mu yɛ den araa ma sɛ obi yare na sɛ wamma kwan amma wɔanyɛ Katolekfo amanne a edi akyiri amma no, na ne ho tɔ no a, wɔde no to afiase anaa wɔma no kɔyɛ adwuma wɔ po so hyɛn mu ne nkwa nna nyinaa. Na sɛ akyiri yi owu a, wɔtow n’amu twene te sɛ wura bi kɛkɛ, na wɔde nsa to n’agyapade so.

Huguenotfo binom faa akode de tew atua. Wɔ Cévennes mantam a nyamesom adi nkurɔfo ti wɔ hɔ no, Huguenotfo akofofo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Camisardfo tew atua wɔ 1702 mu. Esiane sɛ na Camisardfo no yɛ atɛwfo na wɔtow hyɛɛ nkurɔfo so anadwo nti, aban asraafo dɔm de gya totoo nkuraa bi mu hyew no. Ɛwom sɛ Huguenotfo no tew atua wɔ bere ne bere mu de, nanso eduu 1710 no, na Ɔhene Louis asraafo dɔm no de wɔn ahoɔden abunkam Camisardfo no so koraa.

Adwene foforo a Huguenotfo no fae ne sɛ wobeguan afi France. Wɔafrɛ saa akwantu yi otukɔ paa no. Bere a Huguenotfo no refi hɔ no, na wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ ahiafo efisɛ na ɔman no de wɔn nsa ato wɔn ahode so, na na ahonyade no fã akodi Katolek Asɔre no nsam. Enti na ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobeguan. France aban no yɛɛ nea na ɛrekɔ so no ho biribi ntɛm so, na wɔde awɛmfo gyinagyinaa akwan a wɔnam so fi ɔman no mu ano, na wɔhwehwɛɛ po so ahyɛn mu. Ná akorɔmfo fow po so ahyɛn a ɛrefi France, efisɛ sɛ wɔkyere nnipa a wɔreguan a, na wotumi nya nneɛma pii. Huguenotfo a wɔkyeree wɔn sɛ wɔreguan no hyiaa asotwe a emu yɛ den. Nea ɛsɛee asɛm no koraa ne sɛ, akwansrafo a na wɔfrafra ɔmanfo mu bɔɔ mmɔden hwehwɛɛ wɔn a wɔreyɛ ahoboa aguan no din ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so akɔ. Nkurɔfo nkrataa a afoforo yɛ ma ebedii wɔn nsam, nkrataa a enni mũ a wɔyeyɛe, ne nnaadaasɛm kɔɔ so paa.

Guankɔbea a Egyee Wɔn

Wɔbɛfrɛɛ guan a Huguenotfo guan fii France, ne gye a wogyee wɔn toom wɔ aman a wɔkɔɔ mu no Guankɔbea no. Huguenotfo no guan kɔɔ Holland, Switzerland, Germany, ne England. Akyiri yi, ebinom kɔɔ Scandinavia, Amerika, Ireland, West Indies, South Afrika, ne Russia.

Europa aman bi hyehyɛɛ mmara de boaa Huguenotfo maa wɔn tukɔ no kɔɔ so yiye. Hokwan a na ɛda hɔ retwɛn wɔn no bi ne sɛ, wɔbɛma wɔn kwan sɛ wɔmmɛyɛ ɛhɔfo kwa, wɔrentua tow, na wobetumi abɛka wɔn aguadi fekuw ho a wontua hwee. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Elisabeth Labrousse kyerɛ no, na Huguenotfo dodow no ara yɛ “mmerantewa . . . a nneɛma pa wɔ wɔn ani so, ɔmamma a wɔyɛ nnam na wɔn abrabɔ da nsow.” Enti bere a France nyaa tumi kɛse paa no, wɔhweree nnipa a wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ nsaanodwuma ahorow yɛ mu. Yiw, ɛmaa “ahode, sika ne adwumayɛfo a wɔn ho akokwaw” kodii amannɔne. Nyamesom ne amammuisɛm nso ka ho bi na afoforo maa Huguenotfo guankɔbea. Nanso ewiee ase koraa no, dɛn na efii tukɔ yi mu bae?

Aman pii kasa tiaa Nantes Mmara no a wotwaa mu ne ɔtaa a ɛkɔfa bae no. William a ofi Orange no tumi de France ho tan a na nkurɔfo anya no yɛɛ hokwan bɛyɛɛ Netherlands sodifo. Ɛdenam Huguenotfo mpanyimfo mmoa so no, ɔbɛyɛɛ Great Britain hene nso, na obesii Katolekni James II ananmu. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Philippe Joutard kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “ade a Louis XIV yɛ tiaa Protestantfo no yɛ ade titiriw biako a enti wotuu James II fii agua so [na] wɔyɛɛ Augsburg apam no. . . . Nsɛm [yi] de nsakrae kɛse baa Europa abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛmaa aman a wɔka Engiresi kasa no benyaa nkɛntɛnso sen wɔn a wɔka France kasa no.”

Huguenotfo no dii dwuma titiriw wɔ Europafo amansɛm mu. Wɔde hokwan foforo a wonyae no kyerɛw nhoma a ɛboa maa wobenyaa Nimdeɛ ho nyansapɛ no ne ɔsom ahorow hokwan a wɔma ho adwene no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Franseni Protestantni bi kyerɛɛ Engiresi nyansapɛfo John Locke nhoma horow a ɛde hokwan a nnipa wɔ ho adwenkyerɛ no bae no ase. Protestant akyerɛwfo foforo sii hia a ehia sɛ obiara nya hokwan de n’ahonim yɛ adwuma no so dua. Wobenyaa adwene no sɛ ɛwɔ baabi a ɛsɛ sɛ nkurɔfo tie sodifo no kodu, na sɛ wɔanni apam a ɛda wɔne ɔmanfo ntam no so a, nkurɔfo betumi abu wɔn ani agu wɔn so. Enti sɛnea abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Charles Read kyerɛkyerɛ mu no, Nantes Mmara no a wotwaam no yɛ “nneɛma a ɛda adi sɛ ɛde France Anidan no bae no biako.”

Wosuaa Biribi Fii Mu?

Esiane sɛ ɔtaa no siw nkɔso kwan na ɛmaa ɔman no hweree nnipa a wɔn ho hia pii nti, Marquis de Vauban a na ɔyɛ sraani a otu Ɔhene Louis XIV fo no hyɛɛ no nkuran sɛ ɔnsan mfa Nantes Mmara no nsi hɔ, na ɔkae sɛ: “Onyankopɔn nkutoo na otumi sakra koma.” Ɛnde dɛn nti na France Man no ansua biribi amfi mu na wɔansesa wɔn gyinaesi no? Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ade biako a enti ɛbaa saa ne sɛ na ɔhene no suro sɛ ɛbɛbɔ ɔman no. Bio nso, na boa a wɔbɛboa Katoleksom ma asan anya ne gyinabea na wɔasiw ɔsom afoforo kwan wɔ France wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu no ne ade a ne yɛ nyɛ den.

Nsɛm a esisii a ɛma wotwaa mmara no mu no ama ebinom abisa sɛ, “Ɔsom ahe na wobetumi ama ho kwan wɔ ɔman mu?” Nokwarem no, sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo aka no, yɛrentumi nka Huguenotfo no ho asɛm a yensusuw “sɛnea tumidi kɔ so ne akɔntɔnkyesɛm a ɛwom” no ho. Wɔ aman a emu mmusua ne ɔsom gu ahorow pii mu nnɛ no, guan a Huguenotfo no guan kɔɔ ahofadi mu no yɛ asɛntitiriw a ɛma wohu nea ɛba bere a wɔma amammuisɛm a asɔre hyɛ akyi ho behia sen ɔmanfo yiyedi no.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Kratafa 28 adaka]

Dragoon Kwan

Ahunahuna a Wɔde Sakraa Nkurɔfo

Ebinom buu dragoonfo no sɛ “asɛmpatrɛwfo a wotu mpɔn.” Nanso na wɔn ho yɛ Huguenotfo no hu, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a sɛ nkurɔfo te sɛ wɔaba a, nkuraa mũ nyinaa tumi sakra bɛyɛ Katolekfo. Nanso na henanom ne dragoonfo yi?

Ná dragoonfo no yɛ asraafo kuw a wɔamia akode a na wɔsoɛ Huguenotfo no afie na ama wɔatumi ahunahuna fie hɔfo. Wɔbɛfrɛɛ dragoonfo a wɔde wɔn dii dwuma saa kwan yi so no dragoon kwan. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde adesoa kɛse bɛto mmusua so no, na asraafo dodow a wɔde wɔn kɔ fie biara mu no boro abusua no ahoɔden so. Wɔmaa dragoonfo no tumi sɛ wɔnyɛ mmusua ayayade, wɔmmma wɔnnna, na wɔnsɛe wɔn agyapade. Sɛ fie hɔfo no gyae Protestantsom no a, dragoonfo no fi hɔ.

Wɔfaa dragoon kwan so sakraa nkurɔfo wɔ 1681 mu wɔ Poitou, West France, baabi a na Huguenotfo dɔɔso wɔ hɔ. Asram kakraa bi mu no, na wɔasakra efi nnipa 30,000 kosi 35,000. Wɔfaa saa kwan no ara so wɔ Huguenotfo atrae afoforo wɔ 1685 mu. Asram kakraa bi mu no, na efi nnipa 300,000 kosi 400,000 agyae wɔn som. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Jean Quéniart kyerɛ no, nkonim a dragoon kwan no dii no “nti na wontumi nkwati sɛ Wobetwa [Nantes Mmara a ɛmaa ɔsom ahorow hokwan] mu, efisɛ afei de na wohu sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye.”

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Kratafa 25 mfonini]

Saa 1689 mpaemuka yi maa France Protestantfo a na wɔrehwehwɛ ahofadi afi nyamesom mu ɔtaa mu no guankɔbea

[Asɛm Fibea]

Yegyee ho kwan fii The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

[Kratafa 26 mfonini]

Krataa a wɔde twaa Nantes Mmara no mu, 1685 (Krataa a wɔde twaam no kratafa a edi kan ni)

[Asɛm Fibea]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Kratafa 26 mfonini]

Wɔsɛee Protestantfo asɔredan pii

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris