Ko Jérôme—Ko Te Tagata Neʼe Fakafihiʼi Tana Fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu

ʼI TE ʼaho 8 ʼo ʼApelili 1546, neʼe fakatotonu ai e te Fono Lahi ʼo Trente ko te Tohi-Tapu faka Latina ko te Vulgate, “kua fakamoʼoni kiai te ’Ēkelesia [Katolika] . . . pea ʼe mole he tahi ʼe ina maʼu anai he ʼu takuʼaki moʼo fakafisi kiai.” Logope la neʼe kua ʼosi tohi katoa te Vulgate talu mai taʼu e afe tupu, kae neʼe kua fualoa te fakafihiʼi e ʼihi te Tohi-Tapu ʼaia pea mo te tagata ʼaē neʼe ina fakaliliu, ko Jérôme. Neʼe ko ai koa ia Jérôme? He koʼe neʼe fakafihiʼi tana fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu pea mo ia totonu? Koteā te ʼu fua ʼo tana gāue ki te fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē ʼe fai ia ʼaho nei?

ʼE Liliu Ko Te Tagata Poto ʼi Te ʼu Lea

Ko te higoa faka latina ʼa Jérôme neʼe ko Eusebius Hieronymus. Neʼe tupu ʼi te lagi taʼu 346 ʼo totatou temi ʼi Stridon, ʼi te polovasia Loma ʼo Talemasia, ʼaē neʼe tuʼu ōvi ki te tuʼakoi ʼo Italia pea mo Slovénie ʼo te temi ʼaenī.a Neʼe maʼu falā tana ʼu mātuʼa, pea neʼe ina maʼu te ʼu fua lelei ʼo te paʼaga ʼaia ʼi tana kei tūpulaga, he neʼe ako ʼi Loma mo te tagata sivi lea ʼiloa ko Donat. Neʼe poto lelei ia Jérôme ʼi te ako ʼo te ʼu lea, mo te fai palalau pea mo te filosofia. ʼI te temi ʼaia, neʼe ina kamata ako te faka Keleka.

ʼI tana ʼosi mavae ʼi Loma ʼi te taʼu 366 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe feʼaluʼaki ia Jérôme, pea neʼe tau leva ki Aquilée, ʼi Italia, pea neʼe ina kamata ako ai te ascétisme, peʼe ko te maʼuli fakamamahi. Neʼe ina leleiʼia te ʼu manatu ʼaia ʼaē ʼe nātou uga kita ke kita fakafisi kia kita totonu, pea neʼe ina fakahoko te taʼi maʼuli mamahi ʼaia mo tana ʼu kaumeʼa lolotoga te ʼu taʼu ʼaē neʼe hoa kiai.

ʼI te taʼu 373 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe hoko te maveuveu pea neʼe tupu ai te mavetevete ʼo te kūtuga ʼaia. ʼI tana lotomamahi, neʼe fagona ia Jérôme ki te potu hahake ʼo fakalaka ʼi Pitinia, mo Kalate, mo Silisia, pea neʼe tau leva ki Atiokia ʼi Silia.

Kae neʼe hoko kia ia te ʼu fua kovi ʼo tana fagona loaloaga ʼaia. ʼI tana kua gaʼegaʼe ʼaupito pea mo tana kua mahaki, neʼe meʼa pe ke mate ia Jérôme ʼi te fiva. Neʼe ina ʼui fēnei ʼi te tohi neʼe ina fai ki tana kaumeʼa, “Kanapaula neʼe feala ke ʼave atu ʼau e te ʼAliki kia te koe. Kua fakaʼofaʼofa te ʼaluʼaga ʼo toku sino, pea kua vaivai ʼaupito māʼia mo te temi ʼaē ʼe mole ʼau mahaki ai.”

Neʼe maʼuli mamahi ia Jérôme ʼi tona mahaki, mo tana nofo tokotahi, mo tana lotohoha kae neʼe toe hoko kia ia te tahi fihifihia, neʼe ko te fihifihia ʼi te faʼahi fakalaumālie. ʼI tana tahi moemisi, neʼe sio kia ia totonu “neʼe toho kia muʼa ʼo te hekaʼaga fakamāu” ʼa te ʼAtua. ʼI tona fakafehuʼi pe ko ai ia ia, neʼe tali fēnei e Jérôme: “Ko ʼau ko te Kilisitiano.” Kae ko ia ʼaē neʼe takitaki te fakamāu neʼe ina tali mālohi ʼo ina ʼui fēnei age: “ ʼE ke loi, ko koe ko te tisipulo ʼa Cicéron ka mole ko te tisipulo ʼa Kilisito.”

ʼO aʼu ki te lakaga ʼaia, neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi tāfito e Jérôme tona temi ako moʼo akoʼi te ʼu meʼa faka pagani kae mole ko te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua. Neʼe ina ʼui fēnei, “Neʼe fakatagaʼi ʼau e toku leʼo ʼo loto.” ʼI tana fakaʼamu ʼaē ke ina fakatokatoka te ʼaluʼaga ʼaia, neʼe fakapapau fēnei e Jérôme ʼi tana moemisi: “ ʼAliki, kapau ʼe ʼau toe maʼu haku ʼu tohi faka pagani, peʼe ʼau toe lau he tohi feiā, pea ʼe hage anai, kua ʼau fakafisi kia Koe.”

Ki muli age, neʼe manatu e Jérôme neʼe mole maʼua kia ia ke ina fakahoko he fakapapau neʼe ina fai ʼi he moemisi. Kae neʼe loto mālohi aipe ke ina fakahoko tana fakapapau, mo kapau neʼe ina lavaʼi. Koia neʼe mavae ia Jérôme ʼi Atiokia, pea ʼalu ʼo nofo tokotahi ʼi Chalcis ʼi te toafa ʼo Silia. ʼI tana nofo tokotahi ai, neʼe ina ako loloto te Tohi-Tapu pea mo te ʼu tohi faka teolosia. Neʼe ʼui fēnei e Jérôme: “Neʼe mole kei hage ko taku fai ki muʼa atu, he ko te temi nei ʼe kua fakamalotoloto age taku lau te ʼu tohi ʼa te ʼAtua ʼi taku lau te ʼu tohi ʼa te tagata.” Neʼe ina toe ako mo te lea faka Silia pea mo kamata ako te lea faka Hepeleo mo te tagata Sutea, neʼe tafoki ki te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano.

Ko Te Tuʼi Tapu ʼe Ina Tuku Age Kia Ia Te Maʼua Lahi

ʼI tana ʼosi maʼuli mamaʼo ʼi te hahaʼi lolotoga taʼu e nima, neʼe liliu ki Atiokia ʼo hoko atu ai tana ʼu ako. Kae ʼi tana tau kiai, neʼe sio ai ki te ʼu maveuveu neʼe hoko ʼi te ʼēkelesia. ʼI tana kei nofo ʼi te toafa, neʼe kumi tokoni ia Jérôme ki te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase, ʼo ina ʼui fēnei: “Kua vaheʼi tolu te ʼēkelesia, pea ʼe nātou tahi fakatuʼutuʼu ke nātou toʼo ia ʼau ke ʼau lagolago kia nātou.”

ʼAki te temi, neʼe fakatotonu e Jérôme ke lagolago kia Paulin, tahi tagata ʼaia ʼi te ʼu tagata e toko tolu ʼaē neʼe nātou fia maʼu te tuʼulaga ʼēpikopō ʼi Atiokia. Neʼe tali e Jérôme ke fakanofo ia ia e Paulin mo kapau neʼe fakagafua kia ia ia faʼahi e lua. ʼUluaki, neʼe ina fia fakahoko faʼitaliha tona faʼahiga maʼuli faka monike. Pea lua, neʼe ina kole mamahi ke ʼaua naʼa fakamaʼua age kia ia he faʼahiga gāue faka pelepitelo ʼi he ʼēkelesia.

ʼI te taʼu 381 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ʼalu fakatahi ia Jérôme pea mo Paulin ki te Fono Lahi ʼo Constantinople, pea neʼe hoko atu tona fagona mo ia ʼo aʼu ki Loma. Neʼe fakatokagaʼi atu aipe e te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase te poto ʼa Jérôme ʼi te sivi Tohi-Tapu pea mo te ako ʼo te ʼu lea. Hili kiai te taʼu katoa, pea neʼe hikihiki ia Jérôme ki te tuʼulaga fakaʼapaʼapaʼia ʼaē ko te sikalaipe tonu ʼo Damase.

ʼI tona ʼuhiga sikalaipe, neʼe lahi te ʼu fakafifihi ʼaē neʼe fai e te hahaʼi kia Jérôme, kae neʼe hage neʼe toe ʼāsili mālohi. Ohage la, neʼe hoko atu tona maʼuli fakamamahi ʼi te lotolotoiga ʼo te kau takitaki lotu ʼaē neʼe maʼu koloā. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ʼi tana fakamuʼamuʼa te taʼi maʼuli fakamamahi ʼaia pea mo tana tauteaʼi te ʼu aga fakalialia ʼa te kau takitaki lotu, neʼe fakahaʼuhaʼu ʼo kaugamālie te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe fakafeagai kia Jérôme.

Logope la te fatufatuʼi ʼo Jérôme, kae neʼe lagolago katoa ki ai te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase. Neʼe ʼi ai te tupuʼaga moʼoni ʼo te kole ʼa te Tuʼi Tapu kia Jérôme ke hoko atu tana sivisivi te Tohi-Tapu. ʼI te temi ʼaia, neʼe lahi te ʼu Tohi-Tapu faka Latina kehekehe neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi. Ko te ʼu Tohi-Tapu ʼaia neʼe mole fakaliliu fakalelei, pea neʼe maʼu ai te ʼu hala mamafa. Ko te tahi faʼahi ʼaē neʼe tuʼaniaʼi e Damase, neʼe ko te mole felogoi ʼo te hahaʼi ʼo te ʼu ʼēkelesia ʼo te Potu Hahake pea mo nātou ʼo te Potu Hihifo, ʼuhi ko te lea. Ko te tokosiʼi pe ʼo te hahaʼi ʼo te Potu Hahake neʼe nātou popoto ʼi te faka Latina; pea ko te tokosiʼi ʼo te hahaʼi ʼo te Potu Hihifo neʼe nātou popoto ʼi te faka Keleka.

Neʼe loto ai e te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase ke toe fakaliliu te ʼu Evaselio ki te faka Latina. Neʼe fia maʼu e Damase he fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ʼe mulimuli lelei anai ki te faka Keleka, kae mahino gafua ʼi te lea faka Latina. Ko Jérôme neʼe kau ʼi te tokosiʼi ʼo te hahaʼi sivi Tohi-Tapu ʼaē neʼe feala ke nātou fai te taʼi fakaliliu ʼaia. Neʼe poto lelei ʼi te faka Keleka, mo te faka Latina, pea mo te faka Silia, pea neʼe kamata poto lelei ʼi te faka Hepeleo, koia neʼe feala hana fakahoko te gāue ʼaia. Koia, ʼi te fakatotonu ʼa Damase, neʼe kamata fai e Jérôme te gāue ʼe tologa anai ia taʼu e 20.

ʼE Toe ʼĀsili Mālohi Te ʼu Fakafeagai ʼAē ʼe Fai Kia Ia

Logope la neʼe vave tana fakaliliu te ʼu Evaselio, kae neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu lelei e Jérôme tana gāue. Neʼe ina fakatatau te ʼu tohi faka Keleka ʼāfea fuli ʼaē neʼe maʼu ʼi te temi ʼaia, pea neʼe ina fai te ʼu fetogi ʼaē neʼe ʼaoga ke fai ʼi te faka Latina, ʼo ʼuhiga mo te faʼahiga tohi pea mo te faka ʼuhiga ʼo te ʼu kupu, ke tatau mo te ʼu tohi faka Keleka.

Neʼe tokolahi te hahaʼi neʼe nātou tali leleiʼi te fakaliliu ʼa Jérôme ʼo te ʼu Evaselio e fā, ʼo feiā pe mo tana toe fakaliliu te ʼu Pesalemo ʼo fakatafito ki te Tohi-Tapu faka Keleka ʼe higoa ko te Septante. Kae neʼe kei fakafihiʼi pe tana gāue. Neʼe tohi fēnei e Jérôme, “ko ʼihi hahaʼi agakovi neʼe nātou faiga ke nātou fakafihiʼi ʼau ʼo nātou ʼui, neʼe ʼau faiga pe ke ʼau fetogi te ʼu vaega ʼo te ʼu evaselio, ʼo ʼau fakafeagai ki te pule ʼa te ʼu kui pea mo te manatu ʼa te hahaʼi ʼo te malamanei katoa.” Ko te ʼu fakafihi ʼaia neʼe toe ʼāsili mālohi ʼi te ʼosi mate ʼo te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase ʼi te taʼu 384 ʼo totatou temi. ʼI te mole felogoi lelei ʼa Jérôme pea mo te tuʼi tapu foʼou, koia neʼe ina fakatotonu ai leva ke mavae ʼi Loma. Pea neʼe toe fagona ai ia Jérôme ki te potu hahake.

ʼE Liliu Ko Te Tagata Poto ʼi Te Faka Hepeleo

ʼI te taʼu 386 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ʼalu ia Jérôme ki Petelehemi, pea neʼe nofo ai ʼo aʼu ki tona mate. Neʼe fakatahi mo ia he kiʼi kūtuga neʼe mulimuli kia ia, pea neʼe kau ai ia Paula, ko te fafine maʼu koloā neʼe kau ʼi te hahaʼi maʼuhiga ʼo Loma. Neʼe fakahoko e Paula te faʼahiga maʼuli fakamamahi ʼuhi ko te faka mafola ʼa Jérôme. ʼAki tana ʼu koloā, neʼe ina fakatuʼu he monasetelio pea neʼe takitaki e Jérôme. Neʼe ina hoko atu ai tana gāue fakaliliu, ʼo ina fakaʼosi ai te gāue ʼaē neʼe lahi tāfito ʼi tona maʼuli.

ʼI tana nofo ʼi Palesitina, neʼe maʼu e Jérôme te fealagia ʼaē ke ina toe hikihiki tana mahino ki te lea faka Hepeleo. Neʼe ina totogi te ʼu faiako Sutea kehekehe ke nātou tokoni kia ia ke mahino ki te ʼu faʼahi faigataʼa ʼo tonatou lea. Kae neʼe faigataʼa te faʼahi ʼaia, māʼiape la ʼaki te tokoni ʼo te kau faiako. Neʼe ʼui e Jérôme ʼo ʼuhiga mo te tahi faiako neʼe higoa ko Baraninas ʼo Tiberias: “Neʼe faigataʼa pea mo totogi kovi taku kole kia Baraninas ke haʼu ʼo akoʼi ʼau ʼi te pōʼuli.” He koʼe neʼe nā ako ʼi te pōʼuli? Koteʼuhi neʼe mataku ia Baraninas ʼi te kau Sutea ʼuhi ko tana kaugā gāue mo te tagata “Kilisitiano”!

ʼI te temi ʼo Jérôme, ko te kau Sutea neʼe nātou tau vāʼi te ʼu matāpule ʼaē neʼe palalau faka Hepeleo, he neʼe mole nātou lava puʼaki te ʼu kupu ʼaē neʼe tonu ke nātou puʼaki ʼaki tonatou moga. Kae ʼi tana ʼosi gāueʼi te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe lava puʼaki leva e Jérôme te ʼu kupu ʼaia. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ʼe lahi te ʼu kupu faka Hepeleo neʼe tohi e Jérôme ʼaki te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Latina. Ko te faʼahi ʼaia neʼe tokoni kia ia ke ina manatuʼi te ʼu kupu, kae neʼe ina toe faka fealagia foki ke ina taupau te puʼaki ʼo te ʼu kupu faka Hepeleo ʼo te temi ʼaia.

Te Fakafihiʼi Tāfito ʼAē Neʼe Fai Kia Jérôme

ʼE mole tou ʼiloʼi pe neʼe loto e te Tuʼi Tapu ko Damase ke fakaliliu katoa e Jérôme te Tohi-Tapu. Kae ʼe tou ʼiloʼi papau te manatu ʼa Jérôme ʼo ʼuhiga mo te faʼahi ʼaia. Ko Jérôme neʼe ko te tagata neʼe lotomālohi pea neʼe ina fakahoko tuʼumaʼu tana ʼu fakatuʼutuʼu. Neʼe holi mālohi ke ina fai he meʼa “ ʼe ʼaoga anai ki te ’Ēkelesia, pea ke tologa.” Koia neʼe ina fakatotonu ai ke ina toe fakaliliu katoa te Tohi-Tapu ʼi te lea faka Latina.

Moʼo fakaliliu te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo, neʼe fia fakatafito e Jérôme tana gāue ki te Septante. Ko te fakaliliu faka Keleka ʼaia ʼo te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo, neʼe fai ʼi te tolu sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi, pea neʼe ʼui e te tokolahi, ko te fakaliliu ʼaia neʼe takitaki e te ʼAtua totonu. Koia ʼi te temi ʼaia, ko te tokolahi ʼo te kau Kilisitiano ʼaē neʼe nātou palalau faka Keleka, neʼe nātou maʼu te fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ʼaia.

Kae ʼi tana fai tana gāue fakaliliu, neʼe tokagaʼi e Jérôme te ʼu hala ʼi te ʼu tohi faka Keleka, ohage ko te ʼu hala ʼaē neʼe ina maʼu ʼi te ʼu tohi faka Latina. Neʼe ʼāsili ai te lotomamahi ʼa Jérôme. ʼAki te temi, neʼe mahino kia ia, kapau neʼe ina fia fakahoko he fakaliliu ʼe lelei, pea ʼe maʼua anai ke mole ina fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu tohi faka Keleka, ʼo kau ai mo te Septante ʼaē neʼe fakaʼapaʼapa ʼaupito kiai te hahaʼi, pea ke ina fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼāfea ʼaē neʼe tohi ʼuluaki.

Ko tana tonu ʼaia neʼe ina fai, neʼe tupu ai te maveuveu lahi. Neʼe ʼui e te hahaʼi ko Jérôme neʼe aga fakakākā he neʼe ina fetogi te ʼu tohi, pea neʼe agatuʼu ki te ʼAtua, pea neʼe ina līaki te ʼu talatisio ʼo te ʼēkelesia moʼo fetogi ʼaki te ʼu talatisio ʼa te kau Sutea. Māʼia mo Augustin​—ko te tagata fai teolosia tāfito ʼo te ʼēkelesia ʼi te temi ʼaia​—neʼe tagi mamahi kia Jérôme ke ina toe fakaʼaogaʼi te Septante, ʼo ina ʼui fēnei: “Kapau ʼe fakahaʼuhaʼu ʼo kaugamālie te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou lau tau fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ʼi te ʼu ʼēkelesia, pea ʼe hoko anai te meʼa fakaʼofaʼofa, heʼe hā anai te ʼu kehekehe ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē ʼe lau ʼi te ʼu ’Ēkelesia faka Latina pea mo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē ʼe lau ʼi te ʼu ’Ēkelesia faka Keleka.”

Ei, neʼe tuʼania ia Augustin naʼa mavetevete te ʼēkelesia, mo kapau ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te ʼu ʼēkelesia ʼo te Potu Hihifo te Tohi-Tapu faka Latina ʼa Jérôme ʼaē neʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo, kae fakaʼaogaʼi e te ʼu ʼēkelesia faka Keleka ʼo te Potu Hahake te Septante.b Tahi ʼaē meʼa, neʼe fakahā e Augustin tana loto mahalohalo ʼo ʼuhiga mo te mole fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te Septante moʼo fetogi ʼaki he fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu neʼe lagolago ʼāteaina pe kiai ia Jérôme.

Koteā te meʼa ʼaē neʼe fai e Jérôme ʼi te fakafeagai ʼaē neʼe fai kia ia? Ohage ko tona agamāhani, neʼe mole tokagaʼi e Jérôme te ʼu valoki ʼaia. Neʼe hoko atu tana fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼi tana gāue fakaliliu, pea ʼi te lagi taʼu 405 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ina fakaʼosi ai tana Tohi-Tapu faka Latina. Hili kiai ni ʼu taʼu, neʼe fakahigoa tana Tohi-Tapu ko te Vulgate, ʼaē ko tona faka ʼuhiga ko he Tohi-Tapu ʼe tali e te hahaʼi fuli (ko te kupu faka Latina vulgatus ʼe faka ʼuhiga ki “he meʼa māhani, ʼe tali e te hahaʼi māhani”).

Te ʼu Fua Lelei ʼo Tana Gāue

Ko te fakaliliu ʼo te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼaē neʼe fai e Jérôme, neʼe mole gata ʼaki pe tana toe vakaʼi he ʼu tohi neʼe kua ʼosi fai. Neʼe ina tuku he faʼifaʼitakiʼaga lelei ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ako Tohi-Tapu pea mo te fakaliliu, ki te hahaʼi ʼaē ka nātou fakaliliu anai ki ʼamuli te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te tagata fai hisitolia ko Will Durant, “ko te Vulgate ʼe ko te tohi ʼaē neʼe lahi tokotahi pea mo maʼuhiga tāfito ʼi te fā sēkulō.”

Logola te palalau fakahagatonu ʼa Jérôme pea mo tana faʼa fakafifihi, kae neʼe ina lava fakahoko tokotahi te fetogi maʼuhiga ʼi te gāue sivi Tohi-Tapu, ke toe fakaʼaogaʼi ai te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼāfea. Neʼe gāue faiva, ʼo ina ako pea mo fakatatau te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼāfea pea mo te ʼu tohi faka Keleka ʼāfea ʼaē ʼe mole kei maʼu ia ʼaho nei. Neʼe toe muʼamuʼa foki tana gāue ʼi te gāue ʼaē neʼe fai e te kau Massorètes Sutea. Koia la ʼaē, ʼe lelei te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te Vulgate mokā ʼe ʼaoga ke fakatatau te ʼu fakaliliu kehekehe ʼo he vaega Tohi-Tapu.

Ko te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou ʼofa ki te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua, logope la ʼe mole nātou tali te ʼu aga ʼaē neʼe fai e Jérôme pea mo tana ʼu manatu faka lotu, kae ʼe feala ke nātou fakafetaʼi ki te ʼu faiga mālohi ʼaē neʼe fai e te tagata ʼaia ʼi tana fakaliliu te Tohi-Tapu. Pea neʼe fakahoko moʼoni e Jérôme tana fakatuʼutuʼu, he neʼe ina tohi he meʼa neʼe “tologa.”

[Nota ʼi te lalo pasina]

[Paki ʼo te pasina 28]

Ko he fakatātā ʼo Jérôme ʼi Petelehemi

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Garo Nalbandian

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 26]

Top left, Hebrew manuscript: Courtesy of the Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Bottom left, Syriac manuscript: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; Top center, Greek manuscript: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority