Te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta Compluti Ko He Fakaliliu Maʼuhiga ʼi Te Hisitolia

ʼI TE lagi taʼu 1455, neʼe hoko te fetogi lahi ʼi te tā ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e Johannes Gutenberg te masini tā tohi moʼo tā te ʼuluaki Tohi-Tapu ʼo ina fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼe feala tonatou fehikiʼaki. ʼAki tona fai ʼaia, neʼe fakagata ai leva te ʼu koga tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē neʼe hiki nima pea mo maʼugataʼa. Pea neʼe hoki feala ai leva ke tā he ʼu tuʼuga Tohi-Tapu kae mole totogi kovi fau. Mole faʼa fualoa kiai, neʼe lahi leva te ʼu Tohi-Tapu neʼe tufa ʼi te malamanei.

Ko te Tohi-Tapu ʼa Gutenberg neʼe faka Latina. Kae neʼe mahino leva ki te kau fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ʼo Eulopa neʼe tonu ke nātou falala ki he Tohi-Tapu neʼe fakaliliu mai te ʼu lea ʼuluaki​—te faka Hepeleo pea mo te faka Keleka. Neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi pe e te Lotu Katolika te Vulgate heʼe maʼa nātou ʼe totonu te fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu, kae neʼe ʼi ai te ʼu fihifihia tāfito e lua. ʼI te 16 sēkulō, tokolahi te hahaʼi neʼe mole kei nātou mahino ki te faka Latina. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, lolotoga taʼu e afe tupu, neʼe kua lahi te ʼu hala ʼo te Vulgate ʼaē neʼe hiki nima e te kau hahaʼi faitohi.

Neʼe ʼaoga ki te kau fakaliliu pea mo te kau fai Tohi-Tapu he Tohi-Tapu mai te ʼu lea faka Hepeleo pea mo faka Keleka, pea mo he Tohi-Tapu faka Latina foʼou. ʼI te 1502, ko te kaletinale ko Jiménez de Cisneros, ko te tagata fai tokoni ʼi te faʼahi faka politike pea mo te faʼahi fakalaumālie ki te Fineʼaliki ko Isabella ʼUluaki ʼo Sepania, neʼe ina fakatotonu ke ina fakafimālieʼi tonatou loto ke tā tuʼa tahi pe te Tohi-Tapu. ʼO tupu ai te fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ko te Polyglotta Compluti, ʼaē ko he fakaliliu maʼuhiga ʼi te hisitolia. Neʼe faigaʼi e Cisneros ke maʼu he Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta, peʼe ko he Tohi-Tapu ʼi te ʼu lea kehekehe, ʼe maʼu ai ia te faka Hepeleo, mo te faka Keleka, mo te faka Latina, pea mo he ʼu koga tohi faka Alamea. Ko te fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ki te ʼu lea kehekehe ʼe liliu ai anai ko he koga maʼuhiga ʼi te tā tohi.

Moʼo kamata te toe gāue ʼaia, neʼe totogi e Cisneros he ʼu koga tohi ʼāfea faka Hepeleo ʼaē neʼe maʼu lahi ʼi Sepania. Neʼe ina toe tānaki foki te ʼu tohi kehekehe ʼi te faka Keleka pea mo te faka Latina. Neʼe ko te fakatafito ʼaia ki te koga tohi Polyglotta. Neʼe tuku e Cisneros te gāue ʼaia ʼaē ko te ʼai fakatahi ʼo te ʼu koga tohi kehekehe ʼaia ke fai e te kau tagata popoto neʼe kua ina teuteuʼi ia nātou ʼi te Univelesitē foʼou ʼo Alcalá de Henares, ʼi Sepania. ʼI te kau popoto ʼaia neʼe koleʼi e Cisneros neʼe kau ai ia Erasme mai Rotterdam, kae neʼe fakafisi kiai te tagata ʼiloa ʼaia.

Neʼe gāue te kau popoto ʼaia lolotoga taʼu hogofulu moʼo fai he Tohi-Tapu ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu lea kehekehe, pea neʼe taʼu fā te tā ʼo te tohi ʼaia. Neʼe lahi te ʼu fihifihia koteʼuhi neʼe mole maʼu e te kau tā tohi faka Sepania ia te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Hepeleo, faka Keleka, peʼe faka Alamea. Koia, neʼe fakagāueʼi ai e Cisneros ia te tagata tā tohi ʼiloa Sepania ko Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, moʼo teuteuʼi te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼi te ʼu lea ʼaia. Ki muli age, neʼe hoki kamata tā te ʼu tohi ʼi te taʼu 1514. Neʼe fakakatoa te ʼu tohi e ono ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaia ʼi te ʼaho 10 ʼo Sūlio taʼu 1517, hili kiai māhina e fā pea mate te kaletinale. Neʼe tā katoa te ʼu Tohi-Tapu e onogeau ʼi te temi tonu ʼaē neʼe mālohi ʼaupito ai ia te Inikisisio Sepania.a

Te Vaevae ʼo Te ʼu Pasina ʼo Te Tohi-Tapu

Neʼe lahi te ʼu logo maʼuhiga ʼi te ʼu pasina fuli ʼo te Polyglotta. ʼI te ʼu tohi e fā ʼo te Tauhi ʼĀfea neʼe tuʼu te tohi ʼo te Vulgate ʼi te lotomalie ʼo te ʼu pasina; ko te koga tohi faka Hepeleo neʼe tuʼu ʼi te ʼatu tuʼa; pea ko te koga tohi faka Keleka ʼaki tona fakaliliu ki te faka Latina, neʼe tuʼu ʼi te ʼatu ʼi loto. ʼI te ʼu faʼahi pasina neʼe tuʼu ai ia te ʼu haʼuʼaga ʼo te ʼu kupu faka Hepeleo. Pea ʼi te ʼu lalo pasina ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼo te Pentateuque, ko te kau popoto ʼaia neʼe nātou ʼai fakatahi ia te Targum Onkelos (ʼi te fakaliliu faka Alamea ʼo te ʼu ʼuluaki tohi e nima ʼo te Tohi-Tapu) mo te fakaliliu faka Latina.

Ko te nima tohi ʼo te Polyglotta neʼe tuʼu ai te Tauhi Foʼou ʼi te ʼatu e lua. Ko te tahi ʼatu neʼe tuʼu ai te faka Keleka, pea ko te lua ʼatu neʼe tuʼu ai tona fakaliliu faka Latina mai te Vulgate. ʼAki te ʼu kiʼi mataʼi tohi liliki, neʼe feala ai ki te kau lautohi ke nātou maʼu te ʼu kupu ʼaē ʼe tatau ʼi te ʼu lea kehekehe ʼaia. Ko te ʼuluaki tohi katoa ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou ʼaē neʼe kua tā, neʼe ko te koga tohi faka Keleka ʼo te Polyglotta, pea ki muli age neʼe tā leva ia te Tauhi Foʼou ʼaē neʼe teuteuʼi e Erasme.

ʼI te lelei ʼaupito ʼo te gāue ʼo te kau popoto ʼaia, neʼe ko hala pe e 50 ʼo te nima tohi ʼo te Polyglotta neʼe maʼu, pea ko te ʼu hala ʼaia ʼe haʼu mai tona tā. ʼUhi ko te tokaga lelei ʼo te kau popoto ʼaia ʼi tanatou gāue, koia ʼe fakafuafua e te kau sivi tohi ʼo te temi ʼaenī ʼe laka age te nima tohi ʼaia ʼi te tohi faka Keleka ʼiloa ʼa Erasme. Neʼe tatau te matalelei ʼo te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Keleka pea mo te ʼu mataʼi tohi lalahi ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼāfea. ʼI tana tohi, The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, ʼe ʼui fēnei e R. Proctor: “ ʼE feala pe ke fia meamea ia Sepania he neʼe fai e tona fenua te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Keleka matalelei ʼaupito neʼe mole heʼeki fai feiā ʼi te malamanei.”

Neʼe maʼu ʼi te ʼu tohi e ono ʼo te Polyglotta te ʼu tokoni kehekehe moʼo ako te Tohi-Tapu: ko te tikisionalio faka Hepeleo pea mo faka Alamea, pea mo te tahi fakaliliu ʼo te ʼu higoa faka Keleka, faka Hepeleo, pea mo faka Alamea, mo te fakamahino ʼo te faʼu ʼo te lea faka Hepeleo, pea mo te kumiʼaga faka Latina maʼa te tikisionalio. Koia ʼe mole tou punamaʼuli ai ʼi te ʼui ʼaē ko te Polyglotta Compluti ʼe ko he “mātaga ʼi te gāue ʼaē ko te faʼu ʼo te ʼu mataʼi tohi pea mo te ako ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.”

Neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu e Cisneros te gāue ʼaia “moʼo toe uga te hahaʼi ke nātou toe fia ako ia te Tohi-Tapu,” kae neʼe mole ina loto ke maʼu te Tohi-Tapu e te hahaʼi fuli. ʼI tana manatu ko “te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua ʼe tonu ke ako fakafūfū ke ʼaua naʼa aʼu ki te hahaʼi fuli.” Neʼe ina toe ʼui foki ko “te Tohi-Tapu ʼe tonu ke faka tuʼakoi ki te ʼu lea ʼāfea e tolu ʼaē neʼe fakagafua e te ʼAtua ke tohi ʼi te fuga ulu ʼo tona ʼAlo ʼaē neʼe kolusifikoʼi.”b Ko te tupuʼaga la ʼaia ʼo te mole maʼu ʼo te faka Sepania ʼi te Polyglotta Compluti.

Te Fakatatau ʼo Te Vulgate Ki Te ʼu Lea ʼĀfea

Neʼe hoko te ʼu tokakovi ʼi te kau popoto ʼaē neʼe kau ki te fai ʼo te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta. Ko te tagata poto Sepania ʼiloa ko Antonio de Nebrijac neʼe pule ki te toe sivi ʼo te Vulgate ʼaē neʼe tonu ke tuʼu ʼi te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta. Logola neʼe ko te Tohi-Tapu pe ʼa Jérôme, ia te Vulgate, ʼaē neʼe fakagafua e te Lotu Katolika, kae neʼe tokagaʼi e Nebrija ia te ʼaoga ʼaē ke fakatatau ia te Vulgate mo te ʼu koga tohi ʼāfea faka Hepeleo, faka Alamea, pea mo te faka Keleka. Neʼe ina fia fetogi ia te ʼu hala ʼaē neʼe ʼiloga ʼi te ʼu hiki tohi ʼo te Vulgate.

Moʼo fakagata te ʼu felogoi kehekehe ʼa te Vulgate pea mo te ʼu ʼuluaki lea ʼo te Tohi-Tapu, neʼe uga fēnei e Nebrija ia Cisneros: “Tou faigaʼi la ke tou mālama ki te ʼu lea ʼaē ʼe kei fakapōʼuli kiai tatatou lotu, ia te faka Hepeleo pea mo te faka Keleka. Tou fakapale ia nātou ʼaē ʼe nātou faiga mālohi ki te gāue ʼaia.” Pea neʼe ina toe kole fēnei: “ ʼI te ʼu temi fuli pe ʼaē ʼe tou tokagaʼi ai he ʼu kehekehe ʼi te ʼu tohi faka Latina ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou, ʼe lelei ke tou kumi muʼa ki te ʼu koga tohi faka Keleka. ʼI te ʼu temi fuli pe ʼaē ʼe tou sio ai ki he fetōkehekeheʼaki ʼo te ʼu tohi faka Latina peʼe ko te ʼu koga tohi faka Latina pea mo te ʼu koga tohi faka Keleka ʼo te Tauhi ʼĀfea, ʼe lagi lelei ke tou kumi fakalelei ki te ʼu haʼuʼaga faka Hepeleo ʼāfea.”

Neʼe koteā te tali ʼa Cisneros? ʼI te ʼu ʼuluaki palalau ʼo te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta, neʼe fakahā lelei e Cisneros tana manatu. “Neʼe mātou fakatuʼu te fakaliliu faka Latina ʼa Sagato Jérôme ʼi te vaha ʼo te Sinakoka [te koga tohi faka Hepeleo] pea mo te Lotu ʼo te Potu Esite [te koga tohi faka Keleka], ohage pe ko te ʼu tagata kaihaʼa ʼaē neʼe tautau ʼi te ʼu tafaʼaki ʼo Sesu, ʼaē ʼe ina fakafofoga ia te Lotu Katolika Loma, peʼe faka Latina.” Koia neʼe mole fakagafua e Cisneros kia Nebrija ke ina fai he ʼu fetogi ʼi te Vulgate faka Latina ke ʼalutahi mo te ʼu lea ʼuluaki. Neʼe fakatotonu ai e Nebrija ke mavae mai te gāue, he neʼe mole ina tali ke tohi tona higoa ʼi he fakaliliu neʼe halahala.

Te Comma Johannique

Logola ko te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta ʼo Alcalá de Henares neʼe ina faka fealagia ke lahi he tā ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼi te ʼu lea ʼāfea, kae neʼe lahi age te fakamuʼamuʼa ʼo te talatisio ʼi te poto. ʼI te faka maʼuhigaʼi ʼaupito ʼo te Vulgate e te ʼu tagata ʼaia neʼe nātou tā ia te Tohi-Tapu, neʼe nātou fetogi te ʼu koga tohi faka Keleka ʼo te “Tauhi Foʼou” ke ʼalutahi mo te koga tohi faka Latina, kae mole nātou fetogi te ʼu koga tohi faka Latina ke ʼalutahi mo te ʼu koga tohi faka Keleka. ʼI te ʼu koga tohi hala ʼaia neʼe nātou fetogi, neʼe kau ai ia te koga tohi ʼiloa ʼaē ʼe fakahigoaʼi ko te Comma Johannique.d ʼE mole ʼi ai he koga tohi ʼāfea ʼi te lea faka Keleka ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu palalau ʼaia, ʼaē neʼe lagi ʼai hili te ʼu sēkulō kiai ʼo te ʼosi fai e Soane ia tana tohi; neʼe mole foki la tuʼu te ʼu palalau ʼaia ʼi te ʼu koga tohi ʼāfea ʼo te Vulgate faka Latina. Koia neʼe molehi ai te ʼu palalau ʼaia e Erasme ʼi tana “Tauhi Foʼou” faka Keleka.

Ko nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou fai te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta neʼe mole nātou fia toʼo kehe he vaega neʼe kua lauʼi sēkulō tona tohi ʼi te Tohi-Tapu ʼo te Vulgate. Koia neʼe nātou taupau maʼu te manatu ʼaia ʼaē neʼe fakaliliu hala ʼi te koga faka Latina, pea neʼe nātou fakatotonu ke nātou fakaliliu feiā pea ke nātou ʼai ki te koga tohi faka Keleka ke ʼolo tahi te ʼatu lua ʼaia.

Ko He Fakatafito Ki Te ʼu Fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu Foʼou

ʼE mole maʼuhiga pe te Tohi-Tapu Polyglotta Compluti ʼuhi ko te maʼu fakatahi ai ʼo te ʼuluaki tā ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou katoa pea mo te ʼuluaki tā ʼo te Septante. Ohage pe ko te liliu ʼo te “Tauhi Foʼou” faka Keleka ʼa Erasme ko te Tohi Fakatafito ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou (ko te fakatafito ʼo te ʼu tuʼuga fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu ki te tahi ʼu lea), neʼe liliu te ʼu koga tohi faka Hepeleo ʼo te Polyglotta ko te fakatafito ʼaia ki te Tauhi ʼĀfea.e Neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e William Tyndale ia te Polyglotta ko te fakatafito faka Hepeleo ʼo tana fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ki te Fakapilitānia.

Koia, ko te gāue ʼa te kūtuga ʼaē neʼe nātou fai te Polyglotta Compluti neʼe kau tāfito ki te fakatuputupu ʼo te mahino ki te Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe tā pea mo fakaliliu te Tohi-Tapu ʼaia ke lava lau e te hahaʼi fuli, heʼe ʼi te temi ʼaia neʼe fia ʼiloʼi ʼaupito te Tohi-Tapu e te hahaʼi ʼo te Eulopa. ʼE ʼiloga mai neʼe kau ia te Polyglotta ki te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼaē neʼe fai moʼo hāofaki ia te ʼu koga tohi faka Keleka pea mo te ʼu koga tohi faka Hepeleo. Ko te ʼu faiga fuli ʼaia ʼe ʼalutahi mo te fakatuʼutuʼu fakaʼatua ʼaē ko ‘te folafola ʼa Sehova ʼaē kua fakamaʼa,’ ‘te folafola ʼo totatou ʼAtua, ʼe tologa anai ʼo aʼu ki he ʼu temi ʼe mole ʼiloʼi hona gataʼaga.’​—Pesalemo 18⁠:30; Isaia 40⁠:8; 1 Petelo 1⁠:⁠25.

[Kiʼi nota]

[Paki ʼo te pasina 29]

Te Kaletinale ko Jiménez de Cisneros

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Paki ʼo te pasina 30]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid