Butoke budi butuisha tshikondo tshia mîdima ku tshibungubungu

BULONGOLODI bua mu tshikondo tshia Yezu Kristo ne bapostolo bende buvua bushilangane bikole ne ebu bua mu bikondo bifundilebu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Babadi ba Bible bakena bamanye bualu ebu badi mua kufuikakaja se: kudi ditungunuka dia nsombelu wa bantu ne malu a ntendelelu kumbukila ku muprofete Malaki too ne ku mufundi wa Evanjeliyo Matayo, pa kumvua amu mu lupuayipuayi tshiakenzeka mu kupita kua bidimu 400 pankatshi pabu.

Malaki, mukanda wa ndekelu wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mu Bible mivule ya matuku aa, udi ushikila ne bashadile ba Izalele bapingajilula mu buloba buabu kunyima kua bamane kulekedibua ku dikuatshibua ku Babilone. (Yelemiya 23:3) Bena Yuda bena lulamatu bavua bakankamijibue bua kuindila dituku dia Nzambi dia dilumbuluisha bua kukula bulongolodi ebu ku bubi ne kutuadijija Tshikondo tshia Masiya. (Malaki 4:1, 2) Tshikondo atshi, Perse uvua ukokesha. Bisumbu bia basalayi bena Perse bibanza mu Yuda bivua bilama ditalala ne bisanyika mikenji ya mukalenge ku bukole bua masalayi.​—Fuanyikija ne Ezela 4:23.

Kadi, matunga matela mu Bible kaakashala kâyi mashintuluke mu kupita kua siekele inayi yakalonda. Mîdima ne dikondakana bia mu nyuma biakatuadija kubuela mu bantu. Tshitupa tshia Proche-Orient tshiakanyukudibua kudi tshikisu, ditshinyishangana, dikengeshangana, meji mapapisha pa malu a Nzambi, nkindi mifuikakaja, ne dibengangana dia nshidimukilu.

Matayo, mukanda wa kumpala wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo, wakafundibua mu tshikondo tshishilangane. Biluilu bia Roma bivua bilama Pax Romana, peshi Ditalala dia bena Roma. Bantu banemekedi ba Nzambi bavua ne muoyo mujima bindile dilua dia Masiya bua kujikija dikenga, tshikisu, ne bupele, ne kumuangalaja butoke pa malu a nsombelu, bubanji, ne ditalala. (Fuanyikija ne Luka 1:67-79; 24:21; 2 Timote 1:10.) Tuanjayi kukonkonona bimpe makole a tshikandi akafumba nsangilu wa bena Yuda mu siekele yakadianjila diledibua dia Yezu Kristo.

Nsombelu wa bena Yuda mu bikondo bia bena Perse

Kunyima kua dimanyisha dia Cyrus diakapatuisha bena Yuda ku dikuatshibua kudi bena Babilone, mu 537 K.B.B. tshisumbu tshia bena Yuda ne bakena bena Yuda bakadisangisha nabu bakumbuka ku Babilone. Bashadile aba bakandamuna bilenga ku malu a mu nyuma bakapingana mu teritware wa bimenga biupula ne buloba bunyanga. Bena Edom, bena Phénicie, bena Samariya, bisa bia ba-Arabe, ne bakuabu bakavua bamane kukepesha bunene bua teritware wa Izalele uvua mualabale kumpala. Tshitupa tshivua tshishale tshia Yuda ne Benjamin tshiakalua provense wa Yuda mu rejon wa bena Perse uvua ubikidibua ne: Abar Nahara (Dia muamua dia Musulu).​—Ezela 1:1-4; 2:64, 65.

Muinshi mua bukokeshi bua bena Perse, Yuda wakatuadija kumona “tshikondo tshia dilubuluka ne divula dia bantu,” ke mudi mukanda wa The Cambridge History of Judaism wamba. Udi usakidila kabidi pa bidi bitangila Yeruzaleme ne: “Ba-bidime ne bena ngendu bavua batuala mapa, Ntempelu ne tshimenga biakalua bibanji, ne bubanji buabi buakakoka bangenda-mushinga benyi ne bena midimu ya bianza.” Nansha muvua bena Perse batambe kulekelela mbulamatadi wa ditunga ne ntendelelu, difutshisha bitadi divua dienjibua ne dîsu dikole ne divua ne bua kuenjibua amu ne biamu bia mushinga mukole.​—Fuanyikija ne Nehemiya 5:1-5, 15; 9:36, 37; 13:15, 16, 20.

Bidimu bia ndekelu bia ampire wa bena Perse bivua bikondo bia munyukunyuku mukole, bia ditomboka dia ba-satrape (ba-nguvernere). Bena Yuda ba bungi bakadibuejakaja mu buntomboji ku Muelelu wa Mbuu wa Méditerranée ne bakabamuangalaja kule ku Nord, mu Hyrcanie ku Mbuu wa Caspienne. Kadi, tshitupa tshinene tshia Yuda katshiena tshimueneka bu tshivua tshilengibue ku buenzeji bua dinyoka dia Perse nansha.

Tshikondo tshia bena Greke

Alexandre Munene wakatupika anu bu nkashama pa Moyen-Orient mu 332 K.B.B., kadi dinyikibua kampanda ku malu menyi a bena Greke dikavua dimane kudianjila kumpala kuende. (Danyele 7:6) Pa kumona se: nshidimukilu wa bena Greke uvua ne mushinga mukole mu malu a tshididi, panyima pa diela meji bimpe wakatuadija kutangalaja nshidimukilu wa bena Greke mu ampire wende uvua wenda walabala. Tshiena-Greke tshiakalua muakulu wa bukua-matunga. Bukokeshi buîpi bua Alexandre buakalubuluja dinanga dia ngelelu wa meji mulobeshi, disankidila bua manaya, ne dianyisha bua bintu bilengele. Ku kakese ku kakese, nansha bumpianyi bua bena Yuda buakashiila nshidimukilu wa bena Greke muaba.

Panyima pa lufu lua Alexandre mu 323 K.B.B., bamupinganyi mu Syrie ne Ejipitu bavua ba kumpala ku dipeta mianzu ivua muprofete Danyele mubikile ne: ‘mukalenge wa ku nord’ ne ‘mukalenge wa ku sud.’ (Danyele 11:1-19) Mu bukokeshi bua ‘mukalenge wa ku sud’ muena Ejipitu, Ptolémée II Philadelphe (285-246 K.B.B.), bakatuadija kukudimuna Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mu Koiné, tshiena-Greke tshivuabu bakula. Nkudimuinu eu wakalua kubikidibua ne: La Septante. Mvese mivule ya mu nkudimuinu eu ivua itedibua mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo. Muakulu wa tshiena-Greke uvua mutambe buimpe bua kupetesha bulongolodi bukondakane ne bùvuà mu mîdima ya mu nyuma ndambu wa ngumvuilu kampanda mutokeshe.

Pakamana Antiochus IV Epiphane kuvua mukalenge wa Syrie ne mukokeshi wa Palestine (175-164 K.B.B.), Buena-Yuda bukavua pa kuamba kukupudibua kudi dikengesha dienza ku dianyisha dia mbulamatadi. Bena Yuda bavua benzejibua ku bukole, ne mikanu ya lufu, bua kuvila Yehowa Nzambi ne kulambuila amu nzambi ya bena Greke. Mu Tshisua-munene 168 K.B.B., tshioshelu tshia bampangano tshiakiibakibua pa mutu pa tshioshelu tshinene tshia Yehowa mu ntempelu wa Yeruzaleme, ne milambu ivua ifidibuapu bua Zeus wa ku Olympe. Balume bena misoko ya kuntshiama banyengabale kadi bena dikima bakadisuika pamue muinshi mua bulombodi bua Judas Maccabée ne kudifilabu mu diluangana dikole too ne pakafikabu ku dinyenga Yeruzaleme. Ntempelu wakalambudibua tshiakabidi kudi Nzambi, ne bidimu bisatu bulubulu kunyima kua dinyangibua diende, milambu ya ku dituku ku dituku yakatuadijilula.

Mu kupita kua tshikondo tshiakashadila bena Greke, bena mu tshinsanga tshia mu Yudeya bakakeba ku dibundangana mvita bua kualabaja teritware wabu too ne ku mikalu yende ya kale. Bakatumika mu mushindu ukena wa buena Nzambi ne bukokeshi buabu bua masalayi buvuabu bafuma ku dipetulula bua kuenzeja ku bukole bena mutumba nabu bampangano pa kubakanyina bua kubashipa bu buobu kabayi bakudimuna mutshima. Nansha nanku, dilongesha dia tshididi dia bena Greke diakatungunuka ne kukokesha bimenga bikese ne binene.

Mu tshikondo etshi, bafuilakanyi ba muanzu wa muakuidi munene bavua misangu mivule banyanguke. Bitungu, dishipangana, ne dipangilangana mu malu a tshididi biakendeshila mudimu wabu lumu lubi. Bu muvua mmuenenu ukena wa buena Nzambi wenda ukola munkatshi mua bena Yuda, manaya a bena Greke akatamba kuanyishibua kudi bantu. Mmunyipu muvuabi bikemesha pa kumona bakuidi bansonga balengulula majitu abu bua kudifila mu manaya! Banàyi bena Yuda bakafika too ne ku dianyisha dipandibua dia bisama bivule bua kuluabu “kabayi batengudibue” bua buobu kuepuka difua bundu pavuabu mu ditembangana butaka ne bampangano mu manaya.​—Fuanyikija ne 1 Kolinto 7:18.

Mashintuluka mu malu a ntendelelu

Mu bidimu bia kumpala bia kunyima kua dipingana ku tshimuangi, bena Yuda bena lulamatu bakakandamena disambakaja dia ngenyi ne filozofi bia bampangano ne ntendelelu mulelela musokolola mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Mukanda wa Esetê, mufunda kunyima kua bidimu bipite pa 60 bia malanda mashême ne ditunga dia Perse, kawena ne kamanyinu nansha kamue ka malongesha a Zoroastre. Kupita apu, buenzeji nansha bukese bua ntendelelu eu wa bena Perse kabuena busanganyibua mu mikanda ya mu Bible ya Ezela, Nehemiya, anyi Malaki, yonso mifunda mu tshitupa tshia kumpala tshia tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua bena Perse (537-443 K.B.B.).

Kadi, bashikuluji badi bitabuja ne: mu tshitupa tshia ndekelu tshia bukokeshi bua bena Perse, bena Yuda ba bungi bakatuadija kuanyisha imue mmuenenu ya batendeledi ba Ahura Mazda, nzambi munene wa bena Perse. Ebi mbimueneke patoke mu bitabataba bitangalake ne mitabuja a ba-Essene. Miaku ya pa tshibidilu ya tshiena-Ebelu bua makaya, bikuabu bifukibua bia mu tshipela, ne nyunyu itu yendenda butuku biakavua kusuikakajibua mu bieledi bia meji bia bena Yuda ne spiritu mibi ne mikishi ya bilele bia bena Babilone ne bena Perse.

Bena Yuda bakatuadija kuangata ngenyi ya bampangano ne mmuenenu mushilangane. Ngenyi ya diulu, inferno, anyima, Dîyi (Logos), ne meji biakapeta bionso ngumvuilu mipiamipia. Ne bu, anu bu muvuabu balongesha tshikondo atshi, muvua Nzambi kule menemene ne katshiyi uyukidilangana kabidi ne bantu, uvua ukengela batuangaji. Bena Greke bavua babikila spiritu eyi mituangaji se milami ne: ba-daimone. Pakamanabu kuitaba lungenyi lua se: ba-daimone aba (ba-demon) bavua mua kuikala bimpe anyi babi, bena Yuda bakaditeka ku bukokeshi bua ba-demon.

Dishintuluka diibaki ng’edi divua ditangila ntendelelu mu ditunga. Nsunagoga yakatoloka bu miaba ivua bisumbu bia pabuipi bia bena Yuda bisangila bua malongesha ne midimu bia malu a Nzambi. Tshikondo, muaba, ne mushindu mene wakatuadija nsunagoga ya bena Yuda ki mbimanyike. Bu muvuayi ikumbaja bivua bena Yuda ba mu matunga a kulekule bakengela bua ntendelelu pavuabu kabayi mua kuya ku ntempelu, batu bitaba pa tshibidilu ne: nsunagoga yakashibua mu bikondo bia tshimuangi anyi bia panyima patshi. Bualu bua mushinga, yakandamuka bua kulua miaba ya disangila ya patoke bua Yezu ne bayidi bende bua ‘kumanyisha ngikadilu milenga ya Nzambi, eu udi ubikila bantu ku mîdima bua kubabueja mu butoke buende bua dikema.’​—1 Petelo 2:9, NW.

Buena-Yuda buakalamata bisumbu kabukabu bia malongesha

Mu siekele muibidi K.B.B., bisumbu kabukabu bia malongesha biakatuadija kumena. Kabivua malongolodi mabuluke a malu a Nzambi. Bishilangane, bivua bisumbu bikese bia bamfumu ba bitendelelu, bena nkindi, ne bena tshididi bena Yuda bavua bakeba bua kuikala ne buenzeji pa bantu ne kukokesha ditunga, buonso bikale muinshi mua Buena-Yuda.

Basaduseyi bena tshididi bavua nangananga babanji banême, bamanyibue bua mbabi yabu mu dienza malu ne budimu kutuadija mene ku ditomboka dia bena Asmona munkatshi mua siekele muibidi K.B.B. Bavule ba kudibu bavua bakuidi, nansha muvua bamue bangenda-mushinga ne bena maloba. Mu tshikondo tshiakaledibua Yezu, Basaduseyi bavule bavua banyisha bukokeshi bua bena Roma mu Palestine bualu bavua bela meji ne: buvua butambe kushindama ne buikale mua kukuba muaba wabu mu nsombelu. (Fuanyikija ne Yone 11:47, 48.) Kasumbu kakese ka bantu (bena Herode) bavua bela meji ne: bukokeshi bua dîku dia Herode buvua butambe kuakanangana ne mmuenenu wa bena ditunga. Nansha bia munyi, Basaduseyi kabavua basue bua ditunga kuikaladi mu bianza bia banekeshi bena Yuda anyi kuikala ne muntu kayi yonso mukuabu pa kumbusha bakuidi bua kutangila midimu ya ntempelu. Mitabuja a Basaduseyi avua a kale kale, mashindamene nangananga pa diumvuija diabu dia mifundu ya Mozese, ne avua aleja patoke diluisha diabu dia katendelelu ka bukole ka Bafarizeyi. (Bienzedi 23:6-8) Basaduseyi bavua babenga milayi ya mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu pa kuyangata bu difuikakaja patupu. Bavua balongesha ne: mikanda ya miyuki, ya misambu ya tusala, ne ya nsumuinu ya mu Bible kayivua mifundibue ku spiritu ne kayivua ya nshindamenu nansha.

Bafarizeyi bakatuadija mu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua bena Greke bu diandamuna dia bukole ku dibenga dia bena Yuda dia nshidimukilu wa bena Greke. Kadi, mu tshikondo tshia Yezu, bavua bakudimunyi ba mitabuja a bakuabu ne balongeshi ba dîsu dikole, balamatshi ba bilele biabu, balondi ba mikenji mu tunungu, bena lutambishi, bakane ku mêsu kuabu nkayabu, bavua bakeba bua kukokesha ditunga ku diambuluisha dia malongesha mu nsunagoga. Bavua nangananga bena milongo ya pankatshi ne bavua bapepeja bapele. Yezu wakangata Bafarizeyi bavule bu badisui, banangi ba mfranga bakena luse bavua ne mpala ibidi. (Matayo, nshapita wa 23) Bavua bitaba Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu yonso bilondeshile mumvuija abu nkayabu kadi bikale bapa bilele biabu bia bankambua mushinga wa muomumue anyi mutambe bunene. Bavua bamba ne: bilele biabu bivua “lupangu luelela Mikenji.” Kadi, pamutu pa kuikala lupangu, bilele biabu biakavuija Dîyi dia Nzambi tshintu tshia patupu ne biakakengesha bantu.​—Matayo 23:2-4; Mâko 7:1, 9-13.

Ba-Essene bavua bena malu mabutshika bavua bamueneka bu bavua basombele mu tusumbu tuditole tukese. Bavua badiangata buobu bine bu bashadile balelela ba Izalele, bindile mu bukezuke bua kuakidila Masiya mulaya. Ba-Essene bavua badifile mu masambila ne didikengesha, ne mitabuja abu mavule avua aleja ngenyi ya bena Perse ne bena Greke.

Mishindu kabukabu ya ba-Zelote basakibue kudi malu a Nzambi, banangi banekeshi ba ditunga bavua bangata ne tshikisu bu muluishi muntu yonso uvua kayi usua didikadila dia bena Yuda. Bakafuanyikijibua ne bena Asmona ne ku ntuadijilu bakasankisha bansongalume badifumbidi ba ngenyi, banangi ba malu a njiwu. Bangatshibue bu bantomboji bashipianganyi anyi bu baluanganyi bakole, bavua batumika ne ngenzelu ya mvita ya buntomboji yakavuija njila minene ya mu ditunga ne miaba ya patoke ya njiwu ne bakavudija ntatu ya mu matuku au.

Mu Ejipitu, filozofi wa bena Greke wakalubuluka munkatshi mua bena Yuda ba ku Alexandrie. Kumbukila ku ditunga edi wakatangalaka mu Palestine ne munkatshi mua bena Yuda ba mu matunga menyi. Bedi ba meji bena Yuda bavua bafunda mikanda ikena mienzeja kudi spiritu anyi misakidila bakumvuija mifundu ya Mozese bu mianu ya lupuayipuayi, milengeja patupu.

Mu tshikondo tshiakafika bukokeshi bua bena Roma, ditangalaka dia nshidimukilu wa bena Greke dikavua dimane kushintulula Palestine mu malu a nsombelu wa bantu, a tshididi, ne a nkindi. Ntendelelu wa bena Yuda wa mu Bible ukavua mumana kupingana kudi Buena-Yuda, nsambakajilu wa ngenyi ya bena Babilone, bena Perse, ne bena Greke misuikakaja ne ndambu wa bulelela bua mu Mifundu. Kadi, buonso basanga, Basaduseyi, Bafarizeyi, ne ba-Essene bavua bashadile ku bia pa lukama 7 bia bena ditunga. Mikuatshibue munkatshi mua mvunde ya makole aa mafuilakanyi, misumba ya bena Yuda, ‘ivua mipungile ne mitangalakangane bu mikoko kayiyi ne muyilami.’​—Matayo 9:36, NW.

Munkatshi mua bulongolodi abu bua mîdima ke muakalua Yezu Kristo. Dibikila diende dia kueyemena divua disamba ndiodi edi: “Vuayi kundi meme, nuenu buonso badi bakenga ne bazengele ne majitu, ne meme nennukankamije.” (Matayo 11:28, NW) Mmunyipu mudibi bilenga ku muoyo pa kumumvua wamba ne: “Ndi butoke bua bukua-bantu”! (Yone 8:12, NW) Ne, bushuwa, dilaya diende disanguluji dia mutshima didi dilonda edi divua dia dikema: “Eu udi undonda kêna mua kuenda mu mîdima, kadi neikale ne butoke bua muoyo.”​—Yone 8:12, NW.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Yezu wakaleja ne: bamfumu ba malu a Nzambi bena Yuda bavua mu mîdima ya mu nyuma

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 28]

Tshijanja tshidi ne mpala wa Antiochus IV (Epiphane)

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.