Ba-Huguenot badi banyema bua kupeta budikadidi

“Mu dîna dia Mukalenge ne dia Mukalenge-mukaji, . . . tudi tumanyisha ne: bena Mishonyi bonso ba mu France badi ne bua kukeba Tshisokomenu tshiabu, ne kubuela mu bukalenge buetu ebu, kabakupeta anu Bukubi bua Bukalenge Buetu patupu to . . . kadi netuenze kabidi muetu muonso ne mu mushindu wonso wa meji bua kumona mua Kubatua nyama ku mikolo, Kubambuluisha ne Kubakuatshisha . . . bua se: nsombelu wabu ne dikala diabu mu bukalenge ebu bikale bilenga ne bipepele kudibu.”

KE MUTUDI tubala mu dimanyisha dia mu 1689 dia William ne Mary, mukalenge ne mukalenge-mukaji ba mu Angleterre. Kadi bua tshinyi bena Mishonyi ba mu France, anyi ba-Huguenot, bu muakaluabu kumanyika, bavua ne bua kukeba tshisokomenu ne bukubi pambelu pa ditunga dia France? Bua tshinyi dinyema diabu mu France kukadi bidimu bu 300 didi ditutangila lelu’eu?

Mu siekele wa 16 Mputu uvua mukengesha kudi mvita ne makokangana avua atangila bitendelelu. France ne Mvita yende ya Bitendelelu (1562-1598) pankatshi pa bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi, kakepuka ku tshimvundu etshi nansha. Kadi mu 1598, Henry IV Mukalenge wa bena France, wakatua tshiala pa mukenji wa ditaba dia mitabuja makuabu mubikila ne: Mukenji wa ku Nantes (Édit de Nantes), uvua upesha bena Mishonyi ba-Huguenot ndambu wa budikadidi mu malu a Nzambi. Dianyisha edi ditaba kudi mbulamatadi dia bitendelelu bibidi divua dia pa buadi ku Mputu. Bua tshikondo kampanda diakajikija mayoyo makole a bitendelelu avua makengeshe France wa mu siekele wa 16 munkatshi mua bidimu bipite pa 30.

Nansha muvuabu balongolole bua wikale “wa kashidi ne kabayi mua kuushipa,” mu 1685 Mukenji wa ku Fontainebleau (Édit de Fontainebleau) wakashipa Mukenji wa ku Nantes. Voltaire, muena nkindi wa mu France wakumvuija pashishe dishipa edi bu “bumue bua ku malu mabi manene a mu France.” Bu tshipeta tshia katupa kîpi, dishipa dia mukenji edi diakakebesha dinyema dia ba-Huguenot batue ku 200 000 batangile mu matunga makuabu. Kadi bipeta bia dinyema edi biakashala matuku a bungi. Nansha nanku bua tshinyi bakashipa mukenji au wa kumpala uvua witaba mitabuja makuabu a bitendelelu?

Mukenji uvua muluisha katshia ku ntuadijilu

Nansha muvuabu batumike ne Mukenji wa ku Nantes munkatshi mua bidimu bu 90 ne dianyisha dia mbulamatadi, mushikuluji kampanda wa malu a kale udi wamba ne: ukavua “wenda ufua pakaushipabu mu 1685.” Bushuwa, mukenji eu kauvua muashila pa bishimikidi bikole to. Katshia ku ntuadijilu, wakambuluisha ku tshidibu bumvuije bu “dikokangana” pankatshi pa bamfumu ba bena Katolike ne tshivuabu binyike ne: “R.P.R.” (Église Réformée). Katshia baupatula mu 1598 too ne pabuipi ne 1630, diluisha Mukenji wa ku Nantes diakimanyina pa mayuki a patoke pankatshi pa bena Mishonyi ne bena Katolike ne pa dipatula mikanda ya bisumbu bia ntendelelu. Kadi diluisha bena mitabuja makuabu divua ne bitupa bia bungi.

Kunyima kua mumane kuluisha bena Mishonyi kubangila mu 1621 too ne mu 1629, mbulamatadi wa France wakakeba bua kubabueja ku bukole mu tshisumbu tshia bena Katolike ku diambuluisha dia mulongolongo wa mapangadika mabi. Bakakolesha ditatshishangana edi mu bukokeshi bua Louis XIV, “Mukalenge Dîba.” Ngenzelu wende wa dikengeshangana wakafikisha ku dishipa dia Mukenji wa ku Nantes.

Badi bakolesha mikenji

Bu tshitupa tshia dikolesha mikenji, ku kakese ku kakese bakumbusha manême a bena Mishonyi. Pankatshi pa 1657 ne 1685, bakelela ba-Huguenot mikandu mitue ku 300, misangu mivule mifila kudi bamfumu ba bitendelelu. Bakokeshi abu bakaluisha nsombelu wabu mu bitupa biende bionso. Tshilejilu, bavua bakandike ba-Huguenot bua kuenza midimu mivule, bu mudi: wa bu-munganga, bu-nzuji ne nansha wa dileleshangana. Bua dileleshangana, mushikuluji kampanda wa malu a kale wakelangana meji ne: “Mmunyi muvuabi mua kuenzeka bua kufila muoyo wa muntu kudi mutontolodi uvua ne tshipatshila tshia kunyanga bulongame buvuaku?”

Mu 1677 bakakolesha kabidi ditatshishangana. Huguenot yonso uvuabu bakuate ukeba bua kukudimuisha mutshima wa muena Katolike bavua ne bua kumufundila tshibawu tshia livre tshinunu (mfranga ya kale ya mu France). Bavua batumika ne lupetu lua mbulamatadi lua ku bitadi bia mushinga mukole bua kuenzeja ba-Huguenot bua bakudimune mutshima. Mu 1675 bamfumu ba bena Katolike bakapesha Mukalenge Louis XIV miliyo 4 ne tshitupa ya livre ya bena France, bamba ne: “Mpindieu udi ne bua kuambuluja mu dileja dianyisha diebe pa kutumika ne bukokeshi buebe bua kukamisha tshishiki butontolodi.” Mayele aa a “kusumba” badi bakudimune mutshima akafikisha bantu batue ku 10 000 ku dikudimuna mutshima bua kuitaba Buena-Katolike mu bidimu bisatu.

Mu 1663 ditaba Buena-Mishonyi divua dikandikibue mu mikenji. Kuvua kabidi mikandu ivua itangila muaba uvua ba-Huguenot mua kusombela. Tshilejilu tshia mapangadika makolakolayi tshidi se: pavua bana bakumbaja bidimu muanda-mutekete bavua mua kulua bena Katolike kabiyi ku disua dia baledi babu. Baledi bena Mishonyi bavua benzejibue bua kufuta mfranga bua dilongesha divua bana babu bapetela kudi ba-Jezuite anyi kudi balongeshi bakuabu bena Katolike.

Tshia-mvita tshikuabu tshitumika natshi bua kujikija ba-Huguenot tshivua nsangilu wa mu musokoko uvuabu babikila ne: Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Bulunda bua Nsakramento Munsantu). Uvua bulongolodi bua bena Katolike budi Janine Garrisson mushikuluji wa malu a kale wamba ne: buvua “tshisumbu tshinene” tshitampakane mu France mujima. Bena mu tshisumbu etshi bikale basanganyibua mu mianzu mitambe kubandila ya mu nsangilu wa bantu kabakapangila lupetu nansha mamanyisha avua atangila baluishi. Garrisson udi umvuija ne: ngenzelu ya tshisumbu etshi ivua ya bungi: “Dienzejangana, dijikangana, dibombangana, ne dielangana patoke, ne nsangilu eu wakatumika ne mishindu yonso bua kutekesha tshinsanga tshia bena Mishonyi.” Nansha nanku, ba-Huguenot bavule bakashala mu France mu tshikondo etshi tshia dikengeshibua. Garrisson, mushikuluji wa malu a kale udi wamba ne: “Mbikole bua kumvua bua tshinyi bena Mishonyi kabavua bumbuke ba bungi mu France pavua dibaluisha dienda divula.” Kadi, ndekelu wa bionso kunyema bua kupeta budikadidi kuakalua bualu buvua bukengedibua.

Dipingana ku ntuadijilu

Ditalala dia ku Nymegen (1678) ne Dikosesha mvita dia ku Ratisbon (1684), biakapikula Mukalenge Louis XIV ku mvita ivua ifumina pambelu pa ditunga. Dia muamua mu Angleterre, muena Katolike wakalua mukalenge mu Luishi 1685. Louis XIV uvua mua kuenza mudimu ne nsombelu eu mupiamupia. Bidimu bikese kumpala, bamfumu ba bena Katolike ba mu France bavua bapatule Tunungu Tunayi tua Gallican (ekleziya Katolike mu France), tuakakepesha bukokeshi bua pape. Tshikondo atshi Pape Innocent XI “wakamona Ekleziya wa mu France bu mukebeshi wa matapuluka.” Nenku, mu dishipa Mukenji wa ku Nantes, Louis XIV wakavudija lumu luende lukavua lunyanguke ne wakapingaja malanda a pa tshibidilu ne pape.

Ngenzelu wa mukalenge kudi bena Mishonyi wakedibua patoke. Bushuwa ngenzelu mushindamene pa diumvuangana (ditabijijangana ne diela dia mikenji) kavua mupatule bipeta bimpe nansha. Ku lunga luseke, dikengeshangana dienza kudi ba-dragona matuku au divua dipatule bipeta bimpe. Nenku mu 1685, Louis XIV wakatua tshiala pa Mukenji wa ku Fontainebleau, ushipa Mukenji wa ku Nantes. Dikengeshibua dia tshikisu disuikila ku dishipa dia mukenji diakashiya ba-Huguenot mu nsombelu wa kanyawu kupita muvuabi kumpala kua kuelabu Mukenji wa ku Nantes. Tshivuabu ne bua kuenza mpindieu ntshinyi?

Bavua mua kusokoma, kuluangana peshi kunyema?

Bamue ba-Huguenot bakasungula bua kutendelela mu musokoko. Bu muvuabu banyangakaje miaba yabu ya masangisha ne bakandike ntendelelu wabu wa patoke, bakanyemena ku ‘Ekleziya wa mu Tshipela,’ peshi ntendelelu wa mu lufuindifuindi. Bavua benza nunku nansha muvuabi se: bantu bavua benza bisangilu bia mushindu’eu bavua ne njiwu ya kubakoselabu tshibawu tshia lufu, bilondeshile mukenji muela mu Kashipu 1686. Bamue ba-Huguenot bakapidia ditabuja diabu, bela meji ne: kuvua mushindu wa kuluabu tshiakabidi ba-Huguenot pashishe. Bantu bakakudimuna mutshima mushindu’eu bavua balonda Buena-Katolike bua pa mutu pa mutu buakatentulabu kudi bipungu biakalua panyima.

Mbulamatadi wakateta bua kukolesha bavua bakudimuna mutshima. Bua kupeta midimu, bantu bapiabapia badi bakudimune mutshima bavua ne bua kuleja mukanda udi umanyisha ne: mbitabe Buena-Katolike mutua tshiala kudi nsaserdose wa parwase, uvua ulondesha dibuela dia mu ekleziya. Bikala bana kabavua batambule ne bakolesha bu bena Katolike, bavua mua kubalamuna kudi baledi babu. Bilongelu bivua ne bua kufila dilongesha dia bena Katolike. Bakenza madikolela bua kupatula mikanda ya malu a Nzambi ya bena Katolike bua “bantu bena Mukanda [Bible],” bu muvuabu babikila bena Mishonyi. Mbulamatadi wakapatula mikanda mipite pa muliyo mujima ne kuyituma miaba ivua bantu ba bungi bakudimune mutshima. Mapangadika avua matambe kukola mu mushindu wa se: pavua muntu uvua usama ubenga nsakramento wa ndekelu wa bena Katolike ne pashishe ulua kumvua bimpe, bavua bamukosela buloko anyi bupika bua kuita mazuwa bua matuku ende onso a muoyo. Ne pavuaye ulua kufua, bavua bimansha mubidi wende bienze anu bu butshiafu, ne bavua banyenga bintu biende.

Bamue ba-Huguenot bakanyemena ku dikandamana ne bia-mvita. Mu rejon wa Cévennes, mumanyike bua dinanga dia malu a Nzambi, ba-Huguenot baluanganyi bavuabu babikila ne: ba-Camisard bakajula tshimvundu mu 1702. Bua kutshimuna buluishi ne mvita ya butuku bia ba-Camisard, biluilu bia mbulamatadi biakosha misoko. Nansha muvua mvita ya ba-Huguenot ya palepale mitungunuke munkatshi mua tshikondo kampanda, mu 1710 tshiluilu tshia Mukalenge Louis tshiakazaza ba-Camisard.

Diandamuna dikuabu dia ba-Huguenot divua dia kunyema mu France. Mbabikile diumbuka edi ne: tshimuangi tshia bushuwa. Ba-Huguenot bavule kabavua ne kantu pavuabu bumbuke bualu mbulamatadi uvua munyenge bintu biabu, ne Ekleziya Katolike uvua upeta tshitupa tshia bubanji buabu. Nenku kabivua bipepele bua kunyema to. Mbulamatadi wa France wakandamuna ne lukasa luonso ku tshivua tshienzeka, ulama njila ya dipatukila ne ukala mu mazuwa. Bivi ba pa mâyi bakapawula mazuwa avua umbuka mu France, bualu bavua bapeta mafutu pavuabu bakuata bantu bavua banyeme. Ba-Huguenot bavuabu bakuata banyeme bavua bapeta dinyoka dikole. Bikale bavuija nsombelu mupite bubi, batentekedi bavua benza mudimu mu binsanga bakakeba bua kupeta mêna a bavua balongolola bua kunyema ne njila ivuabu mua kuyila. Mikanda mikuatshila mu njila, mikanda ya mashimi ne malu a muinshimuinshi biakalua bualu bua pa tshibidilu.

Difika dilenga mu tshisokomenu

Dinyema dia ba-Huguenot mu France ne difika diabu dilenga mu matunga avua mabakidile divua dimanyike bu Tshisokomenu. Ba-Huguenot bavua banyemene mu matunga aa: Holland, Suisse, Allemagne ne Angleterre. Pashishe bakuabu bakaya mu Scandinavie, Amerike, Irlande, Antilles, Afrique du Sud ne mu Russie.

Matunga a bungi a ku Mputu akela mikenji ivua ikankamija ba-Huguenot bua kulua kusombelamu. Munkatshi mua malu a dibakoka nawu muvua dianyisha bua kulua muena-ditunga kakuyi difuta mfranga, dibenga kubafutshisha bitadi ne dibuela mu kasumbu ka bangenda kakuyi difuta. Bilondeshile Elisabeth Labrousse mushikuluji wa malu a kale, ba-Huguenot bavua nangananga “bansongalume . . . bakokedi ba lungenyi ne ba makanda bikale ne tshikadilu tshimpe tshia pa buatshi.” Nenku ditunga dia France, pavua bukole buadi busabakana, diakajimija bena mudimu bapiluke ba bungi ne bangenda. Eyowa, “bintu, biuma ne mamanya” biakaya ku ba bende. Bena malu a Nzambi ne a tshididi bakakuata pabu mudimu mu dipesha ba-Huguenot tshisokomenu. Kadi tshimuangi etshi tshivua ne bipeta kayi biakashala matuku a bungi?

Dishipa dia Mukenji wa ku Nantes ne dikengeshangana diakalonda biakafikisha matunga onso ku dileja mmuenenu uvua ubenga muanda au. William wa ku Orange wakapetela diakalenga ku mmuenenu uvua upisha France bua kulua mukokeshi wa ditunga dia Pays-Bas. Ne diambuluisha dia banene ba ba-Huguenot, wakalua kabidi mukalenge wa Grande-Bretagne, mupingane pa muaba wa muena Katolike Jacques II. Mushikuluji wa malu a kale Philippe Joutard udi umvuija ne: “Ngenzelu wa Louis XIV bua kuluisha bena Mishonyi uvua tshimue tshia ku bikebeshi binene bia dikuluka dia Jacques II [ne] dienza dia nsangilu wa ku Augsburg. . . . Malu [aa] adi aleja dishintuluka mu malu a kale a ku Mputu, akafikisha Angleterre ku dipita France ku bukokeshi munkatshi mua matunga makuabu.”

Ba-Huguenot bakakuata mudimu munene mu malu a nshidimukilu mu Mputu. Bakatumika ne budikadidi buvuabu bafuma ku dipeta bua kupatula mikanda yakambuluisha bua kuenza nkindi mishindamene pa bujalame bua lungenyi lua muntu ne kupatula ngenyi ya ditaba mitabuja makuabu. Tshilejilu, muena Mishonyi kampanda muena France wakakudimuna mikanda ya John Locke, muena nkindi wa mu Angleterre, kumuangalajaye lungenyi lua manême a bantu. Bafundi bakuabu bena Mishonyi bakela kashonyi pa mushinga wa budikadidi bua kuondo ka muoyo. Lungenyi elu luakaleja ne: dikokela bakokeshi didi ne mikalu ne badi mua kudilengulula bikala bakokeshi mua kunyanga diumvuangana divua pankatshi pabu ne bantu. Nenku, anu mudi mushikuluji wa malu a kale Charles Read umvuija, dishipa dia Mukenji wa ku Nantes divua “tshimue tshia ku bikebeshi bimanyike bia Dishintuluka dia mu France.”

Mmalongesha kayi avuabu bapete?

Bua muvuaye mupete bipeta bibi bia dikengeshangana ne muvua mbulamatadi mujimije bantu bavule ba mushinga, Marquis de Vauban, musalayi mufidi wa mibelu kudi Mukalenge Louis XIV, wakabela mukalenge bua kupingaja Mukenji wa ku Nantes, wamba ne: “Dikudimuna dia mutshima mbualu budi butangila anu Nzambi nkayende.” Nenku bua tshinyi Mbulamatadi wa France kakapeta dilongesha ne kushintulula dipangadika diende? Bushuwa, bualu bumue bunene buvua se: mukalenge uvua utshina bua kukepesha bukole bua mbulamatadi. Kabidi, bivua biakanyine bua kukankamija difululuka dia Katolike ne dibenga mitabuja makuabu a malu a Nzambi mu France wa mu siekele wa 17.

Mianda ivua minyunguluke dishipa dia Mukenji wa ku Nantes mmifikishe bamue bantu ku diebeja ne: “Nsangilu wa bantu umue udi mua kuanyisha ne kuitaba bisumbu bungi munyi?” Bushuwa, anu mudi bashikuluji ba malu a kale bambe, katuena mua kukonkonona muyuki wa ba-Huguenot kakuyi diela meji bua “ntumikilu ya bukokeshi ne bubi buayi.” Lelu’eu mu nsangilu mivule mudi bantu ba makoba kabukabu ne malu a Nzambi mashilangane bienda bivula, dinyema dia ba-Huguenot bua kupeta budikadidi ntshivuluiji tshidi tshikemesha tshia malu adi enzeka padi malu a tshididi menza ku lungenyi lua ekleziya angata muaba wa kumpala kupita bipatshila bilenga bia bena muabu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 28]

Ngenzelu wa ba-dragon

Kukudimuisha ba-Huguenot mutshima bua buôwa

Bamue bavua bangata ba-dragon bu “ba-misionere binenke.” Kadi bakajula tshipapu tshia buôwa munkatshi mua ba-Huguenot, ne mu imue nsombelu pavuabu anu bumvua bua dilua diabu, misoko mijima ivua ikudimuna mutshima bua kuitaba Buena-Katolike. Kadi ba-dragon aba bavua banganyi?

Ba-dragon bavua basalayi bavuale bia-mvita ne ku dînu bavua basombele mu nzubu ya ba-Huguenot ne tshipatshila tshia kutshingisha bena nzubu. Ditumika ne ba-dragon mushindu’eu divua dimanyike bu dragonade (ngenzelu wa ba-dragon). Bua kuvudija bujitu buambika mêku, bungi bua basalayi bavuabu batuma ku nzubu kampanda kabuvua bupetangana ne bintu bivua nabi dîku edi to. Ba-dragon bavua ne bukenji bua kuyobesha mêku ne tshikisu, kuapangisha tulu ne kunyangakaja bintu. Pavua bena nzubu babenga ditabuja dia bena Mishonyi, ba-dragon bavua bumbuka.

Mu 1681 bakatumika ne ba-dragon bua kukudimuishangana mutshima mu Poitou, ku Ouest kua France, tshitupa tshivua ba-Huguenot bavudile. Mu ngondo mikese patupu, bantu kumbuka ku 30 000 too ne ku 35 000 bakakudimuna mutshima. Bakatumika ne ngenzelu wa muomumue mu 1685 mu teritware mikuabu ya ba-Huguenot. Mu ngondo mikese patupu, bakapeta bantu kumbuka ku 300 000 too ne ku 400 000 bavua babenge ditabuja. Bilondeshile mushikuluji wa malu a kale Jean Quéniart, bipeta bimpe bivua ba-dragon bapatule “biakapetesha mushindu wa kushipa [Mukenji wa ku Nantes uvua witaba mitabuja makuabu], bualu mpindieu bivua bimueneka ne: bivua mua kuenzeka.”

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 25]

Dimanyisha edi dia mu 1689 diakakuba bena Mishonyi ba mu France bavua bakeba disulakana ku dibatatshisha bua malu a Nzambi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Ku dianyisha dia tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia ba-Huguenot, Société wa ba-Huguenot wa mu Grande-Bretagne ne mu Irlande, mu Londres

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Dishipa dia Mukenji wa ku Nantes, 1685 (Dibeji dia kumpala dia dishipa adi ndileja)

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Mikanda milama mu Centre Historique des Archives nationales ku Paris

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Bavua banyangakaje ntempelo ya bungi ya bena Mishonyi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris