Rashi​—Mumvuiji wa Bible wa buenzeji bukole

NG’UMUE wa ku mikanda kayi ya kumpala ivuabu bakume ku tshiamu mu tshiena-Ebelu? Mmukanda kampanda udi umvuija Pantateke (mikanda itanu ya Mose). Bavua baupatule mu 1475 mu tshimenga tshia Reggio Calabre, ku Italie. Nnganyi uvua muufunde? Mmuntu mumanyike ku dina dia Rashi.

Bua tshinyi kupesha mukanda wa mumvuija lumu elu lua pa bualu? Mu mukanda uvuaye mufunde (Rashi​—The Man and His World), Esra Shereshevsky udi wamba ne: mukanda wa mumvuija wa Rashi “wakalua mifundu ya nshindamenu kumbelu kua muena Yuda bu yonso ne mu nzubu wa dilongela uvua muaba wonso uvua bena Yuda base. Kakuena mukanda mukuabu wa bena Yuda ukadibu banyishe mushindu’eu to . . . Kudi mikanda mikuabu ya mumvuija mipite pa 200 idi yakula anu bua mukanda wa Rashi wa mumvuija a Pantateke.”

Mukanda wa mumvuija wa Rashi uvua anu ne buenzeji kudi bena Yuda nkayabu anyi? Nansha muvua bantu ba bungi kabayi bajingulule muanda eu, mukanda wa Rashi udi umvuija Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu uvua ne buenzeji pa nkudimuinu ya Bible mu siekele ya bungi. Kadi Rashi uvua nganyi, ne mmunyi muakafikaye ku dikala ne buenzeji butambe bukole nunku?

Rashi uvua nganyi?

Rashi uvua mulela mu tshimenga tshia Troyes, ku France, mu tshidimu tshia 1040.a Patshivuaye nsongalume, wakabuela mu bilongelu bia malu a Nzambi bia bena Yuda mu tshimenga tshia Worms ne tshia Mayence mu Rhénanie (Allemagne). Muine amu bakamulongesha kudi bashikuluji bena Yuda batambe kuenda lumu ba ku Mputu. Pakakumbajaye bidimu bu 25, nsombelu wende wakamuenzeja bua kupingana ku Troyes. Bu mukavuabu bamumanye bu mushikuluji wa pa buende, ne lukasa luonso Rashi wakalua mfumu wa malu a Nzambi mu tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda tshivua mu tshimenga etshi ne wakasa tshiende tshilongelu tshia malu a Nzambi. Mu bungi bua matuku, tshilongelu etshi tshipiatshipia tshia bena Yuda tshiakalua ne buenzeji bukole kupita bilongelu bia balongeshi ba Rashi mu Allemagne.

Tshikondo atshi bena Yuda ba mu France bavua ne ndambu wa ditalala ne bavua bumvuangana ne bena mutumba nabu bavua bamba muvuabu bena Kristo. Biakapesha Rashi budikadidi bua bungi bua kuenzaye midimu yende ya bushikuluji. Kadi, kavua mushikuluji muditole pa nkayende to. Nansha muvuaye ne lumu bu mulongeshi ne mfumu wa tshilongelu, Rashi uvua upetela mushindu wa kudia ku mudimu wa dienza mvinyo. Dibidilangana bimpe ne midimu ivua bantu ba bungi benza diakamufikisha ku dipetangana ne bena Yuda ba milongo mishadile, kumuambuluishabi bua kujingulula nsombelu wabu ne kubumvuila luse. Muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Troyes wakambuluisha kabidi bua Rashi kupetaye meji. Bu muvuatshi kumpenga kua njila minene ya bungenda-mushinga, bantu ba miaba ya bungi bavua batshimukilamu, ne ebi biakapesha Rashi mushindu wa kuibidilangana bimpe ne bikadilu ne bilele bia matunga kabukabu.

Bua tshinyi mukanda wa mumvuija?

Bena Yuda bavua bamanyike bu bamanyi ba mukanda. Kadi “mukanda”​—Bible—​uvua mu tshiena-Ebelu, ne musangu au “bantu” bavua bakula Mfualansa, tshiena-Allemagne, tshiena-Arabe, tshiena-Espagne ne miakulu mikuabu ya bungi. Nansha mutshivua bena Yuda ba bungi balonga tshiena-Ebelu kubangila ku buana, kabavua bumvua bimpe miaku ya bungi ya mu Bible to. Kabidi, munkatshi mua siekele ya bungi lungenyi lukole luvua lutangalake mu ba-Rabbi bena Yuda luvua lutekesha bantu mu maboko bua kabakonkononyi diumvuija dia ku muaku ne ku muaku dia mifundu ya mu Bible. Mianu ne tusumuinu tuvua tuakula bua miaku ne mvese ya mu Bible biakavula. Bakafunda mumvuija ne nsumuinu ya bungi ya nunku mu mikanda ya mipimbu minene, yakabikilabu yonso misanga ne: Midrash.b

Munkana wa Rashi, Rabbi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), uvua pende mushikuluji wa Bible. Mu mukanda wende udi umvuija Genese 37:2, wakamba ne: “Bafundi ba kale [kumpala kua Rashi] . . . bavua basue kuenza miyuki (derashot), ivuabu bangata bu tshipatshila tshia mushinga wa bungi menemene, [kadi] kabavua ne tshibidilu tshia kubuela mu buondoke bua diumvuija dia ku muaku ne ku muaku dia mifundu ya Bible nansha.” Muikale umvuija lungenyi elu, Mumanyi mupiluke Abraham Cohen (mulombodi wa dipatula dia mikanda ya Soncino Books of the Bible) udi ufunda ne: “Mbilelela bua se: ba-Rabi bakela mukandu bua muntu kitabi diumvuija nansha dimue divua kadiyi dipetangana ne peshat anyi diumvuija ditoke dia mifundu; kadi mu malu avuabu benza kabavua banemeka mukandu eu nansha.” Mu nsombelu wa malu a Nzambi wa mushindu’eu, muena Yuda wa milongo mishadile kavua wangula mpasu pavuaye kumpala kua mifundu ya Bible ne uvua dijinga ne tshintu tshivua mua kumumvuija.

Tshipatshila ne ngenzelu ya Rashi

Tshipatshila tshia Rashi mu nsombelu wende tshivua tshia kupesha bena Yuda bonso mushindu wa kumvua bipepele Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Bua kutshikumbaja, wakabanga kusangisha mikanda ya mumvuija a miaku ne mvese misunguluke ivuaye mumone se: ivua mua kupesha mubadi lutatu. Mikanda ya Rashi idi yakula bua mumvuija a balongeshi bende ne malu adimu mmashindamene pa dimanya diende ditambe kualabala dia milongolongo ya mikanda ya ba-Rabi. Mu makebulula a malu a miakulu, Rashi wakenza mudimu ne mikanda yonso ivuaku. Wakatabalela mushindu uvua bimanyinu bia mu difunda bia ba-Masorete bikale ne buenzeji pa diumvua dia mifundu. Bua kutokesha diumvuija dia muaku, mukanda wende utu misangu mivule utela nkudimuinu wa tshiena-Araméen (Targoum d’Onkelos). Rashi uvua witaba mmuenenu ya bakuabu ne uvua ne meji matue pavuaye ukonkonona mishindu ivuabu kabayi bakonkonone kumpala mu diumvuija miaku midianjidi (prépositions), miaku mituangaji (conjonctions), mumvuija a miaku ya pa muanda ne tunungu tukuabu tua malu a muakulu ne nsuikilu wa miaku. Mumvuija aa avua diambuluisha dia mushinga bua kumvua nsuikilu wa miaku ne malu a muakulu wa tshiena-Ebelu.

Bishilangane ne lungenyi luvua lutangalake mu ba-Rabbi bena Yuda, Rashi uvua misangu yonso utamba kuela kashonyi pa diumvuija dipepele ne dia ku muaku ne ku muaku dia mifundu. Kadi kavua mua kulengulula mikanda ya bungi mibikila ne: Midrash, ivua mimanyike bimpe kudi bena Yuda. Ngikadilu wa pa buende wa mukanda wa mumvuija wa Rashi mmushindu udiye uleja diumvuangana pankatshi pa mikanda mine ya Midrash ivua misangu mivule ibuitshidija diumvuija dia ku muaku ne ku muaku dia malu a mu Bible.

Mu diumvuija diende dia Genese 3:8, Rashi udi uleja ne: “Kudi midrashim (mumvuija mafunda) mavule a Aggadac avua Bena meji betu bamane kulongolola biakane mu mukanda wa Béréchit Rabba ne mikanda mikuabu mibikila ne: midrash. Kadi ndi anu nditatshisha bua diumvuija dijalame (dibikila ne: peshat) dia mvese, ne bua aggadot eyi bu mudi Mifundu yumvuija bilondeshile muaba udiyi isanganyibua.” Pa kusungula ne kupatula anu midrashim (mumvuija mafunda) avuaye umona ne: avua atokesha diumvuija anyi miaku ivua pabuipi ne mvese kampanda, Rashi wakakupula anyi wakumbusha mumvuija a midrashim avua akeba dibengangana ne dibuejakaja dia mifundu. Tshipeta tshia dipatula dia mukanda eu tshivua se: bipungu bivua bilonda bia bena Yuda biakibidilangana nangananga ne mikanda mitambe buimpe ya Midrash ivua Rashi musungule.

Nansha muvuaye uleja dianyisha kudi balongeshi bende, Rashi kavua welakana bua kubenga ngenyi yabu pavuaye umona se: mumvuija abu avua abengangana ne ngelelu wa meji mutoke pa mufundu kampanda. Pavuaye kayi umvua mvese kansanga anyi umona ne: ukavua mumumvuije bibi, uvua witaba ntupakanyi yende ne uvua mene uleja miaba ivua balongi bende bamuambuluishe bua kulongolola ngumvuilu wende.

Buenzeji bua nsombelu wa mu tshikondo tshiende

Rashi uvua mutambe kuenza malu makanyine tshikondo tshiende. Mufundi kampanda wakabiamba mu tshikoso mushindu’eu: “Diambuluisha dinene [dia Rashi] mu nsombelu wa bena Yuda divua mushindu uvuaye mumvuije tshiakabidi mvese yonso ya mushinga mu muakulu udi bantu bakula, mu ngakuilu mutoke ne udi umvuika bimpe, ne musangelu ne diangata bakuabu ne mushinga, ne meji ne bushikuluji bua pa buabu. Biakafikisha bantu ku dinemeka mikanda yende ya mumvuija bu mikanda minsantu ne bakayinanga bu mikanda ya tusala. Rashi wakafunda tshiena-Ebelu tshienze bu Mfualansa, ne meji matue ne mfundilu museneja. Misangu yonso ivuaye upangila muaku mujalame wa mu tshiena-Ebelu, uvua uteka muaku wa mu Mfualansa pa muaba au, uufunda ne maleta a tshiena-Ebelu.” Miaku eyi ya mu Mfualansa mifunda mu tshiena-Ebelu​—yakenza nayi Rashi mudimu mipite pa 3 500—​mmilue mpokolo wa mushinga bua balongi ba mikanda ya Mfualansa ya Kale ne nshindumuinu wa miaku.

Nansha muvua matuku a muoyo a Rashi matuadije ne ndambu wa ditalala, mu bidimu biende bia ndekelu kuvua ndululu mikole pankatshi pa bena Yuda ne bena Kristo ba ku dîna. Mu tshidimu tshia 1096, mvita ya Kumpala ya Krwazade yakabutula binsanga bia bena Yuda bia mu Rhénanie, muvua Rashi mulongele. Bakashipa bena Yuda binunu ne binunu. Bidi bimueneka ne: lumu lua dishipangana adi luvua ne buenzeji pa makanda a mubidi a Rashi (akatungunuka ne kunyanguka too ne pakafuaye mu 1105). Kubangila anu pinapu, kuvua dishintuluka dinene mu mikanda yende ivua yumvuija Mifundu. Tshilejilu tshimuepele tshia pa buatshi n’Yeshaya nshapita wa 53, udi wakula bua makenga a musadidi wa Yehowa. Kumpala, Rashi wakafunkuna Masiya mu diumvuija mvese eyi, anu mudibi mu Talmud. Kadi bidi bimueneka ne: panyima pa mvita ya Krwazade, wakela meji ne: mvese eyi ivua itangila bena Yuda bavuabu bakengeshe kapayi bualu. Edi divua dishintuluka dinene mu diumvuija dia bena Yuda dia mvese eyi.d Nenku, tshikadilu tshibi tshia Bukua-buena-Kristo tshivua tshipambuisha bantu ba bungi, pamue ne bena Yuda, ku bulelela budi butangila Yezu.​—Matayo 7:16-20; 2 Petelo 2:1, 2.

Mmunyi muvuaye ne buenzeji pa dikudimuna dia Bible?

Mutantshi mukese buenzeji bua Rashi buakumvuika miaba mikuabu, kabuakashikila anu mu Buena-Yuda nansha. Mumvuiji wa Bible wa mu France, Fransisken Nicolas de Lyre (1270-1349), uvua wakula misangu ya bungi bua mmuenenu ya “Rabbi Solomon [Rashi],” kufikabu ku dimupesha dîna dikuabu ne: “Muidikiji wa Solomon.” Nenku Lyre uvua ne buenzeji kudi bafundi ne bakudimunyi ba bungi, pamue ne aba bavua badianjidile bakudimunyi ba Bible wa mu Anglais wa King James Version ne mulombodi Martin Luther, wakashintulula dikudimuna dia Bible mu Allemagne. Bu muvua Luther weyemena Lyre bikole, bakapatula musambu uvua wamba ne: “Bu Lyre kayi muimbe lyre, Luther kavua mua kuikala muje maja nansha.”

Lungenyi lua ba-Rabbi luvua kaluyi lumvuangana ne bulelela bua bena Kristo luvua ne buenzeji bukole kudi Rashi. Kadi ku diambuluisha dia busunguluji buende buondoke bua miaku ya tshiena-Ebelu ya mu Bible, nsuikilu wa miaku ne malu a muakulu ne madikolela ende a munanunanu bua kujingulula diumvuija ditoke ne dia ku muaku ne ku muaku dia mifundu, Rashi udi ufila tshilejilu tshia mushinga pa mushindu udi bakebuludi ne bakudimunyi ba Bible ne bua kukonkonona malu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Mifundu: Per gentile concessione del Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali