Mupatudi wa mikanda wakashiya tshimanyinu tshiende

KUTU muanji kukeba bua kumanya muaba udi mvese kampanda mu Bible kadi kuyi mua kuvuluka muaba uvuaye anyi? Kadi, anu ku divuluka muaku umue, uvua mumone mua kumupeta pa kuenza mudimu ne tshikebelu tshia Bible. Peshi bumue uvua mubuele mu didisangisha kampanda dia bena nkristo muvua bantu nkama, anyi binunu babulula Bible yabo bua kubala mvese sekonde mikese kunyima kua dimutela.

Mu mishindu yonso eyi, udi ne dibanza dia muntu kampanda uudi kuyi mua kuikala muibidilangane nende. Wakakutekeshela dilonga diebe dia Bible, kukumbaja tshitupa tshinene mu dienza ne: tuikale ne Bible mijalame lelu’eu. Uvua kabidi ne buenzeji pa mmuenekelu ya Bible mivule.

Mulume eu uvua Robert Estienne.a Uvua mupatudi wa mikanda, muana wa mupatudi wa mikanda, ku Paris, mu France, pabuipi ne ntuadijilu wa siekele wa 16. Tshivua tshikondo tshia Difululula ne Diakajilula. Tshintu tshivua tshibiendesha bionso bibidi tshivua bipatudi bia mikanda. Henri Estienne, tatuende wa Robert, uvua mupatudi wa mikanda mumanyike, wakenza imue ya ku mikanda milenga mitambe ivua ne bua kupatuka mu Difululula. Mudimu wende uvua utangila mikanda ya bilongelu ne ya malu a Bible bua Université wa Paris ne tshilongelu tshiende tshia teoloji​—Sorbonne.

Kadi tuteyayi ntema kudi muana, Robert Estienne. Malu makese mmamanyike pa tulasa tuvuaye mulonge. Pabi, tudi ne bua kumanya se: kumbukila ku buana buende, wakamanya bimpe Latin ne kulonga tshiena-Greke ne tshiena-Ebelu kabidi. Robert wakalongela kudi tatuende mudimu wa dipatula mikanda. Pakapianaye tshipatudi tshia mikanda tshia tatuende mu 1526, Robert Estienne ukavua mumanyike bu mushikuluji wa mêyi-makulu mabandile a miakulu. Nansha muvuaye mufunde ne mupatule mikanda ya nkudimuinu kabukabu ne malengeja pa mikanda mifunda mu Latin ne mikanda mikuabo ya bushikuluji, kabiyi mpata, tshintu tshiende tshia kumpala tshivuaye munange bikole tshivua Bible. Ne luzuku lua kuenzela Bible wa mu Latin tshikavua tshimana kuenza bua mikanda ya bena Greke ne bena Roma ba kale ya mu Latin, Estienne wakadituta pa tshiadi bua kuakaja mifundu ya Bible wa Vulgate Latine wa Jérôme wa mu siekele muitanu bua ilue anu bu ya kumpala.

Vulgate musengulula

Jérôme uvua mukudimune Bible kubangila ku tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke bia ku mfundilu wa kumpala, kadi mu matuku a Estienne, Vulgate ukavua mumane kuenza bidimu tshinunu. Bilema ne dinyanguka bivule bikavu’amu bu tshipeta tshia bipungu bia ditentula Vulgate. Kuambikila apu, mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge, mêyi mafundisha kudi Nzambi a mu Bible akabuelakana ne bitupa bia mianu ya mu Moyen Âge, dishintuludibua dia mvese, ne disakidibua dia miaku ya dishima. Bikavua bisambakaja ne mêyi a Bible, e kutuadijabi too ne kuitabijibua bu mifundu mifundisha kudi spiritu.

Bua kumbusha bionso bivua kabiyi bia ku mfundilu wa kumpala, Estienne wakatumika ne ngenzelu wa dikonkonona dikole dia mêyi mutumika nende mu dilonga dia mikanda ya kale ne mienda lumu. Wakakeba ne kupeta mikanda mifunda ku bianza ya kalekale ne mitambe bulenga ivuaku. Mu bilaminu bia mikanda munda ne ku mpenga kua Paris ne mu miaba bu mudi Évreux ne Soissons, wakasokolola mikanda mifunda ku bianza mivule, umue umueneka bu wa mu siekele muisambombo. Estienne wakafuanyikija ne ntema yonso miaku mishilashilangane ya mu Latin mvese ku mvese, usungula anu eyi ivua imueneka bu ivua mijadika. Mudimu wakapatuka, Bible wa Estienne, wakapatudibua musangu wa kumpala mu 1528 ne uvua tshiidia tshia mushinga bua matuku avua alua mu disengulula dijalama dia mêyi a mu Bible. Bible milongolola kudi Estienne yakapatuka kunyima. Bakuabo kumpala kuende bavua batete bua kulongolola Vulgate, kadi wende Bible uvua wa kumpala bua kufila note miumvuiji kuinshi. Ku nseke ya mabeji, Estienne uvua uleja muaba uvuaye mushiye imue mvese ivua ijula mpata anyi muaba uvua mvese mua kubadibua mushindu mukuabo. Uvua kabidi ufunda mikanda ivua imupa bukenji bua makaja aa.

Estienne wakabueja malu mapiamapia mavule bua siekele wa 16. Wakenza dishilangana pankatshi pa mikanda ikena mu kanon ne Dîyi dia Nzambi. Wakateka mukanda wa Bienzedi kunyima kua Evanjeliyo ne kumpala kua mikanda ya Paulo. Ku mutu kua dibeji dionso, uvua ufunda miaku mikese ya nshindamenu bua kuambuluisha mubadi bua kupeta muaba udi mvese misunguluke. Ke tshilejilu tshia kumpala tshia tshitudi tubikila lelu ne: mutu wa mukanda. Pa mutu pa kutumika ne mfundilu mukutakane wa buena-Gotike, anyi mfundilu mukutakane wa matumba, uvua mufumine mu Allemagne, Estienne uvua umue wa ku ba kumpala bua kupatula Bible mujima mu mfundilu wa maleta malulame a bena Roma mupepele ne mutekete bua kubala udi mutangalaka lelu’eu. Wakapetesha kabidi bikebelu ne note ya malu a muakulu bivule bua kutokesha imue mifundu.

Babanji bavule ne bamfumu ba bitendelelu bakanyisha Bible wa Estienne, bualu uvua muimpe mupite Bible kayi yonso wa Vulgate mupatula. Bua bulenga, ngenzelu, ne mushinga, Bible wende wakalua wa tshitembelu ne bakamuidikija mu Mputu mujima.

Mupatudi wa mikanda wa Mukalenge

‘Udi utangila muntu udi wenza mudimu wende ne lungenyi, anyi? Yeye neimane ku mpala kua bakelenge,’ ke mudi Nsumuinu 22:29 wamba. Malu a lungenyi mapiamapia a Estienne ne nzanzu ya miakulu kabiakapangila kumanyibua kudi Francis I, mukalenge wa France. Estienne wakalua mupatudi wa mikanda ya mu Latin, tshiena-Ebelu, ne tshiena-Greke bua mukalenge. Nunku, Estienne wakapatula tshitshidi tshiangatshibua too ne ku lelu’eu bu imue ya ku midimu ya mpatshi ya mudimu wa dipatula mikanda mu France. Wakabanga kupatula Bible mujima ne mulenga mu tshiena-Ebelu mu France mu 1539. Mu 1540 wakabueja bimfuanyi mu Bible wende wa mu Latin. Kadi pa mutu pa bimfuanyi bifuikakaja pa mianda ya Bible bivua bimuangalake mu Moyen Âge, Estienne wakenza bimfuanyi bishidimunyi bienzela pa bijadiki bia arkeoloji (malu a bintu biangula) anyi pa bipiminu ne pa malu bu mudi Bible nkayende ubileja. Bimfuanyi ebi bia ku bitampi bia mitshi bivua biumvuija mu buondoke biena-bualu bu mudi mushete wa tshiovo, bilamba bia muakuidi munene, tabernakle, ne tempelo wa Solomo.

Pa kukuata mudimu ne mulongolongo wa maleta masonga a tshiena-Greke avuaye mulombeshe bua kupatuila mukalenge mu tshibungu tshimue mikanda mifunda ku bianza mivule, Estienne wakatuadija kupatula dipatuka dia kumpala dia Mifundu ya Buena-nkristo ya tshiena-Greke divua ne note kuinshi kua mabeji. Nansha muvua mapatuka abidi a kumpala a Estienne a mifundu ya tshiena-Greke kaayi mimpe mapite a Desiderius Erasmus, mu dipatuka diende disatu dia mu 1550, Estienne wakasakidila mashilangana ne bikebelu bia ku mikanda mifunda ku bianza bu 15, kusangisha ne Codex Bezae wa mu siekele muitanu B.B. ne Bible wa Septante. Dipatula dia Estienne edi divua dianyishibue bikole kudi ba bungi, kufika too ne ku ditabibua kunyima bu tshishimikidi tshia tshidibo babikila ne: Textus Receptus, anyi Mifundu Mipeta, pavua nkudimuinu ya kunyima mivule miashila, kusangisha ne King James Version wa mu 1611.

Sorbonne muluishi wa Diakajilula

Ne ditangalaka mu Mputu mujima dia ngenyi ya Luther ne bakuabo Bakajiludi, Ekleziya Katolike wakakeba bua kukontolola lungenyi lua bantu pa kuela mikenji pa bivuabo babala. Mu dia 15 Kabalashipu 1520, Pape Léon X wakapatula mukandu uvua wamba ne: mukanda nansha umue udi ne “ngenyi miabuluji” kaupatudibu, kaupanyibu, anyi kaubadibu mu ditunga nansha dimue dia Katolike ne uvua ulomba ne: bamfumu ba tshididi babambidike mukandu eu mu miaba yabu. Mu Angleterre, Mukalenge Henry VIII wakapesha muepiskopo wa Katolike Cuthbert Tunstall mudimu wa dikontolola. Kadi, mu tshitupa tshinene tshia Mputu, bukokeshi bujadikibue mu malu a ditabuja kunyima kua Pape buvua pa makaya a tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshia Université wa ku Paris​—Sorbonne.

Sorbonne ke uvua tshikobodi tshia malongesha makulukulu a Katolike. Munkatshi mua siekele mivule uvua mulue tshikubi ne tshibingishi tshia ditabuja dia Katolike. Mukontolodi wa mikanda ku Sorbonne wakabenga mapatuka wonso a note kuinshi kua mabeji ne nkudimuinu mu miakulu idi bantu bakula ya Vulgate, uvua ubiangata ki ng’anu “bu kabiyi dikuatshisha kudi ekleziya kadi bu bivua bimunyanga.” Kabivua bikemesha mu tshikondo atshi to bualu Bakajiludi bavua bela mpata ku malongesha a ekleziya, mikiya, ne bilele bivua kabiyi biashila pa bukokeshi bua Mifundu. Kadi, bena teoloji bavule ku Sorbonne bavua bangata malongesha manemeka bikole kudi ekleziya bu mapite nkudimuinu mujalame wa Bible nkayende mushinga. Muena teoloji umue wakamba ne: “Patudi tupeta diakamue dilongesha, Mifundu idi bu tshibandilu tshidi tshiumbushibua kunyima kua diibaka tshimanu.” Ba bungi mu tshilongelu tshia teoloji kabavua bamanye tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke to, kadi bavua bapepeja malonga a Estienne ne a bakuabo bashikuluji ba Difululula bavua bakonkonona mu buondoke mumvuija a miaku ya ku mfundilu wa kumpala mitumika nayi mu Bible. Mulongeshi umue wa mu Sorbonne wakamba ne tshikama ne: “kumuangalaja dimanya dia tshiena-Greke ne tshiena-Ebelu kuvua mua kufikisha ku dibutuka dia ntendelelu mujima.”

Sorbonne udi ubunda

Nansha muvua mapatuka a kumpala a Vulgate wa Estienne mapitshile mu bianza bia bakontolodi ba mikanda ba tshilongelu etshi, kaakapanga kujula milandu. Mu siekele wa 13, Vulgate ukavua muangatshibue bu wa tshijila ne bu Bible muanyishibue bua université, ne kudi bantu bavule mêyi ende kaavua mua kutupakana. Tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshiakapisha Erasmus mushikuluji munemekibue bua mudimu wende pa Vulgate. Bu muvua mupatudi wa mikanda wa tshianana mupete tshikama tshia kuakaja mifundu mianyisha kudi buonso bivua bualu bua didiabila kudi bamue.

Kadi, note ya ku nseke ya mabeji ya Estienne ke ivua itamba kutatshisha bena teoloji. Note ivua yela mpata pa bujalame bua mifundu ya Vulgate. Dijinga dia Estienne dia kutokesha imue mvese diakafikisha ku dimufunda se: uvua mudibueje ku bukole mu malu a teoloji. Wakavila mabandu aa pa kuamba se: note yende ivu’anu tshikepeshelu tshianana anyi ivua ya malu a muakulu. Tshilejilu, note wende pa Genese 37:35 uvua umvuija ne: muaku “inferno” [mu Latin, infernum] kawena muab’awu mua kumvuija muaba udi bantu babi banyokibua. Tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshiakamufunda ne: uvua ubenga dibenga kufua dia anyima ne bukole bua diakuilangana bua “bansantu.”

Kadi, Estienne, wakapeta luse ne dikubibua bia mukalenge. Francis I wakaleja disankidila divule mu malonga a Difululula, nangananga mudimu wa Estienne. Badi bamba ne: Francis I wakakumbula mene Estienne e kuindila musangu kampanda ne lutulu pavua Estienne wenza amue makaja a ndekelu pa mifundu. Ku diambuluisha dia mukalenge, Estienne wakakandamena Sorbonne.

Bena teoloji badi bakandika Bible yende

Kadi, mu 1545, nsombelu wakenzeja bua tshiji tshikole tshionso tshia tshilongelu tshia teoloji wa Sorbonne tshiupukile Estienne. Pakamonabo buimpe bua didisanga bua kuluangisha Bakajiludi, université wa Katolike wa ku Cologne (Allemagne), Louvain (Belgique), ne wa ku Paris ikaavua miumvuangane bua kukontolola malongesha wonso mapiamapia. Pakafunda université wa Louvain mukanda kudi wa Sorbonne bua kuleja dikema diabo bua dipangika dia Bible ya Estienne pa liste wa Paris wa mikanda mikandika, Sorbonne wakandamuna ne dishima se: bu buobo bayimone bavua mua kuikala bayikandike. Baluishi ba Estienne bavua mu tshilongelu tshia teoloji bakadiumvua bimpe e kumona se: bukole busangisha bua bilongelu bia teoloji bia Louvain ne Paris bivua mua kutuisha Francis I bua bilema bia mupatudi wende wa mikanda.

Mu tshipolo tshimue tshimue etshi, mumane kudimuishibua bua lungenyi lua baluishi bende, Estienne wakakumbula mukalenge kumpala. Estienne wakamuambila ne: bu bena Teoloji mua kuenza liste wa bilema bidibo bapete, uvua mudiakaje bua kubipatula pamue ne malongolola a bena teoloji ne kubibueja bionso mu Bible yonso uvua upanyibua. Mukalenge wakitabuja dijandula edi. Wakalomba Pierre du Chastel, mubadidi wa mukalenge, bua kutangila bualu ebu. Mu Kasuamansense 1546, tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshiakafundila Du Chastel tshibenga ne: Bible ya Estienne ivua “tshiakudia tshia aba badi babenga ditabuja dietu ne tshidi tshitua diabulula . . . nyama ku mikolo” ne ivua miule ne bilema bivua bikengela “kuyosha ne kuyijimija yonso.” Kayi mutuishibue, mukalenge nkayende wakatuma dîyi se: tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshipatule bilema bua ne: babipatule mu Bible ya Estienne. Bakalaya bua kuenza nunku, kadi bushuwa bakenza muabo muonso bua kubenga kupatula liste mualabale wa bivuabo bamba ne: mbilema.

Francis I wakafua mu Luabanya 1547, ne nenku Estienne wakajimija mumukuatshishi wende mu dikandamena buenzeji bua Sorbonne. Pakabanda Henry II mu nkuasa, wakapingajilula dîyi-dituma dia tatuende bua ne: tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshipatule bilema biabo. Kadi, pa kumona muvua bamfumu ba Allemagne batumika ne Diakajilula bua bipatshila bia tshididi, Henry II kakatamba kutabalela tshivuabo babikila bu buimpe anyi bubi bua Bible mipatula kudi mupatudi wa mikanda wa mukalenge bu muvuaye utabalela dilama France ditunga diena Katolike ne dia buobumue muinshi mua mukalenge wadi mupiamupia. Mu dia 10 Tshisua-Munene 1547, Nsangilu wa Difila Mibelu wa mukalenge wakangata dipangadika ne: dipana Bible ya Estienne dikandikibue too ne papatula bena teoloji liste wa bilema.

Mufundibue bu muabuludianganyi

Tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshiakakeba mpindieu mushindu wa kutuma tshilumbu tshia Estienne ku kabadi ka pa buaku kavua kafuma ku dienjibua bua kulumbuluisha malu a diabuluja. Estienne uvua mujingulule bimpe ne: uvua mu njiwu. Mu bidimu bibidi bia dienjibua diaku, kabadi aka kakalua kamanyibua bu chambre ardente, anyi “tshibambalu tshia mudilu.” Bantu batue ku 60 bakashibua ku mitshi, kusangisha ne bapatudi ba mikanda ne bayipanyishi bavua buoshibua ne muoyo ku Place Maubert, ku mutantshi wa tusunsa tukese tshianana tua luendu pabuipi ne kua Estienne. Bavua misangu mivule bakenketa nzubu wa Estienne bua kupeta bimue bijadiki bikese bua kumufunda. Bajadiki batue ku 80 bakedibua nkonko. Bafidi-ngumu bakapeshibua dilaya dia tshia binayi tshia bintu bia Estienne bu difutu bu buobo mua kutuisha se: udi muabuluji. Kadi, tshijadiki tshiabo tshimuepele tshivua amu bivua Estienne mufunde mu Bible yende.

Kabidi mukalenge wakalomba ne: batumine Nsangilu wende wa Difila Mibelu liste wa bilema. Bu muvuatshi tshipape mutu, tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshiakandamuna se: ‘bena teoloji kabatu ne tshibidilu tshia kufunda tubingila tua dipisha tshintu kampanda tshia diabuluja kadi batu bandamuna amu ne mukana, ke tshiudi ne bua kuitabuja, anyi bua tshianana kakuakuikala ndekelu ku difunda to.’ Henry wakitaba. Dikandika dia ndekelu diakenjibua. Pamue ne tshintu tshionso tshivua Estienne mupatule pa Bible tshiakakandikibua. Nansha muvuaye mupanduke ku dioshibua ku Place Maubert, wakapangadija bua kumbuka mu France bua dikandikibua dijima pa Bible yende ne pamu’apa bua dibundibua dia pa mutu.

Mupatudi wa mikanda ku babende

Mu Kasuabanga 1550, Estienne wakaya ku Génève, mu Suisse. Tshilongelu tshia teoloji tshivua tshibengeshishe dipatula dia mukuabo Bible mu France pa kumbusha Vulgate. Mpindieu ne budikadidi bua kapatula tshivuaye musue, Estienne wakapatulula “Dipungila Dipiadipia” diende mu tshiena-Greke mu 1551, ne nkudimuinu ibidi ya mu Latin (wa Vulgate ne wa Erasmus) mu milongo mitangilangane. Wakatungunuka, mu 1552, ne nkudimuinu wa fransé wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke mu milongo mitangilangane ne mifundu ya Erasmus ya mu Latin. Mu mapatuka abidi aa, Estienne wakabueja ndongoluelu wa dikosa mifundu mu mvese mifunda nimero​—ndongoluelu wa muomumue ne udi mutangalake lelu’eu. Nansha muvua bakuabo bamane kuenza mishindu mishilashilangane ya dikosa mvese, wa Estienne ke wakitabujibua. Bible wende wa mu Fransé wa mu 1553 uvua wa kumpala bua kufila dikosa diende dia mvese.

Bible wa nkudimuinu ibidi wa mu Latin wa Estienne wa mu 1557 udi kabidi wa pa buende bua ditumika diende ne dîna dilelela dia Nzambi, Jehova, mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu yonso. Ku luseke lua dibeji mu musambu muibidi, wakaleja se: diteka ʼAdho·naiʹ pa muaba wa Tetragrame wa tshiena-Ebelu (יהוה) divu’anu diashila pa bitabataba bia bena Yuda ne bivua bikengela kudimansha. Mu Bible emu, Estienne wakatumika ne miaku misendeka bua kuleja miaku ya mu Latin misakidila bua kukumbaja ngumvuilu wa tshiena-Ebelu. Ndongoluelu eu wakangatshibua kunyima mu mikuabo Bible, tshintu tshipiana tshitu babadi ba lelu’eu bakadi bibidilangane ne miaku misendeka bua kuleja dizangika bakatshila.

Mupangadije bua kuambuluisha bakuabo ne dimanya diende, Estienne wakafila muoyo wende ku dipatula dia Mifundu Minsantu. Aba badi batua Dîyi dia Nzambi mushinga lelu’eu badi mua kuikala ne dianyisha bua madikolela ende ne bua bakuabo bakenza madikolela ne disuminyina bua kusokolola mêyi a mu Bible bu muvuawu mafunda ku mfundilu wa kumpala. Ndongoluelu’eu wakabangishabo udi utungunuka mu dipeta dietu dia dimanya dijalame dia miakulu ya kale ne disokolola mikanda mivule mifunda ku bianza ya kalekale ne mijalame ya Dîyi dia Nzambi. Katupa kîpi kumpala kua lufu luende (1559), Estienne uvua wenza mudimu pa nkudimuinu mupiamupia wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke. Bakamuebeja ne: “Nnganyi wausumba? Nnganyi waubala?” Wakandamuna ne dishindika se: ‘Mbamanyi buonso ba mukanda banemekedi ba Nzambi.’

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Madikolela a Robert Estienne mmambuluishe bipungu bia balongi ba Bible

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Bakidikija bimfuanyi bia Estienne mu bipungu bivule

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris