Nkhondo ya Munthu ndi Masoka

PANALI patapita zaka zitatu, ndipo mlembi wamkulu wa United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali anali wosakondwa. “Sitinachitepo kanthu mwamsanga,” iye anauza zimenezo kagulu ka akatswiri kuchiyambi kwa 1993. “Cholinga changa poitanitsa msonkhanowu tsopano lino m’malo mwa nthaŵi ina mtsogolo nchakuti tione ngati tikhoza kupeza nthaŵi yotayikayo.” Nthaŵi yotayika? Kodi nchiyani chinali m’maganizo mwake? Zilembo zisanu: IDNDR. Kodi zimatanthauzanji? Ndipo nchifukwa ninji pali kufulumira kumeneko?

Frank Press katswiri wa geophysics ndi woyambitsa IDNDR anali mmodzi wa akatswiri opezeka pamsonkhanowo. Zaka 11 zapitazo, Dr. Press anayamba kuitanitsa asayansi padziko lonse kuti alimbikire kulimbana ndi masoka achilengedwe. Patapita zaka zisanu, mu December 1989, United Nations inayankha chiitano chake cha kuleka kuchita mphwayi mwa kutcha zaka kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2000 kukhala International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, kapena IDNDR. Kodi cholinga chake nchiyani?

Kusintha Maganizo Kukufunika

Profesa wa geology wa ku Brazil ndiponso chiŵalo cha Scientific and Technical Committee ya IDNDR, Umberto G. Cordani, anauza Galamukani! kuti IDNDR ndi pempho ku maiko onse kuti agwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso chawo ndi chuma ndi kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kuchepetsa mavuto, kuwononga, chisokonezo, ndi kutayika kwa miyoyo zimene masoka achilengedwe amachititsa. “Kufikira cholinga chimenecho,” ananenetsa motero Profesa Cordani, “kumafuna kusintha kwa padziko lonse kwa kuchitapo kanthu kuletsa masokawo ndi kuwachepetsa asanachitike m’malo mwa kuchitapo kanthu pambuyo pake.”

Komabe, kusintha kuganiza kwa dziko lonse nkovutirapo kuposa kutcha dzina zaka khumizo, pakuti “ogamula zinthu,” ikutero UNESCO Environment and Development Briefs, “amakonda kusumika maganizo pa thandizo la pambuyo pa tsoka m’malo mwa kuletsa tsokalo.” Mwachitsanzo, pa ndalama zonse zowonongedwa pa kusamalira ngozi zachilengedwe lerolino ku Latin America, zoposa 90 peresenti zimapita ku thandizo la pambuyo pa ngozi ndipo zochepera 10 peresenti pa kuletsa ngoziyo. Ndi iko komwe, ikutero nyuzipepala ya IDNDR yakuti Stop Disasters, andale “amapeza chichirikizo chochuluka mwa kutonthoza okumana ndi tsoka kuposa mwa kupempha misonkho ya njira zokhutiritsa pang’ono zimene zikanapeŵetsa tsokalo kapena kulichepetsa.”

Kuika Zonulirapo

Kuti isinthe kuwononga ndalama koteroko, United Nations inaika zonulirapo zitatu za zaka khumizo. Pofika chaka cha 2000, maiko onse ayenera kukhala ndi (1) maumboni a kuwopsa kwa ngozi za chilengedwe, (2) mkhalidwe wokhalitsa wakukonzekera ndi mapulani a kuletsa masoka, ndi (3) njira zochenjezera. Makomiti anapangidwa m’maiko kuona kuti zikhulupiriro ndi zolinga zabwino za IDNDR zikukhala mapulani otsimikizirika, ndipo m’May 1994, Japan anaitanitsa World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction yochirikizidwa ndi United Nations. Popeza kuti zochita zimenezi zakonzedwa ndipo zikukonzedwa, nchifukwa ninji Boutros-Ghali anali wosakhutira? Chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wosokoneza maganizo.

Mkhalidwe Wovutitsa Maganizo

Komabe, zoyesayesa za IDNDR zikubala zipatso. Asayansi azindikira mokulirapo kufunika kwa kuchepetsa masoka, ndipo njira zina, monga zochenjezera anthu, zikupulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuchepetsa zowonongedwa. Komabe, ngakhale kuti pali zipambano zimenezi, akutero Dr. Kaarle Olavi Elo, mkulu wa ofesi ya IDNDR, “chiŵerengero ndi kukula kwake kwa masoka zikuwonjezerekabe, zikumakhudza anthu ambirimbiri.” Taona “chiwonjezeko choŵirikiza katatu kuyambira m’ma 1960 mpaka m’ma 1980,” akuvomereza motero katswiri wina wa United Nations, “ndi kuwonjezereka kwinanso kwakukulu m’ma 90.” Indedi, mu 1991, masoka aakulu 434 anapha anthu 162,000 padziko lonse, ndipo mu 1992, zowonongeka zinaposa $62 biliyoni (U.S.). Dziko, akutero James G. Speth, woyang’anira UNDP (United Nations Development Program), lakhala “makina a owononga, likumadzetsa masoka osautsa otsatizana nthaŵi zonse.” (UNDP Update, November 1993) Kodi nchiyani chikuchititsa mkhalidwe wosokoneza maganizo umenewu?

Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Akuwonjezereka?

Kuti mupeze yankho, choyamba onani kusiyana kwa ngozi yachilengedwe ndi tsoka lachilengedwe. Choyambacho ndi chochitika chachilengedwe—chonga kusefukira kwa madzi kapena chivomezi—chimene chikhoza kukhala tsoka komano si nthaŵi zonse pamene chimatero. Mwachitsanzo, kusefukira kwa madzi m’chigwa cha Amazon chosakhalamo anthu ku Brazil kuli zochitika zachilengedwe zimene zimawononga zinthu pang’ono. Komabe, kusefukira kwa madzi kochitika ku Bangladesh m’matsiriro a mtsinje wake wa Ganges mmene muli anthu ochuluka kwambiri kumapha anthu ambiri, ndi kuwononga zinthu, ndi malo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonongeka kwa zinthuko kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kwakuti anthu okhudzidwa sakhoza kupirira popanda thandizo lakunja. Zimenezo zitachitika, ngozi yachilengedwe imakhala tsoka lachilengedwe. Nangano, nchifukwa ninji kukumana kosakaza kwa munthu ndi chilengedwe kumeneku kukuwonjezereka?

Katswiri wa masoka James P. Bruce akunena kuti “kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ya ngozizo ndi nthaŵi imene zimachitika” kungakhale “chochititsa china.” Komabe, iye ndi asayansi ena akuvomerezana kuti chochititsa kuwonjezereka kwa masoka chachikulu sindicho kuwonjezereka kwa ngozi zachilengedwe koma kudziika kwa munthu pangozi zimenezi mowonjezereka. Zimene zimachititsa kudziika kwake pangozi kowonjezereka kumeneku, akutero magazini akuti World Health, ndizo “kugwirizana kwa mikhalidwe ya kuchuluka kwa anthu, malo ndi sayansi yopanga zinthu.” Kodi mbali zina za mgwirizano wodzetsa masoka umenewu nzotani?

Yoyamba, chiŵerengero cha anthu chomakula. Pamene ukulu wa banja la anthu ukuwonjezereka, nakonso kuthekera kwakuti ngozi yachilengedwe idzagwera ena a anthu 5,600 miliyoni a padziko kukuwonjezereka. Ndiponso, kuchulukitsa kwa anthu kukukakamizabe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osauka kukhala m’nyumba zosalimba m’madera odziŵika kuti amakhala ndi ngozi zachilengedwe nthaŵi zonse. Zotulukapo zake sizikudabwitsa: Chiyambire 1960, chiŵerengero cha anthu chaŵirikiza kaŵiri, koma zimene masoka awononga zawonjezereka ndi pafupifupi nthaŵi khumi!

Kusintha malo okhala kukuwonjezera mavutowo. Kuchokera ku Nepal mpaka ku Amazon ndi kuchokera ku madambo a North America mpaka ku zisumbu za Pacific, munthu akugwetsa nkhalango, kugugitsa minda, kuwononga mitandaza ya makorali yakugombe, ndi kuwononga mgwirizano wa zamoyo ndi malo awo okhala—komatu ndi zotulukapo zoipa. “Pamene tipanikiza mphamvu ya kupirira ya malo athu okhala ndi kusintha mkhalidwe wake,” akutero Robert Hamilton, amene anali mkulu wa IDNDR, “pamakhalanso kuthekera kokulirapo kwakuti ngozi yachilengedwe ikhale tsoka.”

Komabe, ngati zochita za munthu zikuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa masoka m’nkhani za lerolino, ndiye kuti pangakhalenso zosiyana ndi zimenezo: Mwa kutsatira njira zoletsa masokawo, munthu akhoza kusintha nkhani za maŵa. Imfa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zingachepetsedwe. Mwachitsanzo, imfa zokwanira 90 peresenti za zivomezi, akutero akatswiri, zingapeŵedwe. Komano, ngakhale kuti zifukwa zochirikiza kuletsa masokawo zili zomveka, anthu ambiri amaganizabe kuti masoka ngosapeŵeka. Lingaliro la chinthu chosapeŵeka limeneli, ikutero UNESCO Environment and Development Briefs, ndilo “chopinga chokha chachikulu koposa cha kuchepetsa masoka.” Kodi inu muli kumbali iti ya chopingacho?

Osapeŵeka Kapena Okhoza Kuchepetsedwa?

Makamaka m’maiko osatukuka, lingaliro la kusoŵa chochita limeneli nlofala—ndipotu nzosadabwitsa! Mwa anthu onse ophedwa ndi masoka achilengedwe m’zaka 50 zapitazo, 97 peresenti anali m’maiko osatukuka! Mwa ena a maiko ameneŵa, ikutero Stop Disasters, “masoka amachitika kaŵirikaŵiri kwakuti nkovuta kusiyanitsa mapeto a tsoka lina ndi chiyambi cha lina.” Kwenikweni, 95 peresenti ya masoka onse, amachitika m’maiko osatukuka. Wonjezanipo masoka osatha aumwini—umphaŵi, ulova, ndi kakhalidwe koipa—ndipo mukhoza kuona chifukwa chake amphaŵi amathedwa nzeru kwambiri ndi mkhalidwe wosoŵa chochita monga ngati funde likuwamiza. Iwo amaona kuwononga kumene masoka obwerezabwereza amachita monga mbali ya moyo yoipa koma yosapeŵeka. Komabe, kodi kuwononga kumeneko nkosapeŵeka?

Zimene Mukhoza Kuchita ndi Zimene Simukhoza

Zoona, inu simukhoza kulamulira nthaŵi kapena mphamvu ya ngozi zachilengedwe, koma zimenezo sizimakusoŵetsani chochita ayi. Inu mukhoza kuchepetsa kudziika kwanu pangozi ya zochitika zimenezi. Motani? Talingalirani za fanizo lotsatirali.

Tinene kuti munthu akufuna kuchepetsa kukhala padzuŵa (chochitika chachilengedwe) kuti apeŵe kansa yakhungu (tsokalo). Kodi angatsatire njira yotani? Mwachionekere, iye sakhoza kulamulira kutuluka ndi kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa (chochitika chanthaŵi zonse). Ndipo sangachepetse mphamvu ya dzuŵa yofika pamalo pake (mphamvu ya chochitikacho). Koma kodi zimenezo zimamsoŵetsa chochita? Ayi, iye akhoza kuchepetsa kukhala kwake padzuŵa. Mwachitsanzo, angazikhala m’nyumba pamene kutentha koposa tsikulo, kapena ngati zimenezo sizitheka, angavale chisoti ndi zovala zotetezera pamene ali panja. Zimenezi zimawonjezera kudzitetezera kwake ku dzuŵa (chochitikacho) ndi kuchepetsa ngozi ya kudwala kansa yakhungu (tsokalo). Zochita zake za kudzitetezera zingathandize kwambiri!

Mofanana ndi zimenezo, inunso mungatsatire njira zimene zimawonjezera kudzitetezera kwanu ku mphamvu ya ngozi zina zachilengedwe. Mwa njira imeneyo, mudzachepetsa kuvulala kwanu ndi zowonongeka pamene kwagwa tsoka. Kwa aja okhala m’maiko otukuka, malingaliro operekedwa m’bokosi lakuti “Kodi Muli Wokonzekera?” angathandize. Ndipo ngati mukukhala m’maiko osatukuka, zitsanzo za m’bokosi lakuti “Zochita Zotsika Mtengo Zimene Zimathandiza” zingakupatseni chithunzi cha njira zosavuta zomwe zilipo tsopano. Zingathandizire kwambiri kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuchepetsa zowonongeka. Ndi sayansi yopanga zinthu yomwe ilipo lerolino, akukumbutsa motero Frank Press, katswiri wa geophysics, “chikhulupiriro chakuti masoka ali osapeŵeka chilibe malo.” Ndithudi, pankhani ya masoka achilengedwe, ndi bwino kudzitetezera m’malo mwa kufuna thandizo pambuyo pake.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kodi Muli Wokonzekera?

FEDERAL Emergency Management Agency ya United States ikupereka njira zingapo zolimbanirana ndi ngozizo. Zotsatirazi ndi zina za izo.

Pezani chidziŵitso. Pitani ku ofesi yakwanuko yosamalira za mwadzidzidzi ndi kufunsa kuti ndi masoka otani amene angachitike kwanuko. Mungadziŵe ena, koma enanso angakudzidzimutseni. Mukadziŵa kuti nyumba yanu ili pamalo pamene ngozi yachilengedwe ingachitike:

◻ Kumanani ndi banja lanu ndi kukambitsirana mitundu ya ngozi zimene zingakuchitikireni. Fotokozani zoyenera kuchita ngati kuchitika ngozi iliyonse.

◻ Konzani mmene banja lanu lingazidziŵitsirana ngati chochitika chotero chingakupatutseni wina ndi mnzake. Sankhani malo aŵiri kokumanira: ena kunja kwa nyumba yanu ngati kwagwa zamwadzidzidzi, monga moto, ndi ena kunja kwa dera lanu ngati simungabwerere kunyumba.

◻ Pemphani bwenzi lanu kukhala wodziŵitsa banja lanu kuti ngati zachitika kuti simutha kufika pamalo okumanira osankhidwawo, a m’banja lanu onse angaimbire foni wogwirizanitsa ameneyu ndi kumuuza kumene iwo ali. Sankhani bwenzi lanu limene limakhala kudera lakutali ndi kwanu chifukwa kutagwa tsoka kumakhala kosavuta kaŵirikaŵiri kuimbira foni dera lakutali kuposa dera lokhudzidwalo. Phunzitsani ana anu mmene angaimbire foni bwenzi lanulo. Kambitsiranani zoyenera kuchita ngati mungafunikire kuchoka kumaloko. Kambitsirananinso mmene mungathandizire anansi anu amene angafunikire thandizo lapadera. Konzekerani mmene mungasamalirire zoŵeta zanu panyumba.

◻ Ikani manambala a foni a emergency pa foni iliyonse.

◻ Dziŵani pamene pali bokosi lamagetsi lalikulu, potsegulira ndi kutsekera madzi, ndi potsegulira ndi kutsekera gasi. Sonyezani achikulire m’banja mmene angatsekere zimenezi ndi nthaŵi pamene angatero, ndipo sungani zipangizo zofunikira pafupi ndi maswitchi aakulu.

◻ Konzekerani moto. Ikani maalamu olira akamva utsi, makamaka pafupi ndi zipinda zogona.

[Bokosi patsamba 8]

Zochita Zotsika Mtengo Zimene Zimathandiza

ANTHU otsala pang’ono kufika theka la chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko, ikutero World Bank, amagwiritsira ntchito madola asanu kapena ochepera pamlungu kugulira zofunika za moyo. Ngakhale ngati ndi mmene mkhalidwe wanu ulili, akutero akatswiri, pali njira zotsimikizirika zimene mungagwiritsire ntchito. Ziphunzireni, chifukwa chakuti maphunziro, akunenetsa motero Alberto Giesecke, katswiri wa masoka wa ku Peru, “ndiwo njira yotsika mtengo yochepetsera mphamvu yake.” Nazi zitsanzo ziŵiri za ku South America:

Buku lamalangizo la United Nations lakuti Mitigating Natural Disasters likufotokoza zimene anthu angachite kuti amange nyumba zabwinopo, kapena zadothi:

◻ Kumalo amapiri, pangani pamalopo kukhala patyatyatya kuti mupange maziko a nyumbayo.

◻ Nyumba zangome nzolimba koposa; ngati mufuna nyumba yaikulu m’litali, mangani khoma lina lalitali m’litali kuposa linalo kuŵirikiza kaŵiri ndi theka.

◻ Gwiritsirani ntchito miyala kapena konkiri kumangira maziko kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chivomezi.

◻ Mangani makoma oyang’anizana mwakuti akhale ndi kulemera kofanana, kulimba kofanana, ndi msinkhu wofanana. Akhale opsapsala ndi aafupi. Nyumba zomangidwa moteremu sizinawonongeke kwambiri patachitika chivomezi kuposa nyumba zamasiku onse zadothi.

Kamangidwe kakale ka mphenembe (quincha) ndiko njira ina yotsimikizirika. Nyumba za quincha, ikutero Stop Disasters, zili ndi khoma lamabango oluka ndi nthambi zazing’onozing’ono zochirikizidwa ndi mlongoti wopingasa ndi woimirira ndipo zomata ndi dothi lochepa. Nyumba zoterezo, zamakoma ochindikala masentimita 10 mpaka 15, zimangogwedezeka patachitika chivomezi, ndipo chivomezicho chitasiya, nyumbazo zimabwerera m’malo ake. Pamene chivomezi chinachitika mu 1991, nyumba zonse zotero zinaimirirabe pamene nyumba zina 10,000, zamakoma olimba ochindikala mita imodzi, zinagweratu, ndi kupha anthu 35. Malinga ndi kunena kwa John Beynon, injiniya wa UNESCO, zivomezi sizipha anthu; nyumba zomagwa ndi zimene zimapha anthu.

[Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Kumadera ena, munthu akugwetsa nkhalango mosasamala, akumatsegulira njira masoka achilengedwe owonjezereka