Kodi Nkhondo Zidzakhalako Mpaka Liti?

“KWA zaka 4000 za kuyesa komanso kuyambiranso, kuchita nkhondo kwangokhala khalidwe,” anatero John Keegan wolemba mbiri ya zankhondo. Kodi khalidwe limeneli lidzatha? Miyoyo yosaŵerengeka yaphedwa pankhondo. Mphamvu zoposa ndi zida zazikulu zathandiza kwambiri kuwonjezera nkhondo. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, anthu anzeru ayesetsa mmene angathere kupeza njira zatsopano zotsogola zophera anthu ndi kuwononga zinthu. Kodi anthu amaonetsa chidwi chonga chimenechi pofuna kubweretsa mtendere? Kutalitali! Komabe, ambiri mosamala amaganiza kuti pali maziko oyembekezera zinthu zabwino.

Kuzindikira Kuti Nkhondo N’njopanda Phindu

Iwo amayembekezera zimenezo chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti anthu otsogola sakuonanso nkhondo monga momwe ankaionera kale. M’zaka za zana la 13, zinamveka kuti Genghis Khan msilikali wachimongoliya ananena kuti: “Chisangalalo chimapezeka pamene munthu agonjetsa adani ake, kuwagwira ukapolo, kuwalanda katundu wawo, kukondwa poona kutaya mtima kwawo, kugwirira akazi awo ndi ana awo aakazi.”

Masiku ano munthu sangayembekezere mtsogoleri wa dziko kulankhula zinthu ngati zimenezi! Buku lotchedwa A History of Warfare limati: “N’kovuta kulikonse padziko lapansi kupeza anthu amene angavomereze kuti nkhondo n’chinthu chabwino.” Nkhondo siikuonedwanso monga chinthu chachibadwa, chodzetsa ulemerero kapena kutchuka. Imfa za anthu ophedwa pankhondo za m’zaka za zana la 20 lino zachititsa anthu kukhala ndi mantha komanso kunyansidwa ndi zimene nkhondo imachita. Wolemba wina anati kudana ndi ziwawa kumeneku kwachititsa kuti chilango cha imfa chithe m’mayiko ambiri ndipo kwachititsa kumvera chisoni awo amene amakana kukamenya nawo nkhondo.

Kunyasidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu miyandamiyanda si chifukwa chokhacho chimene chachititsa kusintha kwa maganizo a anthu. Palinso nkhani ina yofunika imene ndi kudziteteza. Zida zamakono za nyukiliya komanso zida wamba zili ndi mphamvu yowononga yaikulu kwambiri, moti nkhondo ina iliyonse yapakati pa mayiko amphamvu kwambiri lerolino ingachititse adani kuwonongana kotheratu. Kuyambitsa nkhondo yaikulu yoteroyo ndi misala, komanso kudzipha. Choncho anthu ambiri akuti maganizo ameneŵa ndiwo alepheretsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya kwa zaka zoposa 50.

Palinso chifukwa china chimene anthu ena akuganizira mwina ponena za m’tsogolo. Amati nkhondo yaikulu n’njopanda phindu osati kokha chifukwa chakuti chilichonse chitha kufafanizidwa komanso kuti palibe zambiri zimene wina angapindulepo. Mfundo ya zachuma yotsutsa za kuthekera kwa nkhondo yaikulu n’njakuti: Mayiko olemera ndi amphamvu padziko lapansi amapeza phindu lochuluka kwambiri kupyolera mu mgwirizano wa zachuma. Chuma chimene mayiko ameneŵa amapeza panthaŵi ya mtendere sichingalingane m’pang’ono pomwe ndi mapindu amene nkhondo ingabweretse. Choncho, pali chifukwa chomveka chimene mayiko amphamvu ayenera kusungitsira mtendere pakati pawo. Kuwonjezera apo, iwo ndiwo angapindule ngati agwirizana kuti athetse nkhondo iliyonse pakati pa mayiko ochepa mphamvu imene ingasokoneze chuma chawo.

Zoyesayesa za Padziko Lonse Zodzetsa Mtendere

Cholinga chofuna kuthetsa nkhondo chikufotokozedwa m’mawu oyamba a Chikalata cha United Nations cha mfundo zake. Mmenemo timaŵerenga za kutsimikiza kwa mayiko amene ndi mamembala ake “kupulumutsa mibadwo ya m’tsogolo ku tsoka la nkhondo, imene kaŵiri konse m’moyo wathu [nkhondo ziŵiri zadziko lonse lapansi] yadzetsa chisoni chosaneneka kwa anthu.” Chitsimikizo chimenecho chopulumutsa mibadwo ya m’tsogolo ku nkhondo kwenikweni chinafotokozedwa ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsa chitetezo mwa kugwirizana—mfundo yakuti mayiko azigwirizana kulimbana ndi dziko lililonse limene lingaukire linzake. Ndiye kuti, ngati dziko lililonse likufuna kuyambitsa nkhondo, lidzakumana ndi mkwiyo wa mayiko onse.

Ngakhale kuti mfundoyi ili yanzeru komanso n’njosavuta kunena pakamwa chabe, kuichita ndipo pagona nkhani. The Encyclopædia Britannica imati: “Ngakhale kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zokhazikitsa chitetezo mwa kugwirizana zinathandiza kwambiri m’Pangano la League of Nations ndiponso zilimo m’Chikalata cha Mfundo za United Nations, zalephera kotheratu m’mabungwe onse aŵiri. Popanda boma ladziko lonse limene lingamagamule mosatsutsika pankhani zosiyanasiyana, mayiko alephera kugwirizana chimodzi pofuna kudziŵa pamene anganene kuti dziko lina laukira linzake, ndipo m’zochita zawo savomereza lamulo anaika lija lakuti dziko loukira linzake ayenera kulimbana nalo mosasamala kanthu za amene akuukira mnzake. Choncho, sanakhazikitse gulu lachitetezo logwirizana la padziko lonse monga anaganizira m’Chikalata cha Mfundo zake.”

Komabe, lingaliro lopanga bungwe lapadziko lonse losungitsa mtendere linali lachilendo m’chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kwa anthu ambiri amene akufuna mtendere, msilikali wosungitsa bata ndi mtendere wa United Nations wovala chipewa cha buluwu, adakali umboni wakuti pali chiyembekezo. Iwo amagwirizana ndi maganizo a mtolankhani wina amene anayamikira “ganizo lokhala ndi msilikali wosungitsa mtendere, amene amatumizidwa ku dera komwe kuli nkhondo, osati kukamenya nkhondo, koma kukasungitsa mtendere, osati kukamenyana ndi adani, koma kukathandiza mabwenzi.”

Kwa zaka zambiri Nkhondo ya Mawu inagaŵa UN m’magulu aŵiri a mphamvu, gulu lililonse linali lofunitsitsa kusokoneza zilizonse zimene enawo akufuna kuchita. Ngakhale kuti kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu sikunathetse nkhondo, kusakhulupirirana, ndiponso kukayikirana pakati pa mayiko, ambiri akukhulupirira kuti mmene ndale zakhalira tsopano zikupereka mwayi umene sunapezekepo wakuti UN igwire ntchito yake imene anaikhazikitsira.

Zochitika zina m’zaka za zana la 20 lino zikuperekanso chiyembekezo kwa awo amene amalakalaka mtendere. Mwachitsanzo, cholinga cha makambirano a mayiko n’kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere. Thandizo loperekedwa ndi mayiko limathandiza mayiko ena kukonzanso zinthu zowonongeka ndi kuthandiza anthu ovutika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Zonse ziŵiri, kusungitsa mtendere ndi kuthandiza anthu ovutika, zili pakati pa mfundo zokhudza mayiko ena. Amene amasungitsa mtendere amalemekezeka.

Nkhondo za M’tsogolo

Komabe, chiyembekezo cha zinthu zabwino chisatiiŵalitse mfundo zina zodetsa nkhaŵa. Itangotha Nkhondo ya Mawu mu 1989, anthu ambiri anakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi likhala mumtendere. Chikhalirechobe, nkhondo inapitirizabe. M’zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zotsatira, nkhondo pafupifupi 101 zinachitika m’madera osiyanasiyana. Nkhondo zochuluka sizinali pakati pa mayiko koma zapachiŵeniŵeni. Nkhondozo zinachitika pakati pa adani ogwiritsa ntchito zida wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ku Rwanda anthu ambiri anaphedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zikwanje.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, nkhondo zamasiku ano zikuchitikira kumatauni ndi kumidzi, ndipo sipakhala kusankha kuti uyu ndi mdani kapena munthu wamba. Michael Horbottle, mkulu wa bungwe losungitsa mtendere padziko lonse lotchedwa Centre for International Peacebuilding analemba kuti: “Kale, chimene chayambitsa nkhondo nthaŵi zina chinkadziŵika, koma lero n’zovuta kwambiri ndipo n’kovuta kuti munthu azithetse. Kukula kwa ziwawa zimene zimakhalapo simungakukhulupirire ndiponso simungakumvetse. Anthu wamba ndiwo amaphedwa kwambiri ngati kuti ndiwo ali patsogolo kumenya nkhondo.” Nkhondo yogwiritsa ntchito zida wamba imeneyi siikusonyeza kuti idzatha.

Padakali pano, mayiko olemera padziko lapansi adakapangabe zida zamakono zotsogola. Zipangizo zounikira ndi zojambulira—kaya zikhale mumlengalenga, m’madzi, kapenanso pansi—zimathandiza asilikali amasiku ano kuona msanga ndiponso mosavuta kusiyana ndi kale lonse, ngakhale m’malo ovuta kuona ngati m’nkhalango. Chotero malo ngati ameneŵa akaŵaunika ndi kuwajambula, angatumize mabomba ouluka, mabomba apansi pa madzi ophulitsira sitima zankhondo za pamadzi, kapena mabomba ouluka otsogozedwa ndi makina ounika njira yake kukawononga malo otere mosaphonya m’pang’ono pomwe. Malinga ndi mmene sayansi ikupitira patsogolo komanso kupanga zinthu zotsogola, “nkhondo yomenyana muli kutali” n’njotheka, ndipo asilikali atha kuona chilichonse, kuphulitsa chilichonse, ndi kuwononga zinthu zochuluka zimene adani ali nazo.

Tikamaganiza za kuthekera kwa nkhondo m’tsogolo, sitiyenera kuiŵala za zida zoopsa za nyukiliya zimene zilipo. Magazini otchedwa The Futurist analosera kuti: “Zida za atomu zimene zikufalikirabe zikutsegula kwambiri mpata woti padzakhale nkhondo, mwinanso zingapo, zogwiritsa ntchito zida za atomu m’zaka 30 zotsatirazi. Kuwonjezera apo, zida za atomu zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi magulu a zigaŵenga.”

Kodi Chikuvuta N’chiyani?

Kodi chalepheretsa zoyesayesa zodzetsa mtendere padziko lapansi n’chiyani? Mfundo yaikulu pamenepa n’njakuti mtundu wa anthu n’ngogaŵikana. Anthu amakhala paokhapaokha m’mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso amasiyana chikhalidwe zimene zimachititsa kusakhulupirirana, kudana, ndiponso kuopana. Amasiyana maganizo pa zimene zili zofunika, zikhulupiriro zawo ndiponso zolinga zawo. Komanso, kwa zaka zambirimbiri anthu aona ngati kuti kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali ndiyo njira yololeka yopezera zofuna za dziko lawo. Litafotokoza za mkhalidwe umenewu, lipoti lochokera ku nthambi ina yophunzitsa zankhondo yotchedwa Strategic Studies Institute pa Army War College ya ku United States, linanena kuti: “Kwa anthu ambiri, zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mtendere ungadze kokha ndi boma lapadziko lonse.”

Anthu ena amaganiza kuti mwina United Nations n’kukhala boma limenelo. Koma UN sinakhazikitsidwe ndi cholinga choti likhale boma lapadziko lonse lokhala ndi mphamvu zoposa mayiko omwe ndi mamembala ake. Iyo ili ndi mphamvu zimene mayiko omwe ndi mamembala ake ailola kukhala nazo. Mayiko amenewo akupitirizabe kukayikirana ndi kusagwirizana, ndipo mphamvu zomwe apereka ku UN n’zochepa. Choncho, m’malo mokonzanso dongosolo lapadziko lonse, UN yangokhala chifaniziro chake chabe.

Komabe, mtendere wa padziko lonse ukudza ndithu. Nkhani yotsatira idzafotokoza mmene zimenezi zidzathekere.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 13]

“MTUNDU WA ANTHU UYENERA KUTHETSA NKHONDO, APO AYI, NKHONDO IDZATHA MTUNDU WA ANTHU.”—JOHN F. KENNEDY

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

UN yalephera kukhala boma lapadziko lonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi cha UN