Nchifukwa Ninji Kukhala Otseguka ku Malingaliro Atsopano?

PAMENE nsaru yochinga ya chizimezime mwapang’onopang’ono inachoka, wolamulira gulu la sitima ya pamadzi wa ku America Matthew C. Perry anawona Phiri la Fuji kuchokera pa denga la sitima yake ya pamadzi ya mbendera, Susquehanna. Iye anali wolakalaka kuwona Japan ndipo pomalizira pake anafikako pa July 8, 1853, pambuyo pa yoposa miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri ya kuyenda pamadzi. Wolamulira gulu la sitima ya pamadziyo anali ataphunzira ripoti lirilonse lomwe linalipo pa dzikolo. Nchifukwa ninji? Chifukwa iye anayembekezera kutsegula “ufumu wodzipatula wokha” umenewo ku dziko.

Wodzipatula wokha, ndithudi! Zoposa zaka 200 kumayambiriro, Japan inali itadula malonda ndi zomangira za mwambo ndi maiko ena onse kupatulapo China, Korea, ndi Holland. Mtunduwo kenaka unakhala wokhutiritsidwa mosavutitsidwa. Mu mkhalidwe umenewo, unafanana ndi anthu ambiri omwe amakana malingaliro atsopano ndi kukana kumvetsera ku malingaliro osiyana ndi awo. M’njira zina, ichi chingakhale chotonthoza, popeza kuti malingaliro atsopano angakhale osokoneza, ngakhale ochititsa mantha. Koma kodi mkhalidwe woterowo uli wanzeru? Chabwino, lingalirani zotulukapo za lamulo la Japan la kusaphatikiza ena.

Nchiyani Chomwe Chinatsogolera ku Kudzipatula kwa Japan?

Japan sanadzipatule iyemwini popanda chifukwa. Mu 1549, m’mishonale wa chiJesuit Francis Xavier anafika mu Japan kudzafalitsa chipembedzo chake. Mkati mwa nyengo yochepera, chikhulupiriro cha Chiroma Katolika chinakhala chotchuka m’dzikolo. Atsogoleri a nthaŵi imeneyo anali atakumanapo ndi kuwukira kwa chipembedzo ndi mpatuko wa Chibuda ndi kuwona kuthekera kofananako pakati pa Akatolika. Chotero, Chikatolika chinaletsedwa, ngakhale kuti chiletsocho sichinalimbikitsidwe mwamphamvu.

Akumadzinenera kuti Japan anali “mtundu waumulungu,” olamulira analibe lingaliro la kuvomereza chipembedzo cha “Chikristu” kuwopsyeza dongosolo lawo. Nchifukwa ninji, nanga, iwo molimba sanalimbitse chiletso pa Chikatolika? Chifukwa chakuti amishonale a Chikatolika anabwera pa masitima a pamadzi a malonda a chiPortuguese, ndipo boma linafunafuna mapindu amene masitima amenewa anatanthauza kwa iwo. Mosasamala kanthu za chimenecho, mantha a kuti Akatolika angasonkhezere anthu a ku Japan mwapang’onopang’ono analemetsa chikhumbo cha olamulirawo kaamba ka malonda. Chotero, iwo anapereka malamulo kulimbitsa kulamulira kwa malonda akunja, kuloŵa m’dziko, ndi “Akristu.”

Pamene “Akristu” ozunzidwa ndi otsenderezedwa kwambiri anawukira molimbana ndi mbuye wolamulira wa kumaloko, chinali chitokoso chomalizira. Akumawona kuwukirako monga chotulukapo chachindunji cha kubukitsa kwa Chikatolika, boma lapakati la Shogunate linathamangitsa anthu a ku Portugal ndi kuletsa anthu a ku Japan kupita kunja. Ndi kuperekedwa kwa lamulo limeneli mu 1639, kudzipatula kwa Japan kunakhala chenicheni.

Anthu okha a Kumadzulo omwe analoledwa kupitiriza kuchita malonda ndi Japan anali aDutch, omwe anawunjikidwa mu Dejima, pa nthaŵiyo chisumbu chaching’ono pa doko la Nagasaki. Kwa zaka 200, mwambo wa Kumadzulo unaloŵerera ku Japan kokha kupyolera mu Dejima wolamuliridwanso tsopano. Chaka chirichonse, wotsogoza wa malo a malonda wa pachisumbupo anapereka “Dutch Report,” (Ripoti la Dutch) lomwe linalola boma kudziŵa zomwe zinali kuchitika m’dziko la kunja. Koma ulamuliro wa Shogunate unatsimikizira kuti palibe wina aliyense anawona maripoti amenewa. Chotero anthu a ku Japan anakhala odzipatula kufikira Wolamulira Gulu la Sitima ya Pamadzi Perry anagogoda pa chitseko chawo mu 1853.

Kutha kwa Kudzipatula

Pamene sitima ya pamadzi yaikulu yakuda ya Perry inalowa mu Edo Bay, iwo anatulutsa utsi, kugonthetsa asodzi a kumaloko omwe analingalira kuti uku kunali kuyenda kwa kuphulika kwa matanthwe otentha a pansi pa nthaka. Nzika za ku Edo (tsopano Tokyo) zinasowa chochita, ndipo ambiri anachoka mu mzindawo ndi mipando yawo. Kutuluka kumeneko kunali kwakukulu kotero kuti boma linayenera kupereka chidziŵitso cha lamulo kukhalitsa bata anthuwo.

Osati kokha masitima apamadzi ogwiritsira ntchito steam olamulidwa ndi Wolamulira Gulu la Sitima ya Pamadzi Perry komanso mphatso zomwe anabweretsa zinazizwitsa anthu odzipatulawo. Iwo anadabwitsidwa ndi chisonyezero cha mauthenga akumatumizidwa pa lamya kuchokera kunyumba imodzi kupita ku inzake. Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, yopangidwa pansi pa chiyang’aniro cha Perry, imanena ponena za nduna za ku Japan zomwe sizikanatha kupewa kulumphira pa sitima ya Lilliputian yomwe “sikanatha kutenga mwana wa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zakubadwa.” Ngakhale “nduna yolemekezeka” inamamatira ku denga lake “ndi zovala zake zosathina zikumawuluka mu mphepo.”

Khomo ku Japan pomalizira pake linatsegulidwa kotheratu ndi ulendo wachiŵiri wa Perry chaka chotsatira. Akumagonjera ku chitsenderezo, boma linatsegula dzikolo. Odzipatula owumirira ena omwe anafuna kusungirira kudzipatula kwa Japan anasinthira ku uchigawenga, kupha nduna yaikulu ya boma, ndi kuwukira alendo. Ambuye opatula ena anayatsa moto pa masitima a alendo. Kuwukira kwawo, ngakhale kuli tero, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kunatha, ndipo mfumu inatenga boma kuchokera ku Tokugawa Shogunate.

Pa nthaŵi imene Perry anatsegula chitseko ku Japan, mitundu ya Kumadzulo inali itapyola kale Chisinthiko cha Indastri. Chifukwa cha kudzipatula kwa Japan, iye anasiyidwa kumbuyo kwambiri. Maiko opita patsogolo mu za maindastri anali atagwiritsira ntchito kale mphamvu ya steam. Pofika mu ma 1830, mainjini a steam ndi makina opatsidwa mphamvu ndi steam anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofala. Lamulo la kudzipatula la Japan linampangitsa iye kutsalira m’mbuyo mokulira mu za maindastri. Izi zinamvedwa kwambiri ndi nthumwi zoyamba za ku Japan kupita ku Europe. Pa chiwonetsero chochitidwa mu London mu 1862, ziwonetsero za ku Japan zinali za mapepala ndi mtengo zonga “zomwe zingawonetsedwe pa shopu yogulitsa zinthu zakale,” mogwirizana ndi nthumwi imodzi yochititsidwa manyazi.

Nthumwi za chiJapan mu Europe ndi United States zinadzimva kusowa chochita ndi chifuno cha kulowetsa dziko lawo mu maindastri ndipo mofunitsitsa anayambitsa kupangidwa kwamakono ndi malingaliro. Zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zinayi pambuyo pa ulendo woyamba wa Perry, chiwalo chomalizira chopulumuka cha gulu lake chinachezera Japan ndi kunena kuti: “Kupita patsogolo kwa Japan kokha mkati mwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi chimodzi kwandizizwitsa ine.”

Chotero, lamulo la kudzipatula la Japan mokulira linaika malire kuthekera kwake kaamba ka kukula. Kutsegula zitseko zake ku malingaliro atsopano kunatsimikizira kukhala kopindulitsa ku mtunduwo m’njira zambiri. Lerolino, ngakhale kuli tero, ena mu Japan amaloza ku “kudzipatula kwa maganizo” pakati pa anthu ndi kupereka iri monga vuto loyenera kuthetsedwa. Ndithudi, kugonjetsa chikhoterero cha kutsutsa malingaliro atsopano kuli chitokoso osati kokha kaamba ka anthu amakono a ku Japan koma kaamba ka anthu onse. Bwanji ponena za inu ndi nkhani ya “kudzipatula kwa maganizo”? Kodi mungapindule kuchokera ku kutsegula maganizo anu ku malingaliro atsopano, monga mmene Japan anachitira m’mbuyomo mu ma 1850?