Chigumula m’Nthano za Dziko

CHIGUMULA cha m’tsiku la Nowa chinali tsoka losakaza kwambiri kwakuti anthu sangaiŵale konse. Zoposa zaka 2,400 pambuyo pake, Yesu Kristu analankhula za icho kukhala chenicheni cha m’mbiri. (Mateyu 24:37-39) Chochitika chochititsa manthachi chinasiya chisindikizo chosafafanizika pa fuko la anthu ndipo pali nthano zonena za icho padziko lonse.

M’bukhu lakuti Myths of Creation, Philip Freund akuyerekezera kuti nthano za Chigumula zoposa 500 zimasimbidwa ndi mafuko ndi anthu oposa 250. Monga momwe kungayembekezeredwe, nthano zimenezi zasinthidwa mwakuloŵetsamo zochitika ndi anthu ongoyerekezera ndi kupita kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Komabe, nthano zonsezo nzofanana kwakukulu.

Kufanana Kodabwitsa

Pamene anthu anasamuka ku Mesopotamiya pambuyo pa Chigumula, ananka ndi zolembedwa za tsokalo kumbali zonse za dziko lapansi. Chotero, nzika za Asia, zisumbu za South Pacific, North America, Central America, ndi South America ziri ndi nthano za chochitika chochititsa chidwichi. Nthano zambiri zonena za Chigumula zinakhalako kwanthaŵi yaitali anthu ameneŵa asanadziŵe Baibulo. Komabe, nthanozo ziri ndi mfundo zina zolingana ndi cholembedwa cha Baibulo chonena za Chigumula.

Nthano zina zimatchula zimphona zachiwawa zokhala padziko lapansi Chigumula chisanadze. Mofananamo, Baibulo limasonyeza kuti Chigumula chisanadze, angelo osamvera anavala matupi aumunthu, kukwatira akazi, nabala fuko la zimphona zotchedwa Anefili.​—Genesis 6:1-4; 2 Petro 2:4, 5.

Kaŵirikaŵiri nthano za Chigumula zimasonyeza kuti munthu mmodzi anachenjezedwa ponena za kudza kwa chigumula chochokera kwa Mulungu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, Yehova Mulungu anachenjeza Nowa kuti Iye akawononga anthu oipa ndi achiwawa. Mulungu anamuuza Nowa kuti: ‘Chimaliziro chake cha anthu onse chafika pamaso panga; pakuti dziko lapansi ladzala ndi chiwawa chifukwa cha iwo; tawonani, ndidzawononga iwo pamodzi ndi dziko lapansi.’​—Genesis 6:13.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, nthano zonena za Chigumula zimasonyeza kuti chinabweretsa chiwonongeko chapadziko lonse. Mofananamo, Baibulo limati: ‘Madzi anapambana ndithu pa dziko lapansi; anamizidwa mapiri aatali onse amene anali pansi pa thambo lonse. Zonse zimene m’mphuno zawo munali mpweya wa mzimu wa moyo, zonse zinali pamtunda, zinafa.’​—Genesis 7:19, 22.

Nthano zambiri zonena za Chigumula zimanena kuti mwamuna wina anapulumuka Chigumulacho limodzi ndi wina kapena anthu ena owonjezereka. Nthano zambiri zimanena kuti munthuyo anathaŵira m’ngalaŵa imene anaimanga, ndipo inakocheza paphiri. Mofananamo, Malemba amanena kuti Nowa anamanga chingalaŵa. Amanenanso kuti: ‘Anatsala Nowa yekha ndi amene anali pamodzi naye m’chingalaŵa.’ (Genesis 6:5-8; 7:23) Malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, chitatha Chigumulacho ‘chingalaŵa chinaima pa mapiri a Ararati,’ kumene Nowa ndi banja lake anatsika. (Genesis 8:4, 15-18) Nthano zimasonyezanso kuti opulumuka Chigumulawo anayamba kudzaza dziko lapansi, monga momwe Baibulo limasonyezera kuti banja la Nowa linatero.​—Genesis 9:1; 10:1.

Nthano Zamakedzana za Chigumula

Polingalira mfundo zomwe tatchulazo, tiyeni tipende nthano zina za Chigumula. Bwanji titayambira ndi nzika za Sumer, anthu amakedzana omwe anakhala m’Mesopotamiya. Malongosoledwe awo a Chigumula anapezedwa pa phale lomwe linafukulidwa m’mabwinja a Nippur. Phale limeneli limanena kuti Anu ndi Enlil milungu ya ku Sumer anasankha kuwononga anthu ndi chigumula chachikulu. Pokhala atachenjezedwa ndi Enki, Ziusudra ndi banja lake anakhoza kupulumukira m’chingalaŵa chachikulu.

Ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh ya ku Babulo ili ndi tsatanetsatane wochuluka. Malinga ndi kunena kwake, Gilgamesh anachezera kholo lake Utnapishtim, yemwe anapatsidwa moyo wamuyaya pambuyo pa kupulumuka Chigumula. M’kukambitsirana kwawo, Utnapishtim anafotokoza kuti anauzidwa kumanga chombo ndikutenga ng’ombe, nyama zakuthengo, ndi banja lake kuloŵa mkati mwake. Anamanga chombocho monga chibokosi chachikulu cha mamita 60 mbali iriyonse, chokhala ndi zipinda zosanja zisanu ndi chimodzi. Anamuuza Gilgamesh kuti nkunthowo unali wa masiku asanu ndi limodzi usana ndi usiku, ndiyeno amati: “Pamene tsiku lachisanu ndi chiŵiri linafika, nkunthowo, Chigumulacho, ndi nkhondoyo inalekeka, yomwe inakantha ngati gulu lankhondo. Nyanja inachita bata, chimphepo chinaleka, ndipo Chigumula chinatha. Ndinayang’ana panyanja ndipo kumveka kwa mawu kunaleka. Ndipo anthu onse anasanduka dongo.”

Pamene ngalaŵayo inakocheza pa phiri la Nisir, Utnapishtim anatulutsa njiwa yomwe inabwerera ku ngalaŵayo pamene inalephera kupeza malo oimapo. Ndiyeno anatumiza mnamzeze yemwenso anabwerera. Kenako anatulutsa khungubwe, ndipo pamene sanabwerere, anadziŵa kuti madzi aphwera. Choncho Utnapishtim anatulutsa zinyama napereka nsembe.

Nthano yakale imeneyi njofananako ndi cholembedwa cha Baibulo cha Chigumula. Komabe, simafotokoza momvekera bwino tsatanetsatane wa cholembedwa cha Baibulo, ndipo siimapereka miyezo yomveka ya chingalaŵacho ndiponso siimatchula nyengo ya nthaŵi yosonyezedwa m’Malemba. Mwachitsanzo, Ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh inanena kuti nkunthowo unali wa masiku asanu ndi limodzi usana ndi usiku, pamene Baibulo limanena kuti ‘mvula inali pa dziko lapansi masiku makumi anayi usana ndi usiku’​—mvula yamphamvu yosalekeza yomwe potsirizira pake inakuta dziko lonse ndi madzi.​—Genesis 7:12.

Ngakhale kuti Baibulo limatchula opulumuka Chigumula asanu ndi atatu, m’nthano Yachigiriki Deucalion yekha ndi mkazi wake, Pyrrha, ndiwo anapulumuka. (2 Petro 2:5) Malinga ndi nthano imeneyi, Chigumula chisanadze padziko lapansi panali anthu achiwawa otchedwa anthu onga mkuwa. Mulungu Zeu anasankha kuwawononga ndi chigumula chachikulu ndipo anamuuza Deucalion kumanga chibokosi chachikulu ndikuloŵamo. Pamene chigumula chinaphwa, chibokosicho chinakocheza pa phiri la Parnassus. Deucalion ndi Pyrrha anatsika paphiripo nayambanso mtundu wa anthu.

Nthano za ku Far East

Ku Indiya kuli nthano ya Chigumula mmene Manu ndiye munthu amene anapulumuka. Iye anapalana ubwenzi ndi nsomba yaing’ono yomwe inakula kukhala yaikulu ndipo inamuchenjeza za chigumula chosakaza. Manu anamanga ngalaŵa, imene nsombayo inaikoka kufikira inakocheza paphiri lina pakati pa Himalayas. Pamene chigumula chinaphwa, Manu anatsika paphiripo ndipo pamodzi ndi Ida, nsembe yake yomwe inasanduka munthu, anayambanso fuko la anthu.

Malinga ndi nthano ya ku Tchaina yonena za chigumula, mulungu wa bingu anapereka dzino kwa ana aŵiri, Nuwa ndi Fuxi. Anawalangiza kulibzala ndikubisala m’chibade chomwe chikamera. Mofulumira mtengo unamera padzinolo nubala chibade chachikulu. Pamene mulungu wa bingu anachititsa mvula yamvumbi, anawo analoŵa m’chibadecho. Ngakhale kuti chigumulacho chinamiza nzika zonse zapadziko lapansi, Nuwa ndi Fuxi anapulumuka nadzazanso dziko lonse ndi anthu.

Ku Amereka

Amwenye a ku North America ali ndi nthano zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi nkhani yofanana ya chigumula chimene chinawononga onse kupatulapo anthu oŵerengeka. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a fuko la Caddo, a Arikara amanena kuti panthaŵi ina dziko lapansi linakhalidwa ndi fuko la anthu omwe anali amphamvu kwakuti ankaseka milungu. Mulungu Nesaru anawononga zimphona zimenezi ndi chigumula koma anasunga anthu ake, zinyama, ndi chimanga m’phanga. Anthu a fuko la Havasupai amanena kuti mulungu Hokomata anachititsa chigumula chimene chinawononga anthu. Komabe, Tochopa anasunga mwana wake wamkazi Pukeheh mwakumtsekera m’chipinjiri champhako.

Amwenye a ku Central ndi South America ali ndi nthano zachigumula zofanana. Anthu a fuko la Maya a ku Central America anakhulupirira kuti chinjoka chachikulu chobweretsa mvula chinawononga dziko ndi madzi osefukira. Ku Mexico nthano ya anthu a fuko la Chimalpopoca imasimba za chigumula chomwe chinamiza mapiri. Mulungu Tezcatlipoca anachenjeza munthu wotchedwa Nata, amene anapanga mphako m’chipinjiri mmene iye ndi mkazi wake, Nena, anabisala kufikira madzi ataphwa.

Ku Peru anthu a fuko la Chincha ali ndi nthano ya chigumula cha masiku asanu chimene chinawononga anthu onse kusiyapo kokha munthu mmodzi yemwe anaperekezedwa kupita kumalo achisungiko paphiri ndi ngamila yolankhula. Anthu a fuko la Aymara a ku Peru ndi Bolivia amanena kuti mulungu Viracocha anatuluka m’Nyanja ya Titicaca ndikulenga dziko ndi anthu aakulu kwambiri, amphamvu. Chifukwa chakuti fuko loyambirira limeneli linamkwiyitsa, Viracocha anawawononga ndi chigumula.

Amwenye a fuko la Tupinamba a ku Brazil analankhula za nthaŵi imene chigumula chachikulu chinamiza makolo awo onse kupatulapo awo amene anapulumukira mu amwadiya kapena pamwamba pa mitengo yaitali. Anthu a fuko la Cashinaua a ku Brazil ndi a fuko la Macushi a ku Guyana, a fuko la Carib a ku Central America, ndi la Ona ndi Yahgan a ku Tierra del Fuego ku South America ali ena a mafuko ambiri amene ali ndi nthano za chigumula.

Ku South Pacific ndi ku Asia

Ku South Pacific konse, nthano za chigumula chimene anthu oŵerengeka anachipulumuka nzofala. Mwachitsanzo, ku Samoa kuli nthano ya chigumula cha m’nthaŵi zoyambirira chimene chinawononga aliyense kusiyapo kokha Pili ndi mkazi wake. Anapeza chitetezo pathanthwe, ndipo chitatha chigumula analidzazanso dziko lapansi ndi anthu. M’zisumbu za ku Hawaii, mulungu Kane anakwiya ndi anthu ndipo anatumiza chigumula chodzawawononga. Nuʹu yekha ndiye anapulumuka m’ngalaŵa yaikulu imene pomalizira pake inakocheza paphiri.

Ku Mindanao, mu Philippines, anthu a fuko la Ata amanena kuti panthaŵi ina dziko lapansi linakutidwa ndi madzi amene anawononga aliyense kusiyapo kokha amuna aŵiri ndi mkazi mmodzi. Anthu a fuko la Iban a ku Sarawak, Borneo, amanena kuti anthu oŵerengeka okha anapulumuka chigumula mwakuthaŵira kuzitunda zazitali. M’nthano ya anthu a fuko la Igorot a ku Philippines, amati mwamuna wina ndi mchemwali wake ndiwo anapulumuka mwakuthaŵira ku phiri la Pokis.

Anthu a fuko la Soyot a ku Siberia, Russia, amanena kuti chule wamkulu, yemwe ankachilikiza dziko lapansi, anasuntha napangitsa dziko lonse kusefukiridwa. Mwamuna wina wachikulire ndi banja lake anapulumukira m’ngalaŵa yomwe anaipanga. Pamene madziwo anaphwa, ngalaŵayo inakocheza paphiri lalitali. Anthu a fuko la Ugrian a kumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi Hungary amanenanso kuti opulumuka chigumulacho anagwiritsira ntchito ngalaŵa koma zinapita kumbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko lapansi.

Zinachokera Kumalo Amodzi

Kodi tingatsimikizirenji kuchokera ku nthano zambiri za Chigumula? Ngakhale kuti tsatanetsatane wake amasiyana kwambiri, ziri ndi mbali zina zofanana. Izi zimasonyeza kuti zinachokera ku chochitika chachikulu chatsoka chosaiŵalika. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyanasiyana kwa nkhanizo m’mazana ambiri, mutu wankhani waukulu uli ngati nkhosi imene imazilunzanitsa ku chochitika chimodzi chachikulu​—Chigumula chapadziko lonse chosimbidwa m’cholembedwa chosavuta, chosasintha cha Baibulo.

Popeza kuti nthano za Chigumula zimapezeka mofala pakati pa anthu amene sanadziŵe Baibulo kufikira zaka mazana aposachedwapa, kungakhale kolakwa kunena kuti anazitenga ku cholembedwa cha Malemba. Ndiponso, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia imanena kuti: “Kaŵirikaŵiri kupezeka padziko lonse kwa mbiri za chigumula kumatengedwa monga umboni wakuwonongedwa kwa dziko lonse la anthu ndi chigumula . . . Ndiponso, mbiri zina zamakedzana zinalembedwa ndi anthu omwe anali kutsutsa mwamphamvu mwambo Wachihebri ndi Wachikristu.” (Volyumu 2, tsamba 319) Chotero tingagamule mwachidaliro kuti nthano zonena za Chigumula zimatsimikizira zenizeni za mbiri Yabaibulo.

Pokhala m’dziko lodzazidwa ndi chiwawa ndi chisembwere, tingachite bwino kuŵerenga mbiri Yabaibulo ya Chigumula, monga momwe yalembedwera m’Genesis mutu 6 mpaka 8. Ngati tisinkhasinkha pa chifukwa chimene Chigumula chapadziko lonse chimenecho chinadzera​—kuchita zoipa pamaso pa Mulungu​—tidzawonamo chenjezo lofunika.

Posachedwapa dongosolo lazinthu loipali lidzakumana ndi chiweruzo chowopsa cha Mulungu. Komabe, mosangalatsa, padzakhala opulumuka. Mungakhale mmodzi wa iwo ngati mulabadira mawu a mtumwi Petro akuti: ‘Dziko lapansi la masiku [a Nowa], pomizika ndi madzi, lidawonongeka; koma miyamba ndi dziko la masiku ano, ndi mawu omwewo zaikika kumoto, zosungika kufikira tsiku la chiweruzo ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu osapembedza. . . . Popeza izi zonse zidzakanganuka kotero, muyenera inu kukhala anthu otani nanga, m’mayendedwe opatulika ndi m’chipembedzo, akuyembekezera ndi kufulumira kwa kudza kwake kwa tsiku la [Yehova, NW].’​—2 Petro 3:6-12.

Kodi mudzayembekezera kudza kwake kwa tsiku la Yehova? Ngati muchita zimenezo ndikuchitapo kanthu mogwirizana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, mudzalandira madalitso aakulu. Amene amakondweretsa Yehova Mulungu mwanjira imeneyo angakhale ndi chikhulupiriro m’dziko latsopano lomwe Petro akusonyako pamene awonjezera kuti: ‘Koma monga mwa lonjezano [la Mulungu] tiyembekezera miyamba yatsopano, ndi dziko latsopano mmenemo mukhalitsa chilungamo.’​—2 Petro 3:13.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Nthano zachigumula za ku Babulo zinaperekedwa kuchokera ku mbadwo umodzi kunka ku wina

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Kodi mukulabadira chenjezo la Petro lakuyembekezera tsiku la Yehova?