Kodi nchiyani chachitikira ulamuliro?

ANTHU oganiza amaona kufunika kwa ulamuliro. Popanda dongosolo la ulamuliro lamtundu winawake, chitaganya cha anthu chingakhale chosokonezeka mofulumira. Nchifukwa chake, buku lophunziridwa lotchuka Lachifalansa lonena za mpambo wa malamulo limati: “M’gulu lililonse la anthu, mumapezeka magulu aŵiri a anthu: awo amene amalamula ndi awo amene amamvera, awo amene amapereka malamulo ndi awo amene amatsatira, atsogoleri ndi ziŵalo, olamulira ndi olamuliridwa. . . . Kukhalapo kwa ulamuliro kungaonedwe m’chitaganya chilichonse cha anthu.”a

Komabe, mikhalidwe yamaganizo kulinga ku ulamuliro yasintha kuyambira pa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndipo makamaka kuyambira m’ma 1960. Pothirira ndemanga pa nyengo imeneyo, Encyclopædia Universalis Yachifalansa imanena za “tsoka la kutsutsa olamulira ndi la kutsutsa ulamuliro.” Tsoka lotero silili lodabwitsa kwa ophunzira Baibulo. Mtumwi Paulo analosera kuti: “Kumbukirani, nyengo yomalizira ya dziko ili idzakhala nthaŵi ya chipwirikiti! Anthu sadzakonda kalikonse koma iwo eni ndi ndalama; adzakhala onyada, odzikuza, ndi amwano; osamvera makolo . . . ; adzakhala osakhululuka m’maudani awo, . . . osadziletsa ndi achiwawa, . . . otukumuka ndi kudzikweza. Adzakonda zokondweretsa zawo koposa Mulungu wawo.”​—2 Timoteo 3:1-4, The Revised English Bible.

Ulamuliro uli Patsoka

Ulosi umenewu umafotokoza bwino lomwe masiku athu. Ulamuliro umakayikiridwa kulikonse​—m’banja, kusukulu za onse, kuyunivesite, m’mabungwe amalonda, m’boma lakumaloko kapena la mtundu wonsewo. Kusintha m’zakugonana, nyimbo zenizeni za rap, zionetsero zotsutsa za ophunzira, kukana ntchito, kusamvera boma, ndi machitachita a uchigaŵenga zonsezo zili zizindikiro za kunyonyotsoka kwa ulemu kaamba ka ulamuliro.

Pankhani yosiyirana imene inalinganizidwa ku Paris ndi French Institute of Political Science ndi Le Monde ya ku Paris yatsiku ndi tsiku, Profesa Yves Mény ananena kuti: “Ulamuliro ungangokhalapo ngati ukuchirikizidwa ndi kuyenera kwalamulo.” Chimodzi cha zifukwa za tsoka la ulamuliro la lerolino nchakuti ambiri amakayikira kuyenera kwalamulo kwa awo olamulira. Ndiko kuti, amakayikira kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro. Kufufuza kunavumbula kuti kuchiyambiyambi kwa ma 1980, 9 peresenti ya anthu ku United States, 10 peresenti ku Australia, 24 peresenti ku Britain, 26 peresenti ku France, ndi 41 peresenti ku India anaona maboma awo kukhala osayenera mwalamulo.

Kufunafuna kwa Munthu Ulamuliro Woyenera Mwalamulo

Malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, munthu pachiyambi anali pansi pa ulamuliro wachindunji wa Mulungu. (Genesis 1:27, 28; 2:16, 17) Komabe, pachiyambi penipenipo, anthu anafuna ufulu wakudzilamulira mwamakhalidwe kuchokera kwa Mlengi wawo. (Genesis 3:1-6) Pokhala atakana teokrase, kapena ulamuliro wa Mulungu, anafunikira kupeza mitundu ina ya ulamuliro. (Mlaliki 8:9) Ena anadzitengera ulamuliro mwa mphamvu. Kwa iwo, mphamvuzo zinali kuyenera. Kukhala olimba mokhoza kuumiriza chifuniro chawo kunali kokwanira. Komabe, ochuluka anaona kufunika kwa kupangitsa kuyenera kwawo kwa kulamulira kukhala kwalamulo.

Kuyambira kalekale olamulira ambiri anachita zimenezi mwa kunena kuti anali milungu kapena kuti analandira mphamvuzo kwa milungu. Limeneli ndi lingaliro lanthanthi la “ufumu wopatulika,” lonenedwa ndi olamulira oyambirira a ku Mesopotamia ndi Afarao a ku Igupto wakale.

Alexander Wamkulu, mafumu a Ahelene amene anamloŵa m’malo, ndi mafumu ambiri a Aroma nawonso ananena kuti anali milungu ndipo anafuna ngakhale kulambiridwa. Madongosolo oyang’aniridwa ndi olamulira otero anali kutchedwa “magulu olambira olamulira,” ndipo cholinga chawo chinali kulimbitsa ulamuliro wa wolamulirayo pa anthu osiyanasiyana ogonjetsedwa. Kukana kulambira wolamulira kunatsutsidwa monga mchitidwe wopandukira Boma. Mu The Legacy of Rome, Profesa Ernest Barker analemba kuti: “Kuonedwa monga mulungu kwa mfumu [Yachiroma], ndi ulemu umene imalandira chifukwa cha umulungu wake, mwachionekere zili maziko, kapena mulimonse mmene zingakhalire chomangira, cha ufumuwo.”

Zimenezi zinakhalabe choncho ngakhale pamene “Chikristu” chinapangidwa kukhala chalamulo ndi Mfumu Constantine (amene analamulira mu 306-337 C.E.) ndi kulandiridwa pambuyo pake monga chipembedzo cha Boma cha Ufumu wa Roma ndi Mfumu Theodosius I (amene analamulira mu 379-395 C.E.). Mafumu ena “Achikristu” analambiridwa monga milungu kufikira m’zaka za zana lachisanu C.E.

“Mphamvu Ziŵiri,” “Malupanga Aŵiri”

Pamene dongosolo la apapa linakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, mavuto pakati pa Tchalitchi ndi Boma anakula. Motero, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu C.E., Papa Gelasius I anayambitsa lingaliro la “mphamvu ziŵiri”: ulamuliro wopatulika wa apapa wokhalako limodzi ndi mphamvu zachifumu za mafumu​—mafumu akumakhala aang’ono kwa apapa. Pambuyo pake lingaliro limeneli linakhala chiphunzitso cha “malupanga aŵiri”: “Lupanga lauzimu limene apapa eniwo anagwiritsira ntchito, kumagaŵira lupanga lakuthupi kwa olamulira wamba, komano enawa anayenerabe kugwiritsira ntchito lupanga lakuthupilo malinga ndi malangizo aupapa.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Pa maziko a chiphunzitso chimenechi, mkati mwa Nyengo Zapakati, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinadzitengera kuyenera kwa kulonga mafumu kuti chichititse ulamuliro wawo kukhala walamulo, motero chikumapitiriza nthanthi yakale ya “ufumu wopatulika.”

Komabe, zimenezi siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi kotchedwa kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, kobwera pambuyo pake kumene kunali ndi cholinga cha kumasula olamulira andale ku kugonjera ku dongosolo la apapa. Chiphunzitso cha kuyenera kwaumulungu chimanena kuti mafumu amalandira mwachindunji kwa Mulungu ulamuliro wawo wa kulamulira, osati kupyolera mwa papa wa Roma. New Catholic Encyclopedia imati: “Panthaŵi imene papa anali kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yonse yauzimu ndipo ngakhale yakuthupi pa akulu a maboma, lingaliro la kuyenera kwaumulungu linaika mafumu a maboma amitundu pamalo okhoza kulungamitsa ulamuliro wawo kukhala waumulungu mofanana ndi uja wa papa.”b

Nthanthi ya Uchifumu wa Ambiri

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anthu anayambitsa magwero ena a ulamuliro. Ena anali uchifumu wa anthu. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro limeneli linayambira ku Girisi. Komabe, demokrase yakale Yachigiriki inangochitidwa m’zigawo zoŵerengeka chabe, ndipo ngakhale mmenemu nzika zachimuna zokha ndizo zinkachita chisankho. Akazi, akapolo ndi alendo​—oyerekezeredwa kukhala theka kufikira anayi a magawo asanu a anthu​—anasiyidwa. Sunali konse uchifumu wa ambiri!

Kodi ndani amene anachirikiza lingaliro la uchifumu wa anthu? Modabwitsa, linayambitsidwa m’Nyengo Zapakati ndi akatswiri azaumulungu a Roma Katolika. M’zaka za zana la 13, Thomas Aquinas anakhulupirira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti uchifumu umayambira kwa Mulungu, uli mwa anthu. Lingaliro limeneli linavomerezedwa ndi ambiri. New Catholic Encyclopedia imati: “Lingaliro limeneli lakuti anthu ndiwo magwero a ulamuliro linachirikizidwa ndi unyinji waukulu wa akatswiri azaumulungu Achikatolika a m’zaka za zana la 17.”

Kodi nchifukwa ninji akatswiri azaumulungu a m’tchalitchi chimene anthu analibemo chonena chilichonse posankha papa, bishopu, kapena wansembe anachirikiza lingaliro la uchifumu wa anthu? Chifukwa chakuti mafumu a ku Ulaya anali otekeseka kwambiri pansi pa ulamuliro waupapa. Chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa ambiri chinapatsa papa mphamvu ya kulanda mpando mfumu kapena wolamulira ngati kunali kofunikira. Olemba mbiri Will ndi Ariel Durant analemba kuti: “Otetezera uchifumu wa ambiri anaphatikizapo Ajesuit ambiri, amene anaona m’lingaliro limeneli njira yofooketsera ulamuliro wachifumu ndi kulimbitsa waupapa. Ngati ulamuliro wa mafumu umachokera kwa anthu, ndipo motero nkuwadalira, mwachionekere uli waung’ono ku ulamuliro wa apapa, anatsutsa motero Kadinala Bellarmine . . . Luis Molina, Mjesuit wa ku Spain, anamaliza kuti anthu, pokhala magwero a ulamuliro wakudziko, akhoza moyenerera​—koma mwa njira yadongosolo​—kuchotsa mfumu yosalungama.”

Ndithudi, “njira yadongosolo” ikakonzedwa ndi papa. Potsimikizira zimenezi, Histoire Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique Yachifalansa Yachikatolika imagwira mawu Biographie universelle, imene imati: “Bellarmine . . . amaphunzitsa monga chiphunzitso chofala Chachikatolika kuti akalonga amatenga mphamvu yawo mwa kusankhidwa ndi anthu, ndi kuti anthu angagwiritsire ntchito kuyenera kumeneku kokha pansi pa chisonkhezero cha apapa.” (Kanyenye n’ngwathu.) Motero uchifumu wa ambiri unakhala chida chimene papa akakhoza kugwiritsira ntchito kusonkhezera kusankhidwa kwa olamulira ndipo, ngati kutafunikira, kuwachotsa. M’nthaŵi zaposachedwapa, walola bungwe Lachikatolika kusonkhezera ochita chisankho Achikatolika m’mademokrase owaimira.

M’mademokrase amakono kuyenera kwalamulo kwa boma kuli kozikidwa pa chotchedwa “chivomerezo cha olamuliridwa.” Komabe, chimenechi kwakukulukulu chili “chivomerezo cha unyinji,” ndipo chifukwa cha mphwayi ya ochita chisankho ndi magaŵano m’ndale, kaŵirikaŵiri “unyinji” umenewu kwenikweni wangokhala oŵerengeka mwa anthuwo. Lerolino, “chivomerezo cha olamuliridwa” kaŵirikaŵiri chimatanthauza zosaposa pa “kungovomereza popanda mawu, kapena kusoŵa chochita, kwa olamuliridwa.”

Nthanthi ya Uchifumu wa Mtundu

Nthanthi ya ufumu wopatulika yochirikizidwa ndi apapa oyambirira inadzavuta dongosolo la apapa pamene inasandulika kukhala kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu. Mofananamo chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa ambiri chinadzavutitsanso Tchalitchi cha Katolika. M’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, anzeru akudziko, onga ngati Thomas Hobbes ndi John Locke Angelezi ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau Mfalansa, anapenda lingaliro la uchifumu wa ambiri. Iwo anayambitsa mitundu ya chiphunzitso cha “pangano la anthu” pakati pa olamulira ndi olamuliridwa. Malingaliro awo anali ozikidwa pa “lamulo lachibadwa” osati pa zaumulungu, ndipo lingalirolo linadzakhala zikhulupiriro zimene zinavulaza kowopsa Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi dongosolo la apapa.

Atangomwalira Rousseau, chipanduko chotchedwa French Revolution chinaulika. Chipanduko chimenechi chinawononga malingaliro ena a kuyenera kwalamulo, koma chinayambitsa latsopano, lingaliro la uchifumu wa mtundu. The New Encyclopædia Britannica imanena kuti: “Afalansa ananyansidwa ndi kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, kuloŵa ufumu kwa apamwamba, mathayo a Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika.” Koma, Britannica ikuti, “Chipandukocho chinachititsa chinthu chatsopano, boma la mtundu, kukhwima.” Ochirikiza chipandukowo anafunikira “chinthu” chatsopano chimenechi. Chifukwa ninji?

Chifukwa chakuti pansi pa dongosolo limene Rousseau anachirikiza, nzika zonse zikakhala ndi chonena cholingana posankha olamulira. Zimenezi zikanachititsa demokrase yozikidwa pa ufulu wa onse wakuchita chisankho​—umene atsogoleri a chipanduko cha French Revolution sanakonde. Profesa Duverger akufotokoza kuti: “Kwakukulukulu chinali chifukwa chofuna kupeŵa chotsatirapo chimenechi, cholingaliridwa kukhala choipa, chimene chinachititsa kuti, kuyambira mu 1789 mpaka mu 1791, apamwamba a mu Constituent Assembly ayambitse chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa mtundu. Iwo anagwirizanitsa anthu ndi ‘Mtundu,’ umene anaona kukhala chiungwe chenicheni, chosiyana ndi mbali zake zosiyanasiyana. Mtundu wokha, kupyolera mwa oimira ake, ndiwo uli ndi mphamvu ya kuchita uchifumu . . . Chooneka ngati demokrase, chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa mtundu sichili konse chademokrase chifukwa chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa boma, makamaka la munthu mmodzi.” (Kanyenye n’ngwake.)

Zoyesayesa Zaumunthu Nzolephera

Kuvomereza Boma la Mtundu kukhala magwero a ulamuliro kunachititsa utundu. The New Encyclopædia Britannica imati: “Utundu kaŵirikaŵiri umalingaliridwa kukhala wakale kwambiri; nthaŵi zina umaonedwa molakwa monga mbali yachikhalire m’kakhalidwe kazandale. Kwenikweni, zipanduko za ku America ndi ku France zingaonedwe monga zisonyezero zake zoyamba zamphamvu.” Kuchokera pa zipandukozo, utundu wasesa America, Ulaya, Africa, ndi Asia. Nkhondo zowopsa zaloledwa mwalamulo m’dzina la utundu.

Wolemba mbiri wa ku Britain Arnold Toynbee analemba kuti: “Mzimu wa Utundu ndiwo kusasa kwa vinyo watsopano wa Demokrase m’mabotolo akale a Ufuko. . . . Kugwirizana kodabwitsa kumeneku kwa Demokrase ndi Ufuko kwakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri m’ndale zogwira ntchito za Dziko lathu Lakumadzulo lamakono kuposa Demokrase yeniyeniyo.” Utundu sunadzetse dziko lamtendere. Toynbee anati: “Nkhondo za Chipembedzo zatsatiridwa, pambuyo pa kupuma pang’ono, ndi Nkhondo za Utundu; ndipo m’Dziko lathu Lakumadzulo lamakono mzimu wa changu chachipembedzo ndi mzimu wa changu cha mtundu mwachionekere ndi umodzi ndipo uli chisonkhezero choipa chimodzimodzicho.”

Kupyolera m’nthanthi za “ufumu wopatulika,” “kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu,” “uchifumu wa ambiri,” ndi “uchifumu wa mtundu,” olamulira ayesa kuyeneretsa mwalamulo ulamuliro wawo pa anthu anzawo. Komabe, pambuyo pa kupenda mbiri ya olamulira aumunthu, Mkristu angangogwirizana ndi lingaliro losonyezedwa ndi Solomo: “Wina apweteka mnzake pomlamulira.”​—Mlaliki 8:9.

Mmalo mwa kulambira Boma landale, Akristu amalambira Mulungu ndipo amadziŵa kuti iye ndiye magwero alamulo a ulamuliro. Amavomerezana ndi wamasalmo Davide amene anati: “Zanu, Yahweh, ndi ukulu, mphamvu, kukongola, kutalika kwa masiku ndi ulemerero, zonse za m’mwamba ndi za padziko lapansi nzanu. Ufumu ndi wanu, Yahweh; ndinu wokwezeka, wopambana onse.” (1 Mbiri 29:11, The New Jerusalem Bible) Komabe, chifukwa cha ulemu kaamba ka Mulungu, amasonyeza ulemu woyenera ku ulamuliro wakudziko ndi wauzimu womwe. Njira imene angachitire zimenezi mwachimwemwe ndi chifukwa chake zidzapendedwa m’nkhani ziŵiri zotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinadzitengera ulamuliro wa kulonga mafumu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kuikidwa kwa Charlemagne: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris