Mmene Dziko Linagwidwira

PHUNGU wa nyumba ya malamulo Wachimereka amasuta mapaketi aŵiri a ndudu tsiku lirilonse. “Ndidziwa kuti adzachepetsa moyo wanga . . . mwinamwake adzandipha,” iye anauza antchito anzake m’makambitsirano onena za kuchirikiza mtengo wogulitsira kaamba ka olima fodya. “Sindimakondwerera tsiku lomwe ndinamwerekerera ndi zonyansa izi.”

Phunguyu saali yekha m’kumva chisoni kwake kumeneko. Mwa kuyerekezera kwina, 90 peresenti ya osuta a m’dziko lake mwina ayesapo kuleka kapena amafuna kuleka. Ndipo mu 1983 mokha, nzika za Japani zosuta fodya zokwanira mamiliyoni aŵiri zinaleka. Bukhu lina laukumu limati: “Pafupifupi ozolowera kusuta fodya onse amawonekera kukhala akumamva chisoni kuti anayamba kusuta fodya ndipo amachenjeza mbadwa zawo kuti zisatsatire zitsanzo zawo.”

Koma kodi ndimotani mmene osuta fodya omva chisoni onsewa anayambira kuphatikizidwa mwamphamvu? Mwanjira inayake, monga momwe wofufuzayo Robert Sobel akunenera ponena za dziko lino, “kaamba ka chabwino kapena choipa chirichonse chomwe kungabweretse, ife tadzigwirizanitsa mofanana ndi kutsungula kundudu za mapepala zimenezo zokhala ndi mlingo waung’ono zitsamba zosinjidwa.” Imodzi ya maindasitale aakulu asanu ndi imodzi opanga ndudu iri ndi antchito okwanira mbali imodzi mwa zinayi za miliyoni imodzi. Chaka chirichonse malonda ake m’maiko okwanira 78 m’makontinenti asanu ndi limodzi amakhala ndi chiwonkhetso cha $10 biliyoni (U.S.). Kodi ndimotani mmene chizolowezi chosafunika mofala choterocho chingapangire kufunika kofunikiritsa indastale yaikulu kwambiri imene imachirikiza chizolowezicho?

Kwenikweni, nkhani yonena za ndudu ingakhale imodzi ya zodabwitsa zazikulu koposa m’zaka zana zotsirizira. Zimene zinayambitsa kufunika kwadzawoneni kwa ichi chotchedwa zaka zana za ndudu zinali nkhondo ziŵiri za m’zaka za zana la-19. Indastale yobadwa chatsopano, kutsatsa malonda, zinasonkhezera moto. Ndipo fodya yodabwitsa yatsopano—yoyezuka moŵala, yosalala, ndi yosiyana mwa makemikolo—zinalimbitsa mtima osuta fodya kusuta utsi wake. Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneko m’zizolowezi za kusuta fodya, kusuta utsi, kunatsimikiziritsa kuti osuta ochulukitsitsa akakhala chigwidwire kwa miyoyo yawo yonse.

Nkhondo Zimene Zinakulitsa Chifunsirocho

Fodya inakhalabe yochititsa kumwaza kwamataya kufikira mu 1856, pamene ndudu zinayamba kutchuka pamsika. Pamenepo panali pamene asilikali ankhondo Achibritishi ndi Achifulenchi anabwerera kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yachikrimeya limodzi ndi “ndudu zamapepala” ndi chizolowezi chomwe anali ataphunzira kumeneko. Chizolowezi chosafunika cha kusuta ndudu chimenecho chinafalikira Yuropu yense, chikumapangitsa kufunidwa kosayembekezeredwa kwa ndudu zafodya Zachiturkey kapena zotsanzira zawo Zachingelezi.

“Chizolowezi chosafunika Chachikrimeya” chinakhazikitsa ndudu monga cholowa mmalo cha m’nthawi yankhondo chosakwera mtengo kaamba ka kaliwo kapena ndudu. Koma chizolowezi chosafunikacho chinatha. Kuwonjezerapo, monga momwe Robert Sobel akusonyezera, “kuchiyambiyambi kwa ma-1860, sipanawonekere njira iriyonse imene amuna a mzera wapakati Achimereka—msika waukulu wa kusuta—akanatengera ndudu.” Utsi wochokera m’ndudu zoyambirira zimenezi sunali womwerekeretsa mofanana ndi uja wa m’ndudu zamakono. Mofanana ndi utsi wa m’fodya yobulungika, unali wozizira pang’ono, ndipo osutawo ankausunga mkamwa mwawo. Panalibe njira iriyonse yabwinopo yokokera monga momwe osuta ndudu amachitira lerolino. Inali nthawi ya chochitika chodabwitsa chotsatira.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya Amereka (1861-65) inayambitsa kusuta komwerekeretsa koposerapo, ikumatero limodzi ndi chimene katswiri wa fodya Jerome E. Brooks akuchitcha kukhala “nyonga yokhoza kuphulika.” Kachiŵirinso, nkhondo inabweretsa ndudu zosakwera mtengo kwa asilikali ankhondo—choyamba Othandizira, kenako Chigwirizano. Koma panthawi ino chinali kudzakhala chizolowezi chosayenera chimene sichinali kudzachoka msanga.

Ndudu zimenezi zinagwiritsira ntchito fodya Yachimereka, ndipo kanthu kena ponena za izo kanali kosiyana. Alimi Achimereka anali atapeza maluso atsopano a fodya imene inakula bwino lomwe m’nthaka yawo yosakhala yachonde. Iwo anatulukiranso, mwanjira yachilendo yosalinganizidwiratu pafama ya ku North Carolina, mchitidwe wochiritsa umene unasanduliza tsamba lawo kukhala loyezuka ndi lowala, lozizira, ndi lokoma. Mu 1860 Census Bureau ya U.S. inautcha kukhala “chimodzi cha zochitika zachilendo koposa m’Zamalimidwe zimene dziko linadziwapo nkalelomwe.” Atamaliza ndudu zoŵerengeka za fodya yachilendo imeneyi, osuta chatsopanowo anamva chisonkhezero chokakamiza cha kukokanso.

Kugwidwa!

Pokhala wosamvetsetseka panthawiyo, msika waung’ono komabe womakula mosalekeza umenewu unali utafikira pa kukhala wodziimira paokha mwakuthupi, utagwidwa, pa zinthu zomwerekeretsa kwambiri. “Kusuta fodya kochitidwa kamodzi panthawi yakutiyakuti kapena kusuta zoposa ndudu ziŵiri kapena zitatu mkati ma nthawi yaubwana” pafupifupi mosasiyana kumatsogolera ku “kusuta fodya kwanthawi zonse kosakhoza kusiyidwa,” akutero wofufuza kumwerekera Dr. Michael A. H. Russell. “Mosafanana ndi wachichepere yemwe poyamba amakoka chamba kamodzi kapena kaŵiri pamlungu, wosuta wachichepereyu amakoka ‘tizidutswa’ tachikonga totsatizanatsatizana tokwanira mazana aŵiri podzafika nthawi imene atsiriza paketi lake loyamba la ndudu.”

Inde, kukoka kunali kwachinsinsi. Monga momwe kukuwonekera, chikonga, chidzalowa mozama ndi kulikwira khungu lokhala ndi mamina lamkati mwamphuno kokha m’mikhalidwe yozizira. Popeza kuti utsi wandudu uli ndi asidi pang’ono, ndiwo utsi wa fodya wokha umene uli wozizira mokwanira mkamwa ndi pammero kaamba ka kukokedwa kwanthawi ndi nthawi. Koma m’mapapumo asidi imatha mphamvu, ndipo chikonga chimalowa mwataŵataŵa m’mitsempha. M’timphindi tisanu ndi tiŵiri tokha mwazi wodzala ndi chikonga umafika kuubongo, kotero kuti kukoka kulikonse kumadzetsa chikonga panthawi yomweyo. Achichepere amene amasuta zoposa ndudu imodzi, akusimba motero maphunziro a boma Lachibritishi, amatsaliridwa kokha ndi mwaŵi wokwanira 15 peresenti kuti akhale osasuta fodya.

Chotero, m’zaka khumi zimodzimodzizo za Nkhondo Yachikrimeya, indastale ya ndudu za fodya inayambitsa chizolowezi champhamvu chatsopano. Mkati mwa zaka 20 ogulitsa malonda afodya anapeza lingaliro la kugwiritsira ntchito zilengezo zogwira maso m’manyuzipepala ndi za maulaliki kukopa makasitomala atsopano. Makina opangidwa mu 1880 anatulutsa ndudu zochulukitsitsa ndipo anasungitsa mtengo wake kukhala wochepa, pamene zithunzithunzi za ngwazi za m’zamasewera ndi madona omwetulira anagulitsa zifanizo za nduduzo kwa amuna alionse. Koma kodi nchiyani chomwe chinawapangitsa kuchuluka? Kudalira pa chikonga! Monga momwe wolemba nkhani za thanzi William Bennet, M.D., akunenera kuti: “Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makina, zilengezo zongwala ndi maluso ogulitsira zinawonjezera, koma [popanda chikonga] iwo sakanakhoza kugulitsa kabitchi wochuluka woumitsidwayo.”

Podzafika mu 1900 ndudu zatsopano, zimene zinali kale za m’maiko onse, zinali zokonzekera kugwira kwawo zolimba pa chitaganya cha dziko lonse.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

Wosuta watsopano amakoka “tizidutswa” ta chikonga tokwanira 200 kuchokera m’paketi limodzi lokha la ndudu