Chizolowezi Chimene Chimakwirira Chitsutso
MOFANANA ndi wosuta wosafunitsitsa yemwe sadzaleka, msika wa ndudu panthawi zina unachepetsa katundu wake wogwiritsiridwa ntchitoyo kuwopera kuti kusuta kungakhale kovulaza ndi komwerekeretsa, komabe nuyambiranso uli wotsimikiza koposa nkale lomwe. Kodi ndimchitidwe wotani umene umatsendereza mantha oterowo? Kulengeza ndi nkhondo! Zimenezi zakhala “njira ziŵiri zabwipo koposa zofalitsira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ndudu,” malinga ndi kunena kwa katswiri wolemba mbiri Robert Sobel.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ndudu kunakwera limodzi ndi ‘kuukirana kwa mitundu’ mu nkhondo ya dziko yoyamba. (Mateyu 24:7) Kodi nchiyani chomwe chinapangitsa fodya yolimidwa ndi Amereka kukwera kuyambira pa mabiliyoni 18 a ndudu mu 1914 kufikira ku mabiliyoni 47 podzafika mu 1918? Nkhondo yamtanda kaamba ka ndudu zaulere kwa asilikali ankhondo! Chiyambukiro cha chikongacho chinawonedwa kukhala chothandiza kuthetsera kusungulumwa m’mabwalo ankhondo.
“Pachira mavuto ako m’chikwama chakale/Pamene uli ndi lucifer [machisa] kuti ukolezere fag [ndudu] yako,” inalimbikitsa motero nyimbo Yachibritishi ya m’nthawi yankhondo. Pamene magulu aboma ndi magulu amtseri okonda dziko lawo anapereka fodya yaulere kwa amuna omenya nkhondo, palibe ngakhale otsutsa ndudu amene analimba mtima mokwanira kutsutsa.
Kugwiritsitsa
Osuta fodya otembenuzidwa chatsopanowo anafikira kukhala makasitomala abwino pambuyo pa nkhondo. Mu 1925 mokha, nzika Zachimereka zinagwiritsira ntchito avereji ya ndudu zokwanira pafupifupi 700 pa munthu mmodzi. Girisi wa pambuyo pa nkhondo anagwiritsiranso ntchito theka pamunthu aliyense kufanana ndi United States. Ndudu Zachimereka zinafikira kukhala zotchuka m’maiko ambiri, koma ena mofanana ndi Indiya, Tchayina, Japani, Italiya, ndi Poland anadalira pa fodya yolimidwa pamudzi kufikitsa zosowa za iwo eni.
Kuwonjezera kugwiritsitsa kwawo pamisika Yachimereka, olengezawo analunjikitsa pamadona. “Kulengeza fodya chakumapeto kwa ma-1920 kunanenedwa kukhala ‘kutaipitsitsa’” akusimba motero Jerome E. Brooks. Koma kulengezako kunachititsa nzika Zachimereka kugula ndudu mkati ndi pambuyo pavuto la zachuma la 1929. Ziwerengero zazikulu (pafupifupi $75 000 000 mu 1931) zinapititsa patsogolo ndudu monga zothandizira kuchepa thupi, zolowa m’malo za zikondamoyo. Akanema pokhala akumalemekeza ngwazi zosuta ndudu, zonga Marlene Dietrich, anathandizira kuyambitsa chithunzithunzi chocholowana chimenechi. Chotero mu 1939, mwamsanga nkhondo yadziko yatsopano isanayambike, akazi Achimereka anagwirizana ndi amunawo kusuta ndudu zokwanira mabiliyoni 180.
Nkhondo ina! Asilikali ankhondo anapezanso ndudu zaulere, ngakhale m’magawo awo a chakudya anthawi zonse. “Mwaŵi Uli ndi Opita ku Nkhondo!” chinatero chilengezo chotchuka kwambiri chikumakuza mkhalidwe wokondetsa dziko la munthuwe wa m’nthawi ya nkhondo. Popeza kuti kusuta ndudu mu United States kunayerekezeredwa kukhala mabiliyoni 400 chaka chirichonse podzafika mapeto a Nkhondo ya Dziko II. Kodi ndani amene akanakaikira malo a fodya m’dziko?
Ndithudi, kodi ndani amene akanatsutsa kufunika kwa ndudu kwa Yuropu wa pambuyo pa nkhondo, kumene pamfundo imodzi makatoni a ndudu analowedwa m’malo ndi ndalama m’misika yamtseri? Asilikali ankhondo Achimereka omwe anaikidwa m’Yuropu anagula ndudu zochepa zochepadi monga 5 sensi pa paketi limodzi ndipo analipilira chirichonse—kuyambira pa nsapato zatsopano kufikira ku mabwenzi achisungwana. Kugulitsira ndudu asilikali popanda msonkho kunakula kuyambira pa 5 400 pa munthu mmodzi mu 1945 kufikira 21 250 m’zaka ziŵiri zokha.
Kwazaka makumi angapo malingaliro alionse okaikiritsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwafodya anadodometsedwabe mwachipambano ndi anthu onse—sikuti anakanidwa koma kuti anangoposedwa mphamvu kokha ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa chizolowezi chofalacho. Komabe, mwamtseri, mafunso anatsalabe akuti: Kodi kusuta nkovulaza? Kodi nkoyera kapena nkoipitsa?
Mu 1952 funso loponderezedwa lonena za thanzi linavumbuluka mwadzidzidzi. Madokotala Achibritishi anafalitsa mapendedwe atsopano osonyeza kuti mikhole ya kensa inakhoterera kukhala yosuta fodya kwadzawoneni. Reader’s Digest inalemba nkhaniyo, ndipo kufalitsidwa kwakukulu kunatsatira. Podzafika mu 1953 mkupiti wotsutsa kusuta ndudu unawonekera kukhala ukumatsogolera kuchipambano. Kodi dziko likatha kuthetsa chizolowezicho?
Indasitale Yowopsa ya Ndudu
Mwapoyera, indasitale yandudu inaumilira kuti mawu otsutsana ndi ndudu anali osatsimikizirika, ongoyerekezera chabe. Koma mwadzidzidzi—ndi mosiyana—inavumbula chida chake chachinsinsi, ndudu ya phula losayengeka. Zotulutsidwa zatsopanozo zinawongolera chifanefane cha chitetezo ndi thanzi kwa osuta owopsezedwawo omwe sanafune kuleka, pamene kulengezanso kunatsimikizira kukhoza kwake kwa kugulitsa chifanefanecho.
Kwenikweni, fodya yokhala ndi phula losayengeka imeneyo inali yotsitsimula koposerapo ku chikumbumtima cha wosuta fodya koposa kuthanzi lake. Asayansi pambuyo pake anapeza kuti osuta ochuluka anabwezera mwa kukoka mwamphamvu koposerapo ndi mwa kusunga utsiwo m’mapapu kwanthawi yotalikirapo kufikira pamene anapeza chikonga chochuluka kwambiri koposa kale. Koma zaka zina makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu zikapita ofufuza asanachitire chitsanzo cha zimenezi. Pakali pano, ndudu zinatulukira monga imodzi ya maindasitale opata koposa padziko lonse, tsopano akumapeza mtengo wachaka ndi chaka woposa $40 biliyoni (U.S).
Mwazachuma indasitaleyi lerolino iri yamphamvupo koposa ndi kalelonse. Makasitomala amapitirizabe kumagula. Kugulidwa kwachaka ndi chaka kukuwonjezereka ndi 1 peresenti chaka chirichonse m’maiko otukuka ndi yoposa 3 peresenti m’maiko osatukuka a Afirika. M’Pakitsan ndi Brazil, kukulako nkowirikiza nthawi zisanu ndi imodzi kufikira zisanu ndi zitatu koposa m’maiko ochulukitsitsa a Kumadzulo. Mbali imodzi mwa zisanu zachuma chopezedwa cha dziko la Thailand imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kugulira ndudu.
Chikhalirechobe, kwa anthu olingalira ochuluka kugwiritsitsa kwa nkhani ya kukonda ndudu kwazaka 100 kwa padziko lonse sikumatanthauza mapeto a nkhaniyo. Kodi pakakhala zoposa kukwanira m’chiwonjezeko chachikulu kwadzawoneni chimenechi m’kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fodya, makamaka chiyambire 1914, ndi kuvomerezedwa kwake pafupifupi kwakhungu kochitidwa ndi ochuluka chotere? Kodi bwanji ponena za mafunso omwe amafunsidwa mwakamodzimodzi, onga malamulo amakhalidwe a chizolowezicho? Kodi kusuta fodya nkopanda liwongo mwamakhalidwe abwino kapena kodi nkoyenera kupakidwa liwongo? Nkhani yathu yotsatira ikupereka chidziwitso china.
[Chithunzi patsamba 7]
Kulengeza ndi nkhondo—njira ziŵiri zabwino koposa zofalitsira kusuta ndudu