Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 9: 551 B.C.E. kupita mtsogolo—Kufufuza kwa Kum’mawa kaamba ka Njira Yolondola

“Njira ya chowonadi iri yofanana ndi msewu waukulu.”—Meng-tzu, wanthanthi wotchuka wa ku China wa m’zana la 4 B.C.E.

CHIŴERENGERO chirichonse cha zipembedzo chimaika kudzinenera kwa kukhala njira ya chowonadi yomwe imatsogolera ku chipulumutso. Chikonfyushani, Chitao, ndi Chibuda, mwachitsanzo, zimatchedwa “njira zitatu” za China. Zipembedzo za ku Japan ndi Korea zimagwiritsira ntchito kalongosoledwe kofananako. Kokha kodi ndimotani mmene “njira” zosiyanasiyana zimenezi zimasiyanirana, ngati kulipo?

Chikonfyushani—Njira ya Munthu

Ngakhale kuti zochepera zikudziŵika motsimikizirika ponena za Confucius, ntchito ya chilozero yodziŵika imanena kuti iye “ayenera kuŵerengedwa pakati pa anthu achisonkhezero koposa m’mbiri ya dziko.” Mphunzitsi, wanthanthi ndi wanthano, za ndale zadziko, iye anakhala ndi moyo pakati pa 551 ndi 479 B.C.E. Dzina lake la m’banja linali K’ung, chotero pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa K’ung-Fu-tzu, kutanthauza “Mbuye K’ung.” Kalongosoledwe ka Chilatin ka mawuwo kali “Confucius.”

Confucius sanayambitse chipembedzo chatsopano. The Viking Portable Library World Bible ikulongosola kuti iye “anangolinganiza chomwe chinali chitakhalako m’dziko lomwe anabadwiramo kuchokera ku nthaŵi zosakumbukirika, kupatsa mtundu ku mabukhu ake, ulemu ku zolembedwa zake, ndi chigogomezero ku machitachita ake a makhalidwe.” Mkhalidwe wa anthu, osati nthano, unali chikondwerero chake chachikulu. Kuphunzitsa kwake kunali choyambirira mwambo wa mayanjano. Zoyesayesa zake za kufikira ofesi ya ndale zadziko zinasonkhezeredwa ndi chikhumbo chopambanitsa cha kuthetsa kuvutika kwa anthu ake. Moyenerera, kenaka, nthanthi ya mwamuna ameneyu—wa ndale zadziko wokwiyitsidwa kuposa mtsogoleri wachipembedzo wokalamira—yatchedwa “njira ya Chikonfyushani ya munthu.”

Confucius sanalingalire monkitsa za chipembedzo cha m’tsiku lake, akumanena kuti zochulukira za icho zinali kokha kukhulupirira malaulo. Atafunsidwa ngati iye anakhulupirira mwa Mulungu, iye moyerekeza anayankha kuti: “Ndikonda kusalankhula.” Koma zilozero zake zochulukira ku Tien, yotanthauza “Kumwamba,” zimamasuliridwa ndi ena kutanthauza kuti iye anakhulupirira m’chinachake kuposa kokha magwero opambana osakhala aumunthu.

Confucius anagogomezera mapindu a banja, ulemu kaamba ka ulamuliro, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayanjano. Iye anaitanira chisamaliro ku kufunika kwa maphunziro m’kukulitsa kuthekera ndi kulimbikitsa mikhalidwe yaumwini yofunikira kaamba ka kutumikira ena. Iye anagogomezera jen, liwu lomwe limatanthauza chikhumbo cha kuchita zabwino kulinga kwa mtundu wa anthu mwachisawawa, koma chifundo cha ana ndi ulemu waubale mwachindunji. Iye analimbikitsa kulambira makolo.

Zikhoterero zachindunji za Chikonfyushani zimenezi ziri zozindikiritsa anthu a ku Asia oleredwa mu mkhalidwe wa Chikonfyushani. Katswiri wa zamayanjano William Liu, wa pa Yuniversite ya ku Illinois pa Chicago, akunena kuti “mwambo wa Chikonfyushani umakokera anthu ku ntchito, kupambana ndi kulipira ngongole zomwe ali nazo kwa makolo awo.” Chotero, oloŵa m’dziko kuchokera ku maiko omwe ali ndi zisonkhezero zamphamvu za Chikonfyushani akhala odziŵika mu United States kaamba ka zizindikiritso zapadera zopambana za maphunziro ku sukulu.

Mwala wapangondya wa lingaliro la Chikonfyushani uli kusonkhanitsidwa kodziŵidwa kukhala Wu Ching (“Five Classics”). “Mabukhu Anayi,” kapena Ssu shu, owonjezeredwa m’zana la 12, akulingaliridwa kukhala ofunika koposa ku lingaliro la Chikonfyushani. Mkhalidwe wawo, wozindikiridwa ndi kulankhula mwachidule ndi kuwunjika mawu, umawapangitsa iwo kukhala ovuta kuwamvetsetsa.

Podzafika zana lachinayi C.E., machitachita a Chikonfyushani ankaphunzitsidwa mu Ufumu wa Kokuryo kumpoto kwa Korea. Chikonfyushani chinafalikira ku Japan mwinamwake pofika ku chiyambi kwa zana lachisanu C.E. Pa nthaŵiyo, kubwerera ku China “njira” ina inkakula.

Chitao—Njira ya Chibadwa

Tao, magwero a kulingalira kwa Chichina kaamba ka zaka zikwi zingapo, imatanthauza “njira” kapena “msewu.” Iyo inadzaimira njira yolondola yochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi njira yachibadwa imene chilengedwe cha ponseponse chimagwirira ntchito. Mwambo umanena kuti woyambitsa wake anali mnzake wa Confucius yemwe anabala Lao Tze wachichepere, kutanthauza kaya “Mnyamata Wachikulire” kapena “Wanthanthi (Wolemekezeka) Wachikulire.” Ena amadzinenera kuti Lao Tze ankatchedwa tero chifukwa chakuti, pambuyo pa kukhala ndi pakati kozizwitsa ndi mimba yotalikira ya zaka makumi angapo, amayi ake anabala iye pambuyo pakuti tsitsi lake linatembenuka kale kukhala loyera ndi ukalamba. Ena amanena kuti anapatsidwa dzina laulemu chifukwa cha kulemekeza ziphunzitso zake zanzeru.

Chitao chimaphunzitsa kuti pa kubadwa mwana amakhala ndi unyinji winawake wa “mpweya wa pasadakhale,” kapena mphamvu ya moyo. Mwa njira zosiyanasiyana, zonga ngati mwa kusinkhasinkha, makonzedwe a kadyedwe, kupuma ndi kulamulira kwa kugonana, kuchepetsedwa kosayenerera kwa “mpweya wa pasadakhale” kungapewedwe. Chotero, kutalikira kuli kogwirizana ndi kuyera.

Thupi la munthu limawonedwa monga chilengedwe cha ponseponse chochepera chomwe chiyenera kusungidwa m’chigwirizano choyenerera ndi chibadwa. Ichi chiyenera kuchita ndi chimene anthu a ku China anachitcha yin ndi yang, m’chenicheni mbali za phiri zokhala ndi mthunzi ndi zokhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuŵa. Chokulira ku nthanthi zonse za Chichina, yin ndi yang ziri zinthu zotsutsana, komabe mbali zothandizira, kuchokera m’zimene chirichonse m’chilengedwe chimapangidwa. The Encyclopedia of Religion ikulongosola kuti: “Yin imalamulira m’chirichonse chomwe chiri chakuda, chokhala ndi mthunzi, chozizira, chonyowa, chomacheperachepera, chokhota, cha pa dziko lapansi, mkazi, pamene kuli kwakuti yang kuli kuwala, kutentha, kuwuma, kuika phula, kusamva ndi ukali, kumwamba, ndi mwamuna.” Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa prinsipulo limeneli kukupezeka mu feng-shui, mkhalidwe wa kupenduza kwa Chichina kotchedwa kuchita ula m’Chicheŵa. Iko kwalinganizidwira kupeza malo a mwaŵi kaamba ka matauni ndi nyumba, koma makamaka kaamba ka manda. Kugwirizanitsa mphamvu za yin-yang za malo othekera ndi zija za nzika zake kudzatsimikizira, kukunenedwa tero, mkhalidwe wa komwe kwangotchulidwa potsirizirako. Helen Hardacre wa ku Yunivesite ya Princeton akulongosola kuti “kugwirizanitsa [kolondola] kwa mphamvu za thambo kukukhulupiridwa kupindulitsa akufa ndi kupeputsa kupita kwawo patsogolo m’dziko lina.”

Pamene akuyesera kusunga mphamvu za yin-yang zolinganizika, ngakhale kuli tero, palibe kuyesera komwe kuyenera kupangidwa kusintha mkhalidwe wawo wachibadwa mokakamiza. Ichi, chikulingaliridwa, kuti chikakhala kulimbana ndi kapangidwe, chikhulupiriro chimene chimalimbikitsa kusakangalika. Mu 1986 wodzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro wachikulire analongosola iko motere: “Chiphunzitso cha Chitao chiri kukhala chete ndi kusachita chirichonse. Kuchita chirichonse kumakhala m’kusachita chirichonse.” Mphamvu ya Chitao chotero yalinganizidwa ku madzi, omwe mosasamala kanthu za kufewa kwake amapindulitsa zolengedwa zonse.

Poyambirirapo, chinali cha mwambo kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthanthi ya Tao (mazana a 4/3 B.C.E.) ndi chipembedzo cha Tao (mazana a 2/3 C.E.). Kusiyanitsa kumeneku sikulinso kotsimikizirika kotero, popeza kuti chiri chowonekera kuti chipembedzo cha Tao chinasintha kuchokera ku nthanthi za Chitao zomwe zinachitsatira icho. Profesa wa chipembedzo Hans-Joachim Schoeps akunena kuti Chitao monga chipembedzo “sichiri chirichonse kuposa kupitiriza kwa chipembedzo cha nzika zakale za China. Pamagwero ake enieni pali kukhulupirira mizimu kopepuka . . . [kokhala ndi mizimu yomwe] imakhala ponseponse, kosatha ikumaika pa ngozi moyo wa anthu ndi umoyo. . . . Mu China wa lerolino, Chitao chabwerera m’mbuyo mu mkhalidwe wa chipembedzo cha kukhulupirira malaulo kaamba ka ochulukira.”

Shinto—Njira ya Kami

Japan yadziŵikanso kaamba ka chipembedzo cha nzika zakale, msanganizo wa “kukhulupirira milungu yambiri ya chibadwa ndi kulambira makolo,” monga mmene mkonzi wina akuchilongosolera icho. Poyambirira chipembedzo cha fuko chimenechi chinapita popanda dzina. Koma pamene, mkati mwa zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi C.E., Chibuda chinayambitsidwa ku Japan, dzina limodzi lomwe linaperekedwa ku Chibuda linali Butsudō, “njira ya Buddha.” Chotero, kuti asiyanitse pakati pa ichi ndi chipembedzo cha kumaloko, chomwe changotchulidwa kumenecho chinadzadziŵikitsa monga Shinto, “njira ya kami.”

Kami (milungu yosiyanasiyana kapena timilungu) iri ndithudi magwero olimba a Chishinto. Kami inadzalozera ku mphamvu yosakhala yaumunthu iriyonse kapena mulungu, kuphatikizapo milungu yachibadwa, amuna otchuka, makolo opangidwa kukhala timilungu, kapena ngakhale “timilungu tomwe timatumikira kupambana kapena kuimira mphamvu zosakhudzika.” (The Encyclopedia of Religion) Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu akuti Yaoyorozu-no-kami m’chenicheni amatanthauza milungu mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu, kalongosoledweko kamagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutanthauza “milungu yambiri,” popeza kuti chiŵerengero cha timilungu m’chipembedzo cha Shinto chikuwonjezerekawonjezereka. Anthu, pokhala ana a kami, poyambirira amakhala ndi mkhalidwe waumulungu wachibadwa. Chotero, lingaliro liri lakuti, khalani ogwirizana ndi kami, ndipo mudzasangalala ndi chitetezero ndi chivomerezo chawo.

Shinto, pamene kuli kwakuti siiri yolimba pa chiphunzitso choikidwiratu kapena nthanthi, yapatsa anthu a ku Japan ndandanda ya mapindu, kupanga mkhalidwe wawo, ndi kugamulapo njira yawo ya kulingalira. Iko kwapatsa iwo tiakachisi, komwe angalambire pamene amva chifunocho.

Mbali zazikulu za Shinto ziri zolingana. Shrine Shinto ndi Folk Shinto ziri ndi kusiyana kwapadera kochepera. Sect Shinto, kumbali ina, yapangidwa ndi mipatuko 13 yopezedwa mkati mwa zana la 19 yomwe ku milingo yosiyanasiyana iri ndi mbali za Chikonfyushani, Chibuda, ndi Chitao.

Chisonkhezero cha Chibuda pa Shinto chakhala makamaka champhamvu. Ichi chimalongosola chifukwa chimene anthu a ku Japan ambiri ali Abuda ndi Ashinto pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo. Nyumba ya mwambo ya ku Japan iri ndi maguwa ansembe aŵiri, guwa lansembe la Chishinto lolemekeza kami, ndi guwa lansembe la Chibuda lolemekeza makolo a wina. Keiko, mtsikana wachichepere wa ku Japan, akulongosola kuti: “Ndimapereka ulemu kwa makolo anga ndi kusonyeza iwo kupyolera m’Chibuda . . . Ndine m’Japan, chotero ndimachita miyambo yonse yochepera ya Chishinto.” Kenaka iye akuwonjezera kuti: “Ndipo ndinalingalira kuti ukwati Wachikristu ukakhala wokongola kwenikweni. Chiri chosiyanako, koma chotero chiyani?”

Ch’ŏndogyo—Chipembedzo cha ku Korea cha Njira ya Kumwamba

Chibuda, chochirikizidwa ndi Chitao, ndi Chikonfyushani ziri pakati pa zipembedzo zosakhala za Chikristu zazikulu za ku Korea. Pambuyo pa kuyambitsidwa kuchokera ku China, izo zinasonkhezeredwa ndi nzika za chipembedzo za ku Korea, shamanism, ndipo mogwirizana ndi The Encyclopedia of Religion izo “zinasankhidwa, kusinthidwa, ndi kutengedwa m’milingo yosiyanasiyana ku mikhalidwe ya mayanjano ndi ya luntha yomafalikira pa Peninsula ya Korea.”a

Chipembedzo china mu Korea chiri Ch’ŏndogyo, “Chipembedzo cha Njira ya Kumwamba,” dzina lake chiyambire 1905. Choyambitsidwa mu 1860 ndi Ch’oe Suun (Che-u), icho pachiyambi chinatchedwa Tonghak, “Kuphunzira kwa Kum’mawa,” m’kusiyanitsa ndi Sohak, “Kuphunzira kwa Kumadzulo,” mawu kaamba ka Chikristu, amene Ch’ŏndogyo chinakulitsidwa kumbali ina kuti chitsutse. Mogwirizana ndi mkonzi wa ku Germany Gerhard Bellinger, Ch’ŏndogyo chinayesera kuyambitsa “malingaliro a kukoma mtima kwa anthu a Chikonfyushani ndi chilungamo, kusakangalika kwa Chitao, ndi chifundo cha Chibuda,” chimene woyambitsa wake analingalira. Ch’ŏndogyo chirinso ndi mbali za shamanism, ndi Chiroma Katolika. Mosasamala kanthu za kudzinenera kwake kwa kuchirikiza umodzi wa chipembedzo, podzafika 1935 chinali chitatulutsa chifupifupi mipatuko yaing’ono 17.

Chokulira ku “Chipembedzo cha Njira ya Kumwamba” chiri chikhulupiriro chakuti munthu kwakukulukulu ali waumulungu, mbali ya Mulungu. Sain yŏch’ŏn, (“Chitirani munthu mofanana ndi Mulungu”) chiri motero chiphunzitso chokulira cha kumaloko, chomafuna kuti anthu achitidwe ndi “kudera nkhaŵa kotheratu, ulemu, kuwona mtima, kulemekeza, kulingana, ndi chilungamo,” walongosola tero Yong-choon Kim wa ku Yuniversite ya Rhode Island.

Kukalamira kusintha malamulo a mayanjano m’kutsatira maprinsipulo apamwamba amenewa kunabweretsa woyambitsa wake, Suun, m’kusemphana ndi boma. Kuchita malonda ndi ndale zadziko kunatsogolera ku kuphedwa kwa onse aŵiri iye ndi womuloŵa m’malo wake. Iko kunathandiziranso kuyambitsa Nkhondo ya Sino-Japanese ya mu 1894. M’chenicheni, machitachita a ndale zadziko ali ozindikiritsidwa ndi zipembedzo zatsopano za ku Korea, m’chimene gulu la Tonghak linali lokha loyambirira. Utundu kaŵirikaŵiri uli mutu wokulira, wokhala ndi Korea kugawiridwa malo a kutsogolo a kutchuka kwa dziko.

Ndi “Njira” Iti Imene Imatsogolera ku Moyo?

Mwachidziŵikire, anthu ambiri a ku Asia amadzimva kuti chiri kwakukulukulu chosawoneka “njira” ya chipembedzo imene wina ayenera kutsatira. Koma Yesu Kristu, amene chipembedzo chake kumbuyoko m’zana loyamba chinatchedwanso “Njira,” anakana lingaliro lakuti “njira” zonse za chipembedzo ziri zolandirika kwa Mulungu. Iye anachenjeza kuti: “Msewu womwe umatsogolera ku chiwonongeko chotheratu uli wotakata wokhala ndi zipinda zambiri, . . . koma msewu womwe umatsogolera ku moyo uli wochepera ndi wopapatiza, ndipo awo omwe amaupeza ali oŵerengeka.”—Machitidwe 9:2; 19:9; Mateyu 7:13, 14, The New English Bible, mawu a m’munsi; yerekezani ndi Miyambo 16:25.

Ndithudi, Ayuda ambiri a m’zana loyamba ananyalanyaza mawu ake. Iwo sanalingalire kuti anali atapeza Mesiya wawo wowona mwa Yesu kapena “njira” yolondola m’chipembedzo chake. Lerolino, mazana 19 pambuyo pake, mbadwa zawo zikali kuyembekezerabe Mesiya. Kope lathu lotsatira lidzalongosola chifukwa chake.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi patsamba 22]

Kazembe Guan Yu, mulungu wa nkhondo m’chipembedzo cha nzika zakale za ku China ndi mthandizi wa magawo a gulu lankhondo ndi a zamalonda

Kuchokera ku lamanzere, Han Xiangzi, LuDongbin, ndi Li Tieguai—atatu a Osafa asanu ndi atatu a Chitao— ndi Shoulao, Mulungu wa Nyenyezi wa Kutalikira

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of the British Museum