Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 8: c. 563 B.C.E. kupita mtsogolo—Chiwunikiro Chomwe Chinalonjeza Ufulu

“Kuyesedwa kwa chipembedzo kapena nthanthi kuli unyinji wa zinthu zimene chingakhoze kulongosola.”—Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku America wa m’zana la 19, Ralph Waldo Emerson

ZOCHEPERA, ngati ziriko, zikudziŵika ponena za iye motsimikizirika. Mwambo umanena kuti iye anatchedwa Siddhārtha Gautama, kuti iye anali kalonga, ndi kuti anabadwa chifupifupi zaka 600 kubadwa kwa Kristu kusanachitike kumpoto kwa ufumu wa India wa Sakya. Iye ankatchedwa Sakyamuni (katswiri wa luntha wa fuko la Sakya) ndi Tathagata, dzina laulemu lokhala ndi tanthauzo losatsimikizirika. Mwachidziŵikire kwenikweni inu mudzazindikira iye kokha ndi dzina lake laulemu lodziŵika bwino kwambiri la, Buddha.

Gautama analeredwa m’malo ozungulira achifumu, koma pa msinkhu wa zaka 29 iye mwadzidzidzi anadziŵa za chisoni chomuzungulira. Iye anafuna kulongosola, osati mosiyana ndi anthu lerolino omwe amadabwa mowona mtima chifukwa chimene kuipa ndi kuvutika zilipo. Akumasiya mkazi wake ndi mwana wakhanda, iye anathaŵira ku chipululu, kumene kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anakhala moyo wodzimana. Iye anagona pa minga ndipo kwa kanthaŵi anakhala ndi moyo mwa kudya mpunga wochepera pa tsiku. Koma ichi sichinabweretse kuwunikiridwa.

Tsopano chifupifupi zaka 35, Gautama anagamulapo njira yowongokerako pang’ono, imene iye anaitcha Njira Yapakati, kapena Nkwaso. Iye anapanga chowinda kukhala chikhalire pansi pa mtengo wa mkuyu kufikira kuwunikira kutafikiridwa. Potsirizira pake, pambuyo pa masomphenya a usiku, iye anadzimva kuti kufufuza kwake kunafupidwa. Kuchokera pamenepo kupita mtsogolo iye anadziŵika monga Buddha, kutanthauza “wowunikiridwa.” Koma Gautama sanadzinenere kukhala wokulira pa dzina laulemulo. Liyenera chotero nthaŵi zonse kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’Chingelezi ndi liwu lolongosola chinthu chimodzi, “a buddha” kapena, m’nkhani ya Gautama, “the Buddha.”

Njira Yonkira ku Ufulu

Milungu ya Chihindu Indra ndi Brahma ikunenedwa kukhala inafunsira Buddhayo kulongosola zowonadi zake zatsopano zopezedwa kwa ena. Iye anagamulapo kuchita tero. Ngakhale kuti akumasungirira mkhalidwe wolekerera wa Chihindu wakuti zipembedzo zonse zinali ndi kuyenera kwake, Buddhayo sanavomerezane ndi dongosolo la magulu ogawidwa ndi kugogomezera kwake pa nsembe za nyama. Iye anakana kudzinenera kwake kwakuti Hindu Vedas anali malemba a chiyambi chaumulungu. Ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti sanali kukana kuti Mulungu mwinamwake angakhoze kukhalako, iye sanavomereze Mulungu kukhala Mlengi. Lamulo la kuchititsa, iye anatsutsa tero, linalibe chiyambi. Ndipo anapita patali kuposa Chihindu, akumalonjeza mu ulaliki wake woyamba kuti: “Iyi, odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro inu, iri njira yapakati yomwe chidziŵitso chake . . . chimatsogolera ku kuzindikira kwakuya, komwe kumatsogolera ku nzeru, yomwe iri yoyenerera ku mkhalidwe wa bata, ku chidziŵitso, ku kuwunikiridwa kwangwiro, ku Nirvana.”

‘Kodi Nirvana nchiyani?’ inu mukufunsa tero. “Chiri chovuta kupeza yankho lolakwika ku funso limeneli,” akutero katswiri wa mbiri yakale Will Durant, “popeza kuti Mbuyeyo anasiya nsongayo iri yophimbidwa, ndipo atsatiri ake apatsa dzinalo tanthauzo lirilonse pansi pa thambo.” “Palibe kawonedwe kamodzi ka Chibuda,” ikuvomereza tero The Encyclopedia of Religion, popeza kuti ilo “limasiyanasiyana ndi miyambo, nyengo ya mbiri yakale, chinenero, sukulu, ndipo ngakhale mmodzi ndi mmodzi payekha.” Mlembi mmodzi anakutcha iko kukhala “kusakhalako kwenikweni kwa chikhumbo, nthaŵi ya mpumulo yopanda malire . . . , bata losatha la imfa popanda kubadwanso.” Ena, m’kulozera ku magwero a tanthauzo lake la Sanskrit la “kuzima,” amanena kuti chiri chofanana ndi laŵi la moto lomwe limazima pamene choyakitsa chake chitha. Pa mlingo uliwonse, Nirvana imalonjeza ufulu.

Chifuno kaamba ka kufikira ufulu chimaikidwa mofupikitsa ndi Buddhayo m’Zowonadi Zinayi Zodziŵika: Moyo uli kuwawa ndi kuvutika; zonse ziŵirizo ziri zochititsidwa ndi chikhumbo kaamba ka kukhalapo ndi kaamba ka kumwerekera kwa zikhumbo; njira yanzeru iri kudidikiza chikhumbo chimenechi; ichi chimafikiridwa mwa kutsatira Nkwaso wa Mbali Zisanu ndi Zitatu. Nkwaso umenewu umakuta chikhulupiriro cholondola, cholinga cholondola, kalankhulidwe kolondola, kachitidwe kolondola, kukhala ndi moyo kolondola, kuyesayesa kolondola, lingaliro lolondola, ndi kusinkhasinkha kolondola.

Zilakiko Kunja, Kugonjetsedwa pa Mudzi

Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake, Chibuda chinapeza kuvomereza kwa mwamsanga. Gulu la okonda zakuthupi la nthaŵiyo, lotchedwa Charvakas, linali litakonzekera kale njirayo. Iwo anakana zolembedwa zopatulika za Chihindu, anaseka pa lingaliro la kukhulupirira mwa Mulungu, ndipo anakana chipembedzo mwa chisawawa. Chisonkhezero chawo chinali nsonga yapambali ndipo chinathandizira kupanga chomwe Durant akuchitcha “mpata womwe chifupifupi unakakamiza kukula kwa chipembedzo chatsopano.” Mpata umenewu, limodzi ndi “kuwola kwa luntha la chipembedzo chakale,” zinathandizira ku kukula kwa magulu aakulu aŵiri a kusinthanso a tsikulo, Chibuda ndi Chijain.

Pakati pa zana lachitatu B.C.E., Mfumu Aśoka, amene ulamuliro wake unakuta mbali yokulira ya India, anachita zochulukira kupangitsa Chibuda kukhala chofala. Iye analimbikitsa mbali zake za umishonale mwa kutumiza amishonale ku Ceylon (Sri Lanka) ndipo mothekera ku maiko enanso. Mkati mwa mazana oyamba a Nyengo Yachisawawa, Chibuda chinafalikira kupyola China yonse. Kuchokera kumeneko chinafalikira ku Japan mwa njira ya ku Korea. Podzafika m’mazana a chisanu ndi chimodzi ndi chisanu ndi chiŵiri C.E., icho chikakhoza kupezeka m’mbali zonse za kum’mawa ndi kum’mwera cha kum’mawa kwa Asia. Lerolino, pali Abuda oposa 300 miliyoni dziko lonse.

Ngakhale tsiku la Mfumu Aśoka lisanakhale, Chibuda chinali kupitirizabe. “Podzafika kumapeto kwa zana lachinayi B.C., amishonale a Chibuda ankapezeka mu Atene,” akulemba tero E. M. Layman. Ndipo iye akuwonjezera kuti pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu, amishonale ake oyambirira anayang’anizana ndi chiphunzitso cha Chibuda kulikonse kumene iwo anapita. M’chenicheni, pamene amishonale a Chikatolika choyamba anapita ku Japan, iwo anawonedwa molakwa kukhala mpatuko watsopano wa Chibuda. Ndimotani mmene ichi chikakhalira?

Mwachidziŵikire zipembedzo ziŵirizo zinali ndi zambiri zofanana. Mogwirizana ndi katswiri wa mbiri yakale Durant, zinthu zonga ngati “kulemekeza zowumba, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa madzi oyera, makandulo, zofukiza, korona, zovala za otsogolera, chinenero chakale chopempherera, odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro ndi avirigo, kumeta tsitsi kwa ansembe ndi umbeta, kulapa, masiku osala kudya, kupatulikitsa kwa oyera, purigatoriyo ndi misa kaamba ka akufa.” Iye akuwonjezera kuti zinthu zimenezi “zikuwonekera kukhala zinawonekera m’Chibuda choyamba.” M’chenicheni, Chibuda chinanenedwa kukhala “choyambirira mazana asanu Tchalitchi cha Roma chisadakhale m’kupangidwa kwake ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mapwando ndi machitachita ofala onse ku zipembedzo zonse ziŵirizo.”

Kulongosola mmene kufanana kumeneku kunayambira, mkonzi Layman akukhudza chiyambi chofanana. Iye akulemba kuti: “Podzafika nthaŵi ya nyengo ya Chikristu . . . zisonkhezero zachikunja zinakhala zowonekera m’machitachita a Chibuda a kulambira. . . . Zisonkhezero zachikunja mwinamwake [zinalinso] za thayo kaamba ka kachitidwe kena ka kulambira komwe kanayambika m’tchalitchi cha Chikristu.”

Mosasamala kanthu za kuyambukira kwake kwa dziko lonse, Chibuda chinavutika ndi kugonjetsedwa koipitsitsa kumudziko. Lerolino, chiŵerengero choposa pa 1 peresenti cha chiŵerengero cha anthu cha India chiri Abuda; 83 peresenti iri Ahindu. Chifukwa chake chiri chosatsimikizirika. Mwinamwake Chibuda chinali cholekerera kwenikweni kotero kuti chinangosanganizidwa mopepuka ndi miyambo yowonjezereka ya Chihindu. Kapena mwinamwake odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro a Chibuda anali ofooka m’kuŵeta atsatiri. Chochititsa chokulira, pa mlingo uliwonse, chinali kuloŵerera kwa Chisilamu mu India. Ichi chinatsogolera ku ulamuliro wa Chisilamu pansi pa umene anthu ambiri, mwachindunji kumpoto kwa India, anatembenuzidwa ku Chisilamu. M’chenicheni, podzafika kumapeto kwa zana la 13, chifupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi cha chiŵerengero cha anthu anali Asilamu. Pa nthaŵiyo, Abuda ambiri ankatembenukira ku Chihindu, mwachiwonekere akumachipeza icho kukhala chokonzekeretsedwa bwino kuchita ndi kuwukira kwa Chisilamu. Chikumakhalilira ku dzina lake la kulekerera, Chihindu chinawalonjeranso iwo ndi kukupatira kokondeka, chikumapeputsa kubwerera kwawo mwa kulengeza Buddha(yo) kukhala mulungu, kusinthasintha kwa Vishnu!

Nkhope Zambiri za Buddha(yo)

“Mafano oyambirira a Buddha(yo) anapangidwa ndi Agriki,” akulemba tero E. M. Layman. Abuda anadzinenera kuti mafano owumbidwa amenewa sakulambiridwa koma ali kokha zothandizira ku kudzipereka, okonzekeretsedwa kusonyeza ulemu kaamba ka Mphunzitsi wamkuluyo. Pa nthaŵi zina Buddha(yo) amawonetsedwa ataimirira, koma kaŵirikaŵiri kwenikweni iye amakhala ndi miyendo yopingasa, kopondera kwa mapazi ake kukuloza m’mwamba. Pamene manja ake ali pamwamba pa linzake, chimatanthauza kuti iye akusinkhasinkha; pamene dzanja lake lamanja latukulidwa ku chibwano, iye akudalitsa; ndipo pamene chala chamanthu cha dzanja lamanja chikukhudza chala cholozera kapena pamene manja onse aŵiri agwirana kutsogolo kwa chifuwa, iye akuphunzitsa. Kakhalidwe koyedzamira kumbuyo kamamusonyeza iye pa nthaŵi ya kuloŵa mu Nirvana.

Monga mmene paliri kusiyana m’kakhalidwe kake kosiyanasiyana, chotero palinso kusiyanasiyana kwa chiphunzitso chake. Chikunenedwa kuti mkati mwa zaka 200 pambuyo pa imfa yake, kusinthidwa kosiyanasiyana 18 kwa Chibuda kunakhalapo kale. Lerolino, mazana 25 ochotsedwa ku “kuwunikiridwa” kwa Gautama, kumasulira kwa Chibuda kwa mmene angafikire Nirvana kuli kochulukira.

Erik Zürcher wa ku Yunivesite ya Leiden mu Netherlands akulongosola kuti pali “ziyambi zazikulu zitatu mkati mwa Chibuda, chirichonse chokhala ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso chake, kachitidwe ka chikhulupiriro, malemba opatulika, ndi zithunzithunzi za mwambo.” Machitidwe amenewa akutchedwa zoyendera m’kulongosola kwa Chibuda chifukwa chakuti, mofanana ndi mabwato owolokera, iwo amanyamula munthu modutsa mtsinje wa moyo kufikira potsirizira pake atafika ku doko la ufulu. Kenaka choyendera chingasiidwe mwachisungiko. Ndipo m’Buda adzakuuzani inu kuti njira ya kuyenderayo—mtundu wa choyendera—siiri chinthu chowoneka ndi maso. Kufika kumeneko ndiko komwe kuli kanthu.

Zoyendera zimenezi zimaphatikizapo Chibuda cha Theravada, chomwe mwachidziŵikire chimakhala mwathithithi kwenikweni ku chimene Buddha(yo) anafikira ndipo chiri champhamvu mwachindunji mu Burma, Sri Lanka, Laos, Thailand, ndi Kampuchea (kalelo, Cambodia). Chibuda cha Mahayana, mwachindunji champhamvu mu China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, ndi Mongolia, chiri chololera kwenikweni, pokhala chitasintha ziphunzitso zake kufikira anthu ochulukira. Kaamba ka chifukwa chimenecho icho chikutchedwa Choyendera Chachikulu m’kusiyanitsa ndi Theravada, Choyendera Chochepera. Vajrayana, Choyendera cha Diamond, chodziŵika mofala monga Chitantri kapena Chibuda cha Esoteric, chimagwirizanitsa miyambo ndi kachitidwe ka Yoga, ndipo moyerekeza chimafulumiza kupita patsogolo kwa wina kulinga ku Nirvana.

Machitidwe atatu amenewa agawanitsidwa m’magulu ambiri, liriyonse likumasiyana m’kulongosola kwa mbali zenizeni zina, nthaŵi zambiri chifukwa cha kuika chigogomezero chapadera m’magawo ena a malemba a Chibuda. Ndipo popeza kuti, mogwirizana ndi Zürcher, kumene icho chinapita, “Chibuda chinali mu mlingo wosiyanasiyana chosonkhezeredwa ndi zikhulupiriro za kumaloko ndi machitachita,” magulu amenewa mwamsanga anafalikira chiŵerengero chirichonse cha mipatuko ya kumaloko. Mosasiyana ndi Chikristu cha Dziko ndi mipatuko yake zikwi zingapo zosokoneza ndi magawo ake, Buddha, kulankhula mophiphiritsira, amavala nkhope zambiri.

Chibuda ndi Ndale Zadziko

Mofanana ndi Chiyuda ndi Chikristu chodzinenera, Chibuda sichinadzipatule cheni chokha ku machitachita a chipembedzo koma chathandizira kupanga lingaliro la ndale zadziko ndi mkhalidwenso. “Kuloŵetsedwa koyamba kwa kachitidwe ka Chibuda ndi ndale zadziko kunadza mkati mwa kulamulira kwa [Mfumu] Asoka,” akunena tero mkonzi Jerrold Schecter. Changu cha ndale zadziko cha Chibuda chapitirizabe ku tsiku lathu. M’gawo lotsirizira la 1987, odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro a Chibuda 27 a ku Tibet anamangidwa mu Lhasa kaamba ka kutengamo mbali mu zisonyezero zotsutsa China. Ndipo kuphatikizidwa kwa Chibuda mu nkhondo ya Vietnam ya m’ma 1960 kunapangitsa Schecter kumaliza kuti: “Nkwaso wa mtendere wa Njira Yapakati wasokonezedwa kukhala chiwawa chatsopano cha zisonyezero za m’makwalala. . . . Chibuda mu Asia chiri chikhulupiriro mu malaŵi a moto.”

Osakhutiritsidwa ndi kuloŵerera kwa ndale, zachuma, mayanjano, ndi makhalidwe abwino a dziko la Kumadzulo, anthu ena anatembenukira ku zipembedzo za Kum’mawa, kuphatikizapo Chibuda, kaamba ka malongosoledwe. Koma kodi “chikhulupiriro m’malaŵi a moto” chingapereke mayankho? Ngati mugwiritsira ntchito muyeso wa chigamulo wa Emerson wakuti “kuyesedwa kwa chipembedzo . . . kuli chiŵerengero cha zinthu zimene icho chingalongosole,” ndimotani mmene mukuwonera kuwunikiridwa kwa Gautama? Kodi zina za zipembedzo za ku Asia “Zofufuza Njira Yolondola” zingachite bwino? Kuti mupeze yankho, ŵerengani kukhazikitsidwa kwathu kotsatira.

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

Ena a Anthu, Malo, ndi Zinthu Zake

Adam’s Peak, phiri mu Sri Lanka lowonedwa kukhala loyera; chizindikirocho pa mwala chikunenedwa ndi Abuda kukhala phazi la Buddha(yo), ndi Asilamu kukhala la Adamu, ndi Ahindu kukhala la Siva.

Mtengo wa Bodhi, mtengo wa mkuyu pansi pa umene Gautama anakhala Buddha(yo), “bodhi” kutanthauza “kuwunikiridwa”; mphukira ya mtengo waukuluwo ikunenedwa kukhala inapulumuka ndipo imalemekezedwa mu Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.

Odzipereka ku Chipembedzo mwa Lumbiro Achibuda, ozindikiridwa ndi minjiro yawo yosiyanako, amapanga mbali yokulira ya Chibuda; iwo amalonjeza kukhala owona, kukhala achifundo kwa munthu ndi chirombo, kufunsira kaamba ka kukhalapo kwawo ndi moyo, kukana zoseketsa, ndi kukhala oyera.

Dalai Lama, mtsogoleri wa kudziko ndi wachipembedzo wa ku Tibet, wowonedwa ndi Abuda kukhala kusinthasintha kwa Buddha(yo), amene mu 1959 anaperekedwa m’ndende; “dalai,” kuchokera ku liwu la Chimongolia kaamba ka “nyanja,” imaimira chidziŵitso chakuya; “lama” imalozera ku mphunzitsi wauzimu (monga mphunzitsi wa chipembedzo wa Sanskrit). Mogwirizana ndi maripoti a nkhani, mkati mwa zisonyezero za 1987 za ku Tibet, Dalai Lama “anapereka dalitso lake ku kusamvera kwa chisawawa koma anatsutsa chiwawa,” mwakutero kumapangitsa India, dziko lake lomuchereza, kumukumbutsa iye kuti ndemanga za ndale zadziko zingaike m’ngozi kukhala kwake kumeneko.

Kachisi ya Dzino, kachisi ya Chibuda mu Kandy, Sri Lanka, motchuka yosunga limodzi la mano a Buddha(yo) kukhala mbali yopatulika.

[Bokosi patsamba 19]

Tii ndi “Pemphero” Lachibuda

Mosasamala kanthu za kufananako, “pemphero” Lachibuda limatchedwa molondola kwenikweni kukhala “kusinkhasinkha.” Mkhalidwe umodzi womwe umagogomezera mwachindunji kudzilanga kwaumwini ndi kusinkhasinkha kwakuya uli Chibuda cha Zen. Chobweretsedwa ku Japan m’zana la 12 C.E., icho chazikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa Chibuda cha ku China chodziŵika kukhala Ch’an, chomwe chimafufuzidwa kubwerera m’mbuyo kufika ku wodzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro Wachimwenye wotchedwa Bodhidharma. Iye anapita ku China m’zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi C.E. ndipo anabwereka mwakuya kuchokera ku Chitao cha ku China m’kupanga Ch’an. Chanenedwa kuti iye pa nthaŵi imodzi anadula zikope za maso ake m’kukalipa pambuyo pakupeza kuti anagwera m’tulo pamene ankasinkhasinkha. Izo zinagwera pansi, kuyamba kumera, ndi kubala chomera cha tii choyambirira. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatumikira kukhala maziko a mwambo wa kumwa tii kaamba ka odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro a Zen kuti akhale ogalamuka pamene akusinkhasinkha.

[Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Akachisi a Chibuda, onga ngati Kachisi ya Marble mu Bangkok, Thailand, ali okopa kwenikweni

Lowonedwa panonso liri fano lowumbidwa la chiwanda cha Chibuda chikuchinjiriza kachisi, ndipo pansipo, fano lowumbidwa la buddhayo. Izi ziri zinthu zofala m’maiko a Chibuda