Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 19: Zana la 17 mpaka 19—Dziko Lachikristu Lilimbana Ndi Kusintha Kwadziko

“Nthanthi ndi chipembedzo ziri zosayanjanitsika.”—Georg Herwegh, wolemba ndakatulo Wachijeremani wa m’zaka za zana la 19

“NTHANTHI,” liwu lotengedwa ku magwero Achigriki otanthauza “kukonda nzeru,” liri lovuta kulongosola. Pamene kuli kokaikiritsa kuti “kutanthauzira kumodzi kokwanira” kungapangidwe, The New Encyclopœdia Britannica imanena kuti “kuyesera koyamba m’kachitidweka kungakhale kulongosola nthanthi kukhala kaya ‘kuyang’ana pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana za munthu’ kapena kukhala ‘kulingalira kwanzeru, kolondoleka, ndi kwa dongosolo kwa nkhani zofunika koposa kwa munthu.’”

Malongosoledwe amenewa mowonekera bwino akusonyeza chifukwa chake chipembedzo chowona ndi nthanthi ziri zosayanjanitsika. Chipembedzo chowona nchozikidwa pa vumbulutso laumulungu, osati pa “kusiyanasiyana kwa zochitika za munthu.” Choyambirira ndi chofunika koposa, icho chimazungulira pa zikondwerero za Mlengi, osati pa “nkhani zokondeka koposa kwa munthu.” Chipembedzo chonyenga, kumbali ina, mofanana ndi nthanthi, nchozikidwa pa zochitika za munthu ndipo chimaika zikondwerero za munthu pamalo ofunika a pamwamba. Nsonga imeneyi inakhala yowonekera kwenikweni mwapadera kuyambira zaka za zana la 17 kupita mtsogolo pamene Dziko Lachikritsu linalimbana ndi kusintha kwa dziko.

Chiwopsyezo cha Mbali Zitatu

Mwamsanga sayansi yamakono itangobadwa m’zaka za zana la 17, kusemphana kwake ndi chipembedzo kunawoneka kukhala kosapeŵeka. Zipambano zowonekera zasayansi zinaika sayansi pamalo a kukhulupirika ndi ukumu, zikumatulutsa kulambira sayansi, chipembedzo mwa icho chokha, chinthu chokhazikitsidwa kuti chidzilambiridwa. M’kuwunika kwa “zenizeni” za sayansi, manenanena achipembedzo mwadzidzidzi anawonekera kukhala osatsimikizirika. Sayansi inali yatsopano ndi yosangalatsa; chipembedzo chinawoneka chachikale ndi chosasangalatsa.

Kawonedwe ka chipembedzo kameneka kanasonkhezeredwa ndi Kuwunikiridwa, kupita patsogolo kwa luntha komwe kanakuta Yuropu yonse mkati mwa zaka za mazana a 17 ndi 18. Kukumagogomezera luntha ndi kukhupuka m’zinthu zakuthupi, iko kunakana ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko ndi wachipembedzo ndi wa mwambo moyanja kulingalira kosuliza. Chimenechi, chinalingaliridwa kukhala magwero a chidziŵitso ndi chimwemwe. “Magwero a chiyambi chake,” ikutero The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, anapezeka “m’nthanthi Yachigriki.”

Kuwunikiridwako kunali kwenikweni chochitika Chachifalansa. Olamulira otchuka mu Falansa anaphatikizapo Voltaire ndi Denis Diderot. Mu Great Britain chinapeza wolankhulira wake John Locke ndi David Hume. Ochirikiza nawonso anapezeka pakati pa abambo okhazikitsa U.S., kuphatikizapo Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, ndi Thomas Jefferson. M’chenicheni, kupatukana kwa Tchalitchi ndi Boma kochititsidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. kuli chisonyezero cha malingaliro a Kuwunikiridwa. Ziŵalo zotchuka mu Jeremani zinali Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, ndi Moses Mendelssohn, gogo wake wa wolemba nyimbo Felix Mendelssohn.

Kant, wokaikira chipembedzo, akunenedwa kukhala analongosola “kuwunikiridwa” kukhala “kumasulidwa kwa anthu kuchoka pa kukhala mphungu mwiniyekha.” Allen W. Wood wa ku Cornell Yunivesiti akufotokoza kuti, mwa ichi, Kant anatanthauza “kachitidwe mwa kamene anthu yense payekha amakhala ndi chilimbikitso cha kudziganizilira okha ponena za makhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi ndale zadziko, m’malo mwa kulangizidwa ndi ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko, tchalitchi, kapena malemba.”

Mkati mwa theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana la 18, Industrial Revolution inayamba, choyamba mu Great Britain. Chigogomezero chinachoka pa zamalimidwe nichiikidwa pa kutulutsidwa ndi kupangidwa kwa zinthu mogwiritsira ntchito makina ndi njira zina za misanganizo ya makemiko. Zimenezi zinasinthitsa chitaganya chokulira cha anthu a zamalimidwe a kumidzi, mazana a iwo kupita nakawunjikana m’mizinda kufuna ntchito. Kusoŵeka kwa ntchito, kupereŵera kwa nyumba, umphaŵi, ndi mavuto ambiri ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito anatulukapo.

Kodi Dziko Lachikristu likakhoza kuchita ndi chiwopsyezo cha mbali zitatu chimenechi cha sayansi, Kuwunikiridwa, ndi indastale?

Kuchotsapo Mulungu, Terodi Mwakachetechete

Anthu osonkhezeredwa ndi kulingalira kwa Kuwunikiridwa anapatsa chipembedzo mlandu wa zoipa zambiri m’chitaganya cha anthu. Lingaliro lakuti “chitaganya cha anthu chiyenera kupangidwa mogwirizana ndi pulani ya chitsanzo chachibadwa ya lamulo laumulungu ndi la chilengedwe,” ikutero The Encyclopedia of Religion, “linaloŵedwa m’malo ndi kalingaliridwe kakuti chitaganya cha anthu chinali, kapena chikapangidwa ndi ‘machenjera’ a munthu mwini kapena ‘zopangapanga.’ Chotero panakhala nthano yaumunthu, yakudziko imene, pambuyo pake, ikadzetsa manenanena ambiri a nthanthi ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu za dziko lamakono.”

Nthanthi zimenezi zinaphatikizapo “chipembedzo chaboma” chochirikizidwa ndi wanthanthi ya Kuwunikiridwa Wachifalansa Jean- Jacques Rousseau. Icho chinazika chisamaliro pa chitaganya cha anthu ndi kudziloŵetsamo kwawo m’zolinga zake m’malo mwa kudalira pa Wokhalako Waumulungu ndi kumulambira iye. Wolemba chidziŵitso chaboma Wachifalansa Claude-Henri de Rouvroy anachirikiza “Chikristu Chatsopano,” pamene kuli kwakuti protégé Auguste Comte yake inalankhula za “chipembedzo cha anthu.”

Osati kale kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 19, gulu Lachimereka lodziŵika monga uthenga wabwino wamayanjano linayambika pakati pa Aprotesitanti; ilo linali lofananitsidwa kwenikweni ndi nthanthi za ku Yuropu. Lingaliro lozikidwa pa zaumulungu limenelo linawumirira kuti ntchito yaikulu ya Mkristu ndiyo kudziloŵetsa m’zamayanjano. Ilo limachirikizidwa mokulira ndi Aprotesitanti kufikira lerolino. Zolembedwa Zachikatolika zimapezedwa kwa ansembe ogwira ntchito a ku Falansa ndi pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo a ku Latin Amereka omwe amaphunzitsa nthanthi yaumulungu ya chimasuko.

Amishonale a Dziko Lachikristu nawonso amasonyeza mkhalidwe umenewu, monga mmene ripoti la magazine a Time 1982 likusonyezera kuti: “Pakati pa Aprotesitanti, kwakhala kusinthira ku kudziloŵetsa kokulira m’kusamalira mavuto aakulu a zandalama ndi za mayanjano a anthu . . . Kwa chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha amishonale Achikatolika, kudziŵika ndi cholinga chofuna kuthandiza osauka kumatanthauza kuchirikiza masinthidwe okulira m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko ndi la zachuma—ngakhale ngati masinthidwewo akutsogozedwa ndi magulu a kusintha a chiphunzitso Chachimarx. . . . Ndithudi, pali amishonale amene amakhulupirira kuti kutembenuzidwa kuli kwakukulukulu kosayenerera ku ntchito yawo yeniyeni.” Amishonale oterowo mwachiwonekere amavomerezana ndi katswiri wa kakhalidwe ka anthu Wachifalansa Émile Durkheim, yemwe nthaŵi ina analingalira kuti: ‘Chinthu chenicheni cholambiridwa ndi chipembedzo ndicho chitaganya cha anthu, osati Mulungu.’

Mwachiwonekere, Dziko Lachikristu linali kuchotsa Mulungu ku chipembedzo, kuterodi mwakachetechete. Pakali pano, magulu ena anali kugwiranso ntchito.

Kuika Zipembedzo Zachiphamaso M’malo a Mulungu

Matchalitchi analibe mayankho ku mavuto ochititsidwa ndi Industrial Revolution. Koma zipembedzo zachiphamaso, zotulukapo za nzeru yadziko yaumunthu, zinati zinali nawo mayankho, ndipo mofulumira zinaloŵapo kuti zithetse mavutowo.

Mwachitsanzo, anthu ena anapeza cholinga chawo m’moyo kukhala kulondola ndalama ndi chuma, chikhoterero chadyera chosonkhezeredwa ndi Industrial Revolution. Kukondetsa zinthu zakuthupi kunakhala chipembedzo. Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse analoŵedwa m’malo ndi ‘Dola Yamphamvuyonse.’ M’seŵero la George Bernard Shaw, woseŵeramo anasonya ku chimenechi mwa kudzuma kuti: “Ndine Mpondamatiki. Ndicho chipembedzo changa.”

Anthu ena anatembenukira ku magulu a ndale zadziko. Wanthanthi ya kakhalidwe ka anthu Friedrich Engels, wogwirizana ndi Karl Marx, analosera kuti kakhalidwe ka anthu m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kakaloŵa m’malo chipembedzo, ndipo chidzatenga mikhalidwe ya chipembedzo. Chotero, pamene maphunziro a kakhalidwe ka anthu anapeza maziko mu Yuropu yonse, akutero yemwe kale anali Profesa Robert Nisbet, “mbali yotchuka inali mpatuko wa akatswiri a kakhalidwe ka anthu ochokera ku Chiyuda kapena Chikristu ndi kutembenukira kwawo ku choloŵa m’malocho.”

Kulephera kwa Dziko Lachikristu kuchita ndi kusintha kwa dziko kunalola magulu kuyambika kwa amene World Christian Encyclopedia imasonyako monga “ziphunzitso za chikunja, kukondetsa zinthu zakuthupi kwa asayansi, chikomyunizimu chosakhulupirira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu, utundu, chinazi, unkhalwe, Chimaoi, umunthu wotseguka ku malingaliro ndi zipembedzo zachiphamaso zochuluka zopangidwa kapena kupeka.”

Chifukwa cha zipatso zotulutsidwa ndi zipembedzo zopeka za nzeru ya dziko zimenezi, mawu a wolemba ndakatulo Wachibritish John Milton angawoneke kukhala oyenerera kwambiri: “Zonse ndi nzeru zachabe, ndi nthanthi yonyenga.”

Kufunafuna Chimvano

Mamiliyoni a anthu okodwa pakati pa dongosolo la tchalitchi losagwira ntchito ku mbali imodzi ndi zipembedzo zachiphamaso zonyenga ku mbali ina, anali kufunafuna chinachake chabwinopo. Ena analingalira kuti anachipeza m’chiphunzitso Chachidei, chodziŵikanso kukhala “chipembedzo chachibadwa.” Chitapeza kutchuka makamaka mu Ingalande mkati mwa zaka za zana la 17, chiphunzitso Chachidei chalongosoledwa kukhala chimvano chomwe chimalandira sayansi popanda kukana Mulungu. Chotero okhulupirira Chidei anali odziganizira mwaufulu ochilikiza mbali zonse ziŵiri.

Mlembi Wood akumveketsa bwino kuti: “M’tanthauzo lake lenileni, chiphunzitso chachidei chimasonyeza chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu mmodzi ndi m’kachitidwe ka chipembedzo kozikidwa kotheratu pa chifukwa chachibadwa osati pa vumbulutso lopambana pa umunthu.” Koma mwa kusalola “vumbulutso lopambana pa umunthu,” okhulupirira Chidei ena ananka patali chifupifupi kukaniratu Baibulo. Lerolino liwulo silimagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri, ngakhale kuti odzinenera kukhala Akristu omwe amakana ulamuliro wa tchalitchi kapena Wamalemba moyanja lingaliro laumwini kapena nthanthi za moyo m’chenicheni akumamatira ku malamulo ake abwino.

Nthanthi Zovomerezana za Chisinthiko

Kuyang’anizana kwadzawoneni pakati pa chipembedzo ndi sayansi kunachitika pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa bukhu mu 1859 la Darwin la Origin of Species, m’limene iye anayambitsa nthanthi yake ya chisinthiko. Atsogoleri achipembedzo, makamaka mu Inglande ndi United States, poyamba anatsutsa nthanthiyo pa miyezo yamphamvu. Koma chitsutsocho mwamsanga chinazimiririka. Podzafika nthaŵi ya imfa ya Darwin, ikutero The Encyclopedia of Religion, “unyinji wa atsogoleri achipembedzo oganiza ndi osamalitsa anapeza njira ku nsonga yomalizira yakuti chisinthiko chinali chogwirizana kotheratu ndi kumvetsetsa kowunikiridwa kwa malemba.”

Chimenechi chingalongosole chifukwa chimene Vatican sinaike mabukhu a Darwin pa Index of Forbidden Books ake. Chingalongosolenso kachitidwe ka gulu pa msonkhano wa Chicago wa 1893 wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Zipembedzo ya Dziko. Pamene Abuda ndi Ahindu anamvetsera, mlankhuli “Wachikristu” ananena kuti: “Nthanthi ya chisinthiko imadzaza mpata wa chiyambi chenicheni cha chipembedzo chathu, ndipo ngati sayansi imakhutiritsidwa mwachisawawa ndi nthanthi yake yachisinthiko kukhala njira ya chilengedwe, liwu lakuti kuvomerezana liri losatsutsika limene awo ofuna kudziŵa ndi kukonda njira za Mulungu ayenera kulandira.” Ndemangayo inalandiridwa ndi chikondwerero chokulira.

Kawonedwe kameneka sikali kodabwitsa moyerekeza ndi kuwanda kwa chomwe chinadziŵika kukhala chipembedzo choyerekezako mu zaka za zana la 19. Chimenechi chinali kuphunzira kwa sayansi kwa zipembedzo za dziko kolinganizidwa kudziŵa mmene zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zimagwirizanira ndi mmene zinakhalirako. Katswiri wa mtundu wa anthu Wachingelezi John Lubbock, mwachitsanzo, analongosola nthanthi yakuti anthu anayambika monga osakhulupirira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu ndipo mopita patsogolo anasinthira ku fetishism, kulambira zachilengedwe, ndi shamanism asanafike ku kukhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi.

Komabe, monga mmene The Encyclopedia of Religion ikulongosolera: “Chipembedzo m’lingaliro loterolo sichinali chowonadi chotheratu chovumbulutsidwa ndi mulungu, koma cholembera cha malingaliro omakula a munthu ponena za Mulungu ndi makhalidwe abwino.” Chotero awo olandira nthanthi imeneyi sanachipeze kukhala chovuta kulandira chiphunzitso Chachidei, “chipembedzo chaboma,” kapena “chipembedzo cha munthu” monga masitepi opita m’mwamba pa makwerero a chisinthiko chachipembedzo.

Pomalizira, kodi nkuti kumene kawonedwe kameneka kamatifikitsa? M’zaka za zana la 19, wanthanthi Wachingelezi Herbert Spencer ananena kale kuti chitaganya chinali kusinthira m’kakhalidwe kopita patsogolo kosayeneranso ndi chipembedzo. Ndipo ponena za zaka za zana la 20, Profesa Nisbet ananena kuti akatswiri a kakhalidwe ka anthu mwachisawawa amakhulupirira kuti chipembedzo “chimayankha zosoŵa zina za maganizo za kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndipo mpaka kapena kufikira zosoŵa zimenezi zigonjetsedwa ndi chisinthiko cha kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu cha mitundu ya anthu, chipembedzo mu mtundu umodzi kapena ina chidzakhala chenicheni chokhalitsa cha mkhalidwe wa munthu.” (Kanyenye ngwathu.) Moyenerera, akatswiri a kakhalidwe ka anthu sakukana kuthekera kwakuti “kupita patsogolo kwa chisinthiko” tsiku lina kungawafikitse ku kulekeka kotheratu kwa chipembedzo!

Kufunafuna Kulambira Kowona Kunakula

Podzafika pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, chinali chowonekeratu kuti kwa zaka 200, Dziko Lachikristu linali kumenya nkhondo yolephera motsutsana ndi kusintha kwadziko. Chipembedzo chake chinanyonyotsoka ndi kukhala nthanthi yadziko. Mamiliyoni a anthu owona mtima anali odera nkhaŵa. Kufunafuna kulambira kowona kunakula. Chinganenedwedi kuti kukonzanso kwa Dziko Lachikristu kunali kosatheka. Chomwe chinali chofunikira ndicho kubwezeretsedwa kwa kulambira kowona. Phunzirani zowonjezereka mu kope lathu la November 8.

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

Podidikizidwa ndi Kusintha Kwadziko, Dziko Lachikristu Likugonja

MPHUKIRA YA SAYANSI YAMAKONO inafooketsa chikhulupiriro m’zosawoneka ndi kuyambitsa chikaikiro ponena za zinthu zimene sayansi sinakhoze “kuzitsimikizira.” Dziko Lachikristu linagonjetsa chowonadi cha Baibulo mwa kutenga nthanthi za sayansi, zosatsimikizirika zolingaliridwa monga chisinthiko ndi kuyang’ana m’kudziŵa kwa sayansi, m’malo mwa Ufumu wa Mulungu, monga yankho ku mavuto a dziko.

KUYAMBA KWA NTHANTHI ZA NDALE ZADZIKO (chikapitalizimu, demokrase, chisosholizimu, Chikomyunizimu, ndi zina zotero) zinayambitsa mikangano yautundu ndi chipwirikiti cha zanthanthi, motero kutsekereza chowonadi cha Baibulo chakuti Mulungu, osati munthu, ndiye Wolamulira wa dziko woyenerera. Dziko Lachikristu linaswa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino a Baibulo mwa kuswa uchete Wachikristu ndi kudziloŵetsa m’nkhondo zimene zinaika udani pakati pa ziŵalo za chipembedzo zofanana. Dziko Lachikristu mokangalika kapena mogonjera linachirikiza zipembedzo zachiphamaso za ndale zadziko.

MUYEZO WAPAMWAMBA WA KAKHALIDWE wochititsidwa ndi Industrial ndi Science Revolutions unachirikiza kufunafuna zikondwerero zaumwini mopambanitsa ndi kukulitsa chisalungamo cha kakhalidwe ndi kusiyanitsa anthu. Dziko Lachikristu linagonja mwa kunyalanyaza zikondwerero za mulungu moyanja kudziloŵetsa m’zikondwerero za munthu za mtundu wa kakhalidwe, zachuma, malo okhala, kapena ndale zadziko.

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Kukwera kapena Kutsika?

Baibulo limati: Anthu analengedwa angwiro ndipo anaphunzitsidwa kulambira Mlengi wawo molandirika; koma iwo anapandukira Mulungu, ndipo kwa zaka 6,000, akhala akunyonyotsoka ponse paŵiri kuthupi ndi makhalidwe, akumankabe kutali motayana ndi chipembedzo chowona chomwe anachita poyambirira.

Nthanthi ya chisinthiko cha thupi la munthu ndi chipembedzo imati: Anthu anasintha kuchokera ku chiyambi chachikale ndipo anali osakhulupirira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu opanda chipembedzo; kwa zaka mamiliyoni osaneneka, iwo awongokera ponse paŵiri mwakuthupi ndi mwamakhalidwe, akumapitabe moyandikira mkhalidwe wa kupita patsogolo Kolingaliridwa kwa chipembedzo, mayanjano, ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Modalira pa chidziŵitso chanu cha kachitidwe ka munthu, mkhalidwe wa mtundu wa munthu nthaŵi ino, ndi malo achipembedzo m’dziko lerolino, kodi ndi kawonedwe kati kakuwoneka kukhala kogwirizana ndi zenizeni?

[Chithunzi patsamba 30]

Zonena zosatsimikizirika za Darwin mu Origin of Species zinakhala chochititsa ambiri kusiya chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu wa chivumbulutso

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Harper’s