Mankhwala—“AIDS ya Maseŵera”

“Masteroid amapereka chiwopsyezo chomakulakula ku thanzi la mtundu wathu ndi chisungiko.”—Nduna ya U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration

MAMILIYONI a openyerera maseŵera a Olympic mu Seoul anadabwitsidwa. Ngwazi yawo, wothamanga yemwe anathamanga liŵiro loposa aliyense pa dziko la mamita 100, analandidwa madulo yake yagolidi, sanayeneretsedwa chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zoletsedwa.

Chotero mliri wina wayambukira maseŵera—kutemera mangolomera, womwe uli wovuta kuwuthetsa chakuti wafikira kutchedwa “AIDS ya maseŵera.”

“Maseŵera a Olympic a Mankhwala”

Chikuwoneka kuti panali pamapeto pa nkhondo ya dziko yachiŵiri pamene kwakukulukulu othamanga ena anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala m’maseŵera. Komabe, tsopano lino, mogwirizana ndi akatswiri, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pakati pa othamanga kuli kofalikira kotero kuti kumachititsa “magulu ocholoŵanacholoŵana ndi a mtengo, mokulira oyambitsidwa ndi magulu a maseŵera enieniwo, okhala ndi cholinga chodziŵikiratu cha kupeza zotulukapo zotchukitsa, kupeza ochirikiza m’zachuma, kupanga ndalama, ndi kupeza mphamvu.” Vutolo liri lofalikira kotero kuti Corriere Medico, nyuzipepala ya pa mwezi ya ku Italy yonena za mankhwala, inatcha maseŵera a mu 1984 pa Los Angeles “Maseŵera a Olympic a Mankhwala.”

M’chenicheni, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi zothandiza zina zopanda lamulo zopezera chipambano, osati mwachibadwa, pa mpikisano kukuyambukira maseŵera ambiri m’maiko onse. Dziko lirilonse limafuna kupambana ena, chotero palibe aliyense amene afuna kuleka kupereka mankhwala kwa othamanga. M’njira ya panthaŵi yake, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Europe inasonyeza kuti “ziyembekezo zokwezeka ndi zochitika za kaŵirikaŵiri za maseŵera zimadidikiza wothamanga kotero kuti awonjezere chiyeso cha kugwiritsira ntchito mokulira kapena mochepera njira za lamulo za kusungira mkhalidwe wabwino wakuthupi ndi wamaganizo. Chiyesocho chimakulitsidwanso ndi nsonga yakuti ophunzitsa maseŵera ali ndi malamulo abwino ochepa.” Kutemera mangolomera kumachitidwanso pa anyamata achichepere.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Kutemera Mangolomera

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutemera mangolomera. Mwachitsanzo:

Masteroid, mankhwala oloŵetsedwamo m’chomwe chalongosoledwa kukhala “chochitika choipa kwambiri m’mbiri ya maseŵera a Olympic,” kusayeneretsedwa kwa Ben Johnson, wosunga cholembera cha mamita 100 ku Seoul. Izizo nzinthu zimene zimathandizira ku kuwonjezereka kwa kulemera kwa minofu ndi mphamvu limodzi ndi kuwonjezera ukali mwa kusonkhezera kutulutsidwa kwa amino acids. Mwachitsanzo, kukunenedwa kuti zolembera zonse za pa dziko za kunyamula zinthu zolemera zokhazikitsidwa m’zaka khumi zapitazi zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinthuzi.

Mastimulant, zonga ngati caffeine ndi strychnine, amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwonjezera kugalamuka ndi kuchedwetsa kutopa.

Narcotic analgesics, oletsa kupweteka ndi kudzetsa bata.

Beta blockers, zinthu zimene zimagwiritsidwa ndi olatsa nthungo ndi olasa pa chandamale, zomwe mwapang’onopang’ono zimachepetsa kugunda kwa mtima, ndipo zimakhazikitsa thupi.

Diuretics, othandiza kutaya kulemera mofulumira ndiponso obisa kuwoneka kwa zinthu zoletsedwa zina pa nthaŵi imene mayeso amapangidwa.

Izi ndi zinthu zochepera zokha zodziŵika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’kutemera mangolomera, koma Komiti ya Mitundu Yonse ya Olympic yalemba ndandanda ya mankhwala oletsedwa chifupifupi zana limodzi. Vuto nlakuti mwamsanga pamene amodzi a iwo aletsedwa kapena njira zofufuzira kukhalapo kwake zapezeka, magulu onse a madokotala ndi akatswiri a msanganizo wa mankhwala amayamba kupanga ena.

Komabe, padakali njira zina m’zimene othamanga amayesera kuwongolera kachitidwe kawo mosawona mtima. Ndi cholinga choti akhale m’malo achipambano m’madzi, osambira ena adzaza matumbo awo ndi gasi ya helium.

Othamanga ambiri avomereza kulandira kuthiridwa mwazi kuti awongolere kupirira kwawo. Mogwirizana ndi ena, kupyolera mwa kuthiridwa masero ofiira a mwazi wawo, otengedwa mwa iwo pa nthaŵi ina yapita, kuyenda kwa oxygen kupita mbali zonse za thupi, kuphatikizapo minofu, kumawongoleredwa.

Magwero ena ofalitsa nkhani avumbula posachedwapa kuti akazi ena othamanga agwiritsira ntchito mimba monga mtundu wa kutemera mangolomera. Akazi apakati amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mwazi, ndipo zimenezi zimawonjezeranso oxygen yoperekedwa ku minofu. Akazi ena othamanga, makamaka awo otenga mbali mu maseŵera amene amafunikira nyonga yokulira yakuthupi, amagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi yoyambirira ya mimba yawo kuti awongolere kachitidwe kawo. Pambuyo pa maseŵerawo, iwo amachotsa mimbayo.

Vuto Lalikulu

Koma kodi vutoli nlofalikira motani? Polingalira zochitika za kamodzikamodzi m’zimene othamanga sayeneretsedwa chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, ochemerera ena angaganize kuti peresenti yaing’ono yokha ya othamanga imagwiritsira ntchito kutemera mangolomera, ndipo ndithudi akatswiri awo sadzachita konse chinthu choterocho. Koma awo amene ali ozoloŵerana ndi dziko lamaseŵera amawona zinthu mosiyana.

“Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala okulitsa minofu kuli kofalikira koposa mmene kumalingaliridwa,” anatero yemwe kale anali woponya discus wa ku Italy. Ndipo mogwirizana ndi Profesa Silvio Garattini, katswiri mu phunziro la za mankhwala, vuto la kutemera mangolomera mwinamwake liri lovuta koposa mmene lingalingaliridwire. Mogwirizana ndi magwero ena, 50 peresenti ya othamanga a nyonga kwambiri amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zoletsedwa.

Ngozi kwa Othamanga

Koma vuto la kutemera mangolomera siriri m’chenicheni chakuti kuseŵera kwabwinopo kungapezedwe kupyolera mwa njira zosayenera. Wothamanga wa lerolino, ndipo makamaka amene amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, ali mbali ya gulu lalikulu kwambiri, ngakhale kuti nlobisika, lomwe limaphatikizapo adokotala okhoza kulembera zinthu zoletsedwa ngati nkoyenera. Komabe, wothamangayo ndiye amalipira zotulukapo zake—manyazi a kudziŵidwa kapena kusayeneretsedwa ndipo, chofunika koposa, ngozi zowopsya kwambiri zaumoyo.

Chikukhulupiridwa kuti mankhwala okulitsa minofu amavulaza chiwindi ndi dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha yake limodzinso ndi kutulutsa ziyambukiro zina zoipa zapambali zakuthupi. Mankhwala ameneŵa alinso a thayo m’kuwononga dongosolo loyenda mkodzo, ndiponso umunthu wachiwawa wa othamanga ena.

Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa kwa mankhwala ena, onga ngati mastimulant, kumapangitsa “mkhalidwe wa kusokonezeka, kudalira pamankhwala, ndi kuwona zideruderu.” Ponena za kuthiridwa mwazi, nyuzipepala ya pamwezi ya sayansi yotchedwa Doctor ikusonyeza kuti kuloŵetsa kwa masero ofiira a mwazi a wothamangayo kulinso ndi ngozi. Imodzi ya izo iri “kuchulukitsa mopambanitsa ndi kuchepetsa kwa kuyenda kwa mwazi m’madera ena kochititsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kulemera kwa mwaziwo” ndi kuwunjikana kwa iron “wokhala ndi zotulukapo zoipa ku ziŵalo zamkati mwa thupi (chiwindi, impso, mtima, ndi ziŵalo za m’thupi zotulutsa msanganizo wa madzi, ndi zina zotero).”

Minkhole ya kutemera mangolomera, chifupifupi awo odziŵika, ali ambiri. Oŵerengeka a odziŵika kwambiri ali katswiri wopalasa njinga wa ku Denmark Jensen, yemwe anamwalira mkati mwa maseŵera a Olympic a ku Roma mu 1960; katswiri wopalasa njinga wa ku Britain Tom Simpson, yemwe anamwalira mkati mwa Tour de France mu 1967; katswiri wa liŵiro lotalikirapo wa ku Netherlands, Augustinus Jaspers, yemwe anamwalira pamapeto pa liŵiro pa maseŵera a Olympic mu Los Angeles mu 1984; Birgit Dressel wa ku West Germany, katswiri wa liŵiro lothamanga losiyanasiyana la mitundu isanu ndi iŵiri yemwe anamwalira, anaikidwa paizoni mwa mankhwala olemberedwa kwa iye kwa zaka zambiri ndi dokotala wa maseŵera.

“Maseŵera alibe chifundo,” anatero Carl Lewis, yemwe kwa nthaŵi zingapo anali ngwazi ya Olympic. “Kutemera mangolomera kwatenga kale minkhole yake. Olinganiza amadziŵa ponena za icho ndipo sanena kanthu.”

Ndipo komabe, ngakhale kuti akudziŵa za nsonga zosokonezazi, kodi othamanga amayankha motani funso lakuti: “Ngati nkadati nkupatse m’bulu womwe ungakupange kukhala ngwazi ya Olympic koma womwe ukakupha mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, kodi ukadaulandira?” Pa othamanga a ku U.S. ofunsidwa, 50 peresenti ananena kuti inde. Ndipo yankho limodzimodzili mwinamwake lingaperekedwe ndi othamanga ambiri m’mbali zina za dziko.

Kodi chingayembekezeredwe kuti miyezo yoletsa mankhwala ingapambane m’kuthetsa mliriwo? Chabwino, mogwirizana ndi akatswiri, malo apakati ochepera ali okonzekeretsedwa kupanga mayeso oyenera, ndipo mayeso enieniwo ngodula kwambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zotulukapo za mayeso enieniwo zimakhala zabodza. Kuwonjezerapo, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zinakwaniritsidwa posachedwapa mu maseŵera a Olympic a ku Korea, njira zatsopano zotemera mangolomera nthaŵi zonse zimakhala patsogolo pa njira zozizindikirira izo. Komabe, pali chifukwa chabwino cha kuyembekeza kuti kutemera mangolomera ndi chiwawa m’maseŵera zidzatha.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 9]

“Ngati nkadati nkupatse m’bulu womwe ungakupange kukhala ngwazi ya Olympic koma womwe ukakupha mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, kodi ukadaulandira?” Pa othamanga a ku U.S. ofunsidwa, 50 peresenti ya ananena kuti inde

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 10]

Mu Soviet Union, othamanga 290 ndi ophunzitsa awo analangidwa chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pakati pa 1986 ndi 1988.—Leninskoye Znamya, magazine ya ku Soviet

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 11]

“Othamanga ogwiritsira ntchito masteroid akukhala opanda chifundo otsimikiza ndi akukali.”—Dr. Robert Voy, nduna yaikulu ya zamankhwala ya Komiti ya U.S. Olympic