Kuipitsa Kodi Ndani Akukuchititsa?

“ICHI ndi chisumbu cha boma chimene chikuyesedwa. Pansi pake mpoipitsidwa ndi anthrax ndipo mpowopsya. Kutsikapo kukuletsedwa.”a Chikwangwani chimenechi choikidwa kumtunda kwa Scotland pandunji ndi Chisumbu cha Gruinard chimachenjeza ofuna kukachezapo. Kwa zaka 47 zapita, chiyambire kuphulitsa koyesera kwa zida zophera zamoyo mkati mwa nkhondo yadziko yachiŵiri, chisumbu chokongola chimenechi chakhala choipitsidwa ndi zodzetsa nthenda ya anthrax.

Chisumbu cha Gruinard chiri chitsanzo choipitsitsa cha kuipitsa. Koma mitundu yocheperako ya kuipitsa kwapanthaka iri vuto lofalikira ndipo lomakula.

Kuipitsa Kwapanthaka Kukuwonjezeka

Chochititsa china cha kuipitsa kwapanthaka kumeneku ndicho zinyatsi. Mwachitsanzo, banja lachikatikati la ku Britain la anthu anayi, molingana ndi The Times ya ku London, imataya makilogramu 51 a zitsulo ndi makilogramu 41 a mapulasitiki chaka chirichonse, “zambiri zimene zidzaipitsa mowonjezereka makwalala, mphepete mwamsewu, magombe ndi malo opumirako.”

Magazine Achifrenchi GEO anasimba kuti pa nthaŵi ina mulu waukulu wa zinyatsi wa Entressen kunja kwa Marseilles, France, udafika pa msinkhu wa mamita 60 ndi kukopa makwangwala chifupifupi 145,000. Waya wochinga muluwo sanachinjirize mphepo kuti isaulutse zinyalala za mapepala ndi mapulasitiki. Monga chotulukapo, aulamuliro akumaloko anagulirako dziko loyandikana laulimi la mahekitala 30 poyesera kuthetsa vuto la zinyalalalo.

Nzosadabwitsa kuti pokonzekera European Year of the Environment (Chaka cha Malo Otizinga cha ku Europe)—chimene chinatha mu March 1988—Nduna ya EEC Stanley Clinton Davis anapeza ndandanda ya mavuto a kuipitsa kukhala “yosatha.”b Chotsatira, ndawala yolimbikitsa kugwiritsiranso ntchito zotaidwa inalinganizidwa ndi cholinga cha kubwezereranso 80 peresenti ya matani 2,200,000,000 a zinyatsi za Mudziwo chaka chirichonse.

Kuipitsa kwa zinyatsi sikolekezera Kumadzulo kwa Europe. Iko tsopano kuli kwachiunda chonse. Molingana ndi magazine a New Scientist, kwakhala kofunikira kuyeretsa ngakhale kontinenti yakutali ya Antarctica. Asayansi ofufuza a ku Australia anasonkhanitsa zinthu zamakina ndi zomangira zotaidwa zoposa pa matani 40 zimene zinamwazidwa pafupi ndi malo awo opangirapo zinthu. The New York Times (December 19, 1989) ikusimba kuti anthu a ku America ku McMurdo Station, Antarctica, akuyeretsa zinyalala zounjikika kwa zaka 30, kuphatikizapo talakita yolemera makilogramu 35,000 imene inamira m’madzi akuya mamita 24.

Inde, pa mtunda, kuipitsa ndi kudetsa zikuchuluka. Koma bwanji ponena za madzi a dziko lapansi?

Madzi Akuda—Osalinga Moyo

“Mitsinje ya Britain ikuipiraipirabe kwanthaŵi yoyamba m’zaka zoposa kota ya zaka zana,” inatero The Observer. “Kattegat [nyanja yapakati pa Sweden ndi Denmark] ikuuma. Iyo mofulumira ikulephera kuchirikiza moyo wa nsomba chifukwa chakuti iri yoipitsidwa mokulira ndipo yopanda okosijeni,” inasimba tero The Times ya ku London. “Mitsinje ya Poland mofulumira ikukhala zotayamo zonyansa ndipo pali kuwongolera kochepera.”—The Guardian.

November 1986 inawona tsoka la kuipitsa lolongosoledwa ndi Daily Telegraph ya ku London kukhala “kuipsya kwa mtsinje waukulu koposa ndi wokongola wa Kumadzulo kwa Europe.” Moto woopsya mu fakitale ya zamankhwala ku Basel, Switzerland, unaitanitsa ozima moto amene anazima motowo. Mosafuna, iwo anataila matani oyambira pa 10 mpaka 30 amankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo mu Rhine, kupangitsa “Chernobyl ya indasitale yamadzi.” Chochitika chimenechi chinadzaza mitu yankhani. Komabe, chimene sichimasimbidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndicho nsonga yakuti zotaidwa zapaizoni zimataidwa mokhazikika mu Rhine pa mlingo wochepera.

Kuipitsa kwam’madzi sikuli kolekezera kumalo ozinga magwero ake. Makilomita kutali, ziyambukiro zake zingakhale zakupha. Mitsinje ya mu Europe imene imatsirira mu North Sea imapereka penti, mankhwala oyeretsera mano, zotaidwa zapaizoni, ndi ndowe mu unyinji wakuti Dutch Institute for the Investigation of Fishery tsopano yazindikiritsa nsomba za mu North Sea kukhala zosalinga kudyedwa. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti 40 peresenti ya nsomba zotchedwa flounder zochokera m’malo osazama ziri ndi nthenda zoyambukira nkhungu kapena zotupa zakansa.

Kodi ndani ayenera kupatsidwa mlandu kaamba ka kudetsa koteroko? Ambiri amaloza chala ku maindasitale, amene umbombo wake wa mapindu umapambana kutali chisamaliro cha malo okhalamo. Komabe, alimi alinso aliwongo lakuipitsa mifuleni ndi mitsinje yokhala pafupi ndi dziko lawo. Kugwiritsira ntchito komawonjezereka kwa fataleza tsopano kumapereka paizoni m’madzi.

Anthu amagwiritsiranso ntchito mitsinje monga motaila zinyalala. Mtsinje wa Mersey, wokhala ndi malo ogwirirako madzi ku chigawo cha kumpoto koma cha kum’mwera kwa England, ukunenedwa kukhala woipitsitsa mu Europe. “Tsopano, opusa okha kapena opanda nzeru ndiwo agasambe mu Mersey,” inachitira ndemanga tero Daily Post ya ku Liverpool, ndi kuwonjezera kuti: “Aliyense wochita tsoka kugwera mu mtsinjewo mothekera ayenera kutengedwa kuchipatala ali wodwala.”

Zonyansa zosasukulutsa nazonso zikuchuluka pakati pa zoipitsa m’madzi. Nyanja yokhala ndi gombe la tchuti la ku England lotchuka kwambiri linasimbidwa kukhala ndi “zonyansa zosasukulutsa zodzala kapu m’madzi osamba a banja lachikatikati lirilonse,” kupyola kanayi pamlingo wa EEC.

Kenaka pali ngozi ina; iyi imagwa kuchokera m’mlengalenga.

Mvula ya Asidi—Chiwopsyezo Chodetsa Nkhaŵa

Panthaŵi ina, anthu mu England ankafa chifukwa cha kupuma mpweya—kapena, tinene kuti mpweya wautsi. Lerolino, imfa za kuipitsa koteroko nzakamodzikamodzi. Mpweya wautsi wa ku London, umene unapha chifupifupi 4,000 mu 1952, sulinso chiwopsyezo. Malo ena opereka magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito malasha amene ankatulutsa mpweya wautsi anasamutsidwira ku malo akumidzi ndi kuikidwa machumuni aatali ndipo, m’zochitika zina, ziŵiya zoyeretsera mpweya zotchedwa scrubbers kuti zichotse peresenti yaikulu ya magas owopsya kwenikweni.

Komabe, zimenezi sizinaletse kuipitsa thambo. Machumuni aatali angachotse ngozi m’malo apafupi. Komano, mphepo yoyenda imapereka kumalo akutali zoipitsazo—kaŵirikaŵiri kumaiko ena. Monga chotulukapo, Scandinavia imavutika ndi kuipitsa kochokera ku Britain, ndipo anthu ambiri amaloza kwa Britain kukhala “Nkhalamba Yalitsiro ya ku Europe.” M’njira yofananayo, indasitale ya Midwestern mu United States imachititsa mbali yaikulu ya vuto la Canada la mvula ya asidi.

Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi apatsa mlandu sulfur dioxide kukhala chochititsa chachikulu cha kuipitsa mpweya kumene kumachititsa mvula ya asidi. Mu 1985 Drew Lewis, woimira prezidenti wa U.S. pa zodera nkhaŵa za Canada ndi America ponena za mvula ya asidi anati: “Kunena kuti masulphate samachititsa mvula ya asidi nkofanana ndi kunena kuti kusuta sikumachititsa kansa yamapapo.” Mwachiwonekere, pamene ipezana ndi chinyontho cha mvula, sulfur dioxide imapanga sulfuric acid, imene ingaike asidi ku mvula kapena kusonkhana m’madontho a mitambo, motero kugwera pa nkhalango za m’malo okwezeka monga chinyontho chapaizoni.

Pamene mvula ya asidi imagwa kapena, moipirako, pamene chipale chofewa cha asidi chisungunuka, nthaka yokhala pansi pake imayambukiridwa. Asayansi a ku Sweden amene anabwereza phunziro la mu 1927 anamaliza kuti kuya kwa masentimita 70, asidi ya dothi la m’nkhalango yawirikiza nthaŵi khumi. Kusintha kwa mankhwala kumeneku kumayambukira mowopsya mphamvu ya zomera ya kudya zakudya zake zofunika kwambiri, zonga calcium ndi magnesium.

Kodi ndi ziyambukiro zotani zimene zonsezi zirinazo pa munthu? Iye amavutika pamene nyanja ndi mitsinje imene poyamba inadzaza ndi zamoyo imakhala ya asidi ndipo yopanda zamoyo. Ndiponso, asayansi a ku Norway amaliza kuchokera ku maphunziro awo kuti asidi yam’madzi yowonjezereka, kaya ikhale m’nyanja kapena m’nthaka, imasungunula aluminum. Zimenezi zimapereka ngozi yotsimikizika ku umoyo. Asayansi awona “unansi woonekeratu pakati pa kukwera kwa ziŵerengero za imfa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa aluminum” m’madzi. Zigwirizano zothekera pakati pa aluminum ndi nthenda ya Alzheimer ndi mavuto ena a okalamba akupitirizabe kupereka chiwopsyezo.

Zowona, m’malo onga Mtsinje wa Mersey wa ku Britain ndi dzala la Entressen la ku France, zoyesayesa zapangidwa kuwongolera mkhalidwewo. Komabe, vuto lamtundu umenewu silimatha. Limawonekeranso kuzungulira dziko lonse. Koma palinso mtundu wina wakuipitsa—wosawoneka.

Ozone—Mdani Wosawoneka

Kutentha nkhuni za miyala, mukhale m’malo opangira magetsi kapena ng’anjo zapanyumba, kumatulutsa zoipitsa zina kuwonjezera pa sulfur dioxide. Izi zimaphatikizapo maoxide a nitrogen ndi mahydrocarbon osatenthedwa.

Lingaliro la sayansi tsopano limaika mlandu wowonjezereka woipitsa mpweya pa maoxide a nitrogen ameneŵa. Pansi pa chiyambukiro cha kuwala kwa dzuŵa, iwo amathandiza kutulutsa gas yowopsya, ozone. “Ozone ndiyo choipitsa mpweya chachikulu choyambukira zomera mu US,” ananena tero David Tingey wa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Iye anayerekezera kuti zimenezi zikatengera dziko lake $1,000 miliyoni pachaka mu 1986. Kutaikiridwa kwa Europe panthaŵiyo kunaikidwa pa $400 miliyoni pachaka.

Motero, pamene mvula ya asidi ikupha njira zamadzi, ambiri akuganiza kuti ozone, yogwirizanitsidwa kotheratu ndi utsi wa magalimoto, ndiyo yoyenera kupatsidwa mlandu wa kufa kwa mitengo m’malo mwa mvula ya asidi. The Economist inati: “Mitengo [mu Germany] ikuphedwa isanakhwime osati ndi mvula ya asidi koma ndi ozone. Ngakhale kuti kuphako kungachitidwe ndi kuzizira, nkhungu ya asidi kapena nthenda, iri ozone imene imaika mitengoyo pa ngozi.” Ndipo zimene zikuchitika mu Europe zikungowunikira mikhalidwe pa makontinenti ena. New Scientist inasimba kuti: “Mitengo mu paki ya California ikuwonongedwa ndi kuipitsa mpweya kumene kumachokera kutali konga ku Los Angeles.”

Komabe, palinso choipitsa cha mtundu woipitsitsa chodetsa dziko lapansi. Icho chiri chochititsa chachikulu cha kuipitsa kwakuthupi kwa nthaka, madzi, ndi mpweya za pulaneti lathu.

Kuipitsa Kwamakhalidwe

Nzosavuta kunyengedwa ndi mawonekedwe a anthu. Yesu Kristu mowonekera bwino anapereka fanizo la chimenechi. Polankhula kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo am’tsiku lake, iye anati: “Tsoka inu . . . chifukwa mufanafana ndi manda opaka njereza, amene aonekera okoma kunja kwake, koma adzala m’katimo ndi . . . zonyansa zonse.” (Mateyu 23:27) Inde, munthu angawoneke waudongo, mwinadi wokongola, kunja, koma mawu ake ndi mayendedwe zingavumbule umunthu wake weniweni woluluzika. Nzachisoni kunena kuti, kuipitsa kwamakhalidwe koteroko nkofala lerolino.

Kuipitsa kwamakhalidwe kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, kumene kuli kofala koposa ndi kalelonse. Oimba nyimbo za pop, ovina a pamasiteji ndi pa kanema, ndipo ngakhale amalonda olemekezeka, akhala mikhole ya zamanyazi chifukwa cha kudalira kwawo pa mankhwala ogodomalitsa. Kuipitsa kwamakhalidwe kumaphatikizaponso chisembwere, chimene chingakhale chochititsa mabanja osweka, chisudzulo, kutaya mimba, limodzinso ndi miliri yomafalikira ya nthenda zopatsirana mwakugonana, kuphatikizapo mliri woipitsitsa wa AIDS.

Pa muzu wa kuipitsa kwamakhalidwe kumeneku pali dyera, limenenso liri pa muzu wa kuipitsa kwakuthupi kwambirimbiri kumene kukukantha mtundu wa anthu. Tereza Kliemann, woloŵetsedwamo m’kuchiritsa AIDS mu São Paulo State, Brazil, anazindikira vutolo nati: “Kuchinjiriza [AIDS] kumatanthauza kusintha kwa khalidwe pakati pa anthu okhala pangozi koposa ndipo chimenecho nchovuta.” Unyinji wa anthu amaumirira pa kuchita zimene iwo afuna kuchita, m’malo molingalira mmene machitidwe awo adzayambukira ena. Monga chotulukapo, mabukhu, zosangulutsa, ndi mwambo wonse wa mtundu wa anthu zakutidwa ndi kuipitsa kwamakhalidwe.

Kwa anthu oganiza, unyinji wa zoyesayesa za lerolino pa kuyeretsa kwakuthupi ndi kwamakhalidwe ziri kokha kupaka phula m’maso. Pamenepa, inu mungazizwe kaya ngati pali chiyembekezo chodalirika kaamba ka dziko lapansi loyera ponse paŵiri mwakuthupi ndi mwamakhalidwe. Musataye mtima. Baibulo limatiuza kuti mapeto a kuipitsa ali pafupi!

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Zoipitsitsa Kuposa Masoka a Nthaŵi

Pambuyo pa zaka za kuunikiridwa ku mphepo zosiyanasiyana, nkhope ya mwala yosema imeneyi imaimira chophimba cha imfa. Zoipitsitsa kuposa masoka a nthaŵi ndizo ziyambukiro za kudyewa ndi dzimbiri la kuipitsa kwa mpweya. Nyumba zakale kuzungulira dziko lonse zikuwonongeka ndi dzimbiri la mvula ya asidi imene imagwa pa izo, kuyambira ndi City Hall mu Schenectady, United States, mpaka ku zimango zotchuka za Venice, Italy. Zikusimbidwa kuti zoumba zachikumbukiro za ku Rome zimagwa zitangokhudzidwa. Parthenon yotchuka ya ku Greece ikukhulupiriridwa kukhala yawonongeka kwambiri m’zaka 30 zapitazi kuposa m’zaka 2,000 zoyambirira. Kuwonongeka koteroko kaŵirikaŵiri kumakulitsidwa ndi msanganizo wa zopangitsa zapadziko zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kutentha ndi kuzizira, mphepo, ndi chinyontho, limodzinso ndi tizirombo totchedwa bacteria tokhala pa zipupa za nyumbazo. Ndi zotulukapo zoterezi kwa zinthu zopanda moyo, kodi nchiyani chimene chiyenera kukhala chiyambukiro cha kuipitsa pa zinthu zamoyo?

[Chithunzi]

Chosema pa cathedral mu London