Kumwerekera ndi Crack—Tsoka kwa Ana Osabadwa
PAMENE crack anayamba kuwonekera padziko kuchiyambi kwa ma 1980, siosuta ambiri amene anakhulupirira zachiyambukiro chake chovulaza chimene chikatulukapo. Ndiiko komwe, kodi sanali kusutidwira m’kaliwo wafodya kapena kusakanizidwa ndi ndudu yafodya kapena yachamba? Kwanenedwa ndi anthu wamba kuti crack anali mankhwala ogodomalitsa osavulaza. Ndithudi anali wotsika mtengo kuposa chamba kapena mtundu wina wa cocaine. Ndiponso anthu olandira malipiro otsika anakhoza kugula. Kuchangamula maganizo kumene crack anabweretsa kunawonekera kukhala koyenerera, mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wake.
Komabe, umboni wochuluka wa maupandu a crack, unayamba kuwonekera m’magazini azamankhwala pamene osuta okhala ndipakati anayamba kubala makanda oyambukiridwa ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsawo. Madokotala anayamba kuchenjeza za ziyambukiro zoopsa zimene crack angapereke pa ana osabadwa. Chiŵerengero chamakanda ovulala, ena olemala kwachikhalire, chinayamba kukwera ndi kupita kwa chaka chirichonse. “Pamene crack anakantha,” anatero dokotala wina, “chiŵerengero chamakanda odwala, chinakweradi kwadzawoneni.”
Kumene kusuta crack kuli kofalikira, kumawonekera ndi ziŵerengero. Mogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa m’zipatala zokwanira 36 mu United States mu 1988 kochitidwa ndi National Association for Perinatal Addiction Reaserch and Education, 11 peresenti ya makanda obadwa mu U.S., kapena pafupifupi makanda 375,000 pachaka, tsopano amaikidwa paupandu ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsa panthaŵi ya kukhala ndi pakati. The New York Times ikusimba kuti pakati pa 1986 ndi 1988, “chiŵerengero cha ana obadwa mu New York City opimidwa ndikupezedwa kukhala oyambukiridwa ndi mwankhwala ogodomalitsa—ochulukitsitsa ndi cocaine—chinawonjezeka kuŵirikiza nthaŵi zinayi, kuchokera pa 1,325 kufika pa 5,088.”
Ziyambukiro Zoopsa
“Amayi osuta crack ndiwo odwala koposa onse,” anatero Dr. Richard Fulroth, katswiri pa Yunivesite ya Stanford. “Iwo amabwera panthaŵi yeniyeni ali pafupi kuchira, ndipo umangokhala chete kuti uwone mwana amene adzabwadwa.” Kaŵirikaŵiri koposa mwana amene wakhala akukula m’mimba ya wosuta crack samakhala wosapunduka. Crack angachititse kufinyika kwamisempha yamwazi yakhandalo, kumene kumachepetsa kuyenda kwa okosijeni ndi zakudya zoyenda m’mwazi zofunikazo kwa nyengo zazitali. Kukula kwa mluza, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa mutu ndi ubongo, zingapinimbiritsidwe. Kaŵirikaŵiri matenda akufa ziŵalo ndi khunyu amakantha, ndiponso angalemaze impso, mpheto, matumbo, ndi msana. Palinso upandu wa kuduka kwa nsapo kuchibaliro, kumene kumapha mluzawo ndipo kungakhale kwakupha kwa nakubala.
Pamene khanda loyambukiridwa ndi crack libadwa, madokotala ndi manesi angakhoze kuwona umboni wowonekera wa chivulazo chochititsidwa ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsa. Lipoti lina linafotokoza mwana woteroyo kukhala “ntchintchi ya mnofu wokhala ndi mutu wonga lalanje ndi ziŵalo zozendeŵera.” M’zochitika zingapo, anasimba motero magazini a Discover, makanda oyambukiridwa ndi cocaine abadwa opanda zala zakudzanja ziŵiri zapakati.
Dokotala Dan R. Griffith, katswiri m’zakukula kwa maganizo pa Yunivesite ya Northwestern, anati makanda oyambukiridwa ndi cocaine kaŵirikaŵiri amabadwa ndi “mitsempha yamwazi yosalimba, yosakhoza kunyamula mwazi wambiri.” Iwo amakhala amantha kwambiri, ndi kuliralira mosatonthozeka atangoputidwa pang’ono. ‘Phokoso ladzidzidzi kapena kusintha malo, ngakhale kulankhula naye kapena kumuyang’ana, kungachititse mwanayo kulira kwanthaŵi yaitali,’ anatero dokotalayo. ‘Ziyambukiro zina zowonekeratu zachivulazo chochitidwa ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsa pamwana wobadwa chatsopano,’ Dr. Griffith akufotokoza motero, ‘zingakhale zakuti makandawo amagwidwa ndi tulo tofa nato kwa 90 peresenti ya nthaŵi yawo kuwabisa kuzosokosa zakunja. Iwo samadzuka ngakhale atavulidwa, kulankhuzidwa, kugwedezedwa, kapena kuyesadi kuwadzutsa.’
Mavuto amitsempha ameneŵa angapitirize kwamiyezi ingapo, anatero dokotalayo, motero akumachititsa kugwiritsidwa mwala kwa zoyesayesa za nakubala zonse ziŵiri zamaganizo ndi zathupi panthaŵi imene zomagirira za chikondi ndi kuzoloŵerana ziyenera kukulitsidwa. “Khandalo limatsekereza amayi wake ndipo limakhala lovutitsidwa kwambiri pamene akuyesa kulisamalira. Mayiyo amatalikirana ndi khandalo ndipo amaipidwa naye pamene salabadira chisamaliro chake,” anawonjezera motero dokotalayo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kachitidwe kamwana koteroko ndi kuipidwa kwa mayiyo zimatsogolera kukuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa mwana.
Makanda Onyanyalidwa
Chifukwa chakuti mkhalidwe wa makanda obadwa chatsopano oterowo umakhala wakayakaya kwambiri, kukhala kwawo m’chipatala kungatenge milungu ingapo ndipo nthaŵi zina miyezi ingapo. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri kwambiri kukhalamo kwawo kwanthaŵi yaitali sikumakhala chifukwa chamkhalidwe wa mwanayo koma chifukwa cha maganizo a mayiyo kulinga kwa khanda lake. Nthaŵi zambiri amayi amangosiya mwanayo m’chipatala, namasamaliridwa ndi boma. “Sindikumvetsetsa mayi wosafunsa chirichonse ponena za khanda lake, ndikusabweranso konse,” anadandaula motero dokotala wina wodera nkhaŵa. Ena satha ngakhale kuyembekezera mokwanira kuti atche dzina khandalo. Manesi ndiwo amawachitira zimenezo. “Mbali yachilendo ndi yoipitsitsa yakusuta crack,” ananena motero nesi wogwira ntchito m’chipatala, “imawonekera kukhala kunyonyotsoka kwa chibadwa chaukholo.” Chipatala china chinafunikira kutumiza matelegaramu kwa makolo osiya ana kuti akasaine zikalata zololeza opaleshoni yofufuza thupi pamene makanda awo afa. Kodi zimenezi zikukudabwitsani?
Chifukwa chakukula kwa ntchito ya manesi am’zipatala, makanda amenewa sangasonyezedwe chikondi ndi kupatsidwa chisamaliro chimene amafunikira kwambiri. M’zochitika zina, pamene mabanja okhoza kulera anawo sangapezeke mosavuta, anthu achifundo okonda ana apereka nthaŵi yawo modzifunira, maola angapo mlungu uliwonse, kumalera ana onyanyalidwa amenewa. “Iwo amawadyetsa, kuwaimbira, kuseŵera nawo, kuwasisita ndi kuwasintha,” anatero wantchito wina. “Amawasamalira monga momwe akachitira khanda la iwo eni. Izi zimakomera makandawo kwambiri. Ena a iwo timakhala nawo kwanthaŵi yaitali.”
Kodi mtsogolo mwasungiranji ana ovulazidwa ndi cocaine amenewa? Kutsika kwa IQ (mlingo wa luntha la munthu) yawo kuposa yozoloŵereka kudzabweretsa vuto mtsogolo kwa aphunzitsi pochita nawo. “Chifukwa cha kupinimbira kwa thupi ndi kakulidwe,” anatero kwatswiri wina wa ana, “ana amenewa adzakhala vuto kwa iwo okha ndi ku chitaganya kwazaka 40 kapena 50.” Ndithudi, crack watema mphini yosafafanizika pachitaganya.