Lingaliro la Baibulo
Kodi Sayansi Yapangitsa Baibulo Kukhala Lachikale?
KODI sayansi, ndi chidziŵitso chake chopita patsogolo cha chilengedwe, yapangitsa Baibulo kukhala buku la nthanthi ndi nthano zosonkhanitsidwa? Anthu ambiri lerolino amalingalira motero. Kodi nanunso mumatero?
Mwinamwake, mofanana ndi ena ambiri, munaphunzitsidwa kuganiza mwanjirayo kuyambira paubwana wanu ndipo simunakaikirepo kwenikweni za lingaliro limenelo. Tikukupemphani kulifunsa tsopano. Talingalirani chitsanzo chimodzi chokha, ndemanga yoperekedwa m’Baibulo ponena za chilengedwe chakuthupi. Ndemangayi siinangotsutsa kwamtu wagalu zimene akatswiri apanthaŵiyo ankanena koma inatsutsanso zimene asayansi ankanenabe zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake.
Nkhani ya Mphamvu Yokoka
Kodi dziko lapansi lakhazikika pachiyani? Kodi nchiyani chimene chimagwira mwezi, dzuŵa, ndi nyenyezi? Mafunso ameneŵa athetsa nzeru anthu kwazaka mazana ambiri. Ponena zadziko lapansi, Baibulo liri ndi yankho losavuta. Pa Yobu 26:7 limati Mulungu ‘alenjeka dziko lapansi pachabe.’ M’Chihebri choyambirira, liwu lotembenuzidwa “pachabe” (beli-mah ΄) logwiritsiridwa ntchito panopa m’lingaliro lenileni limatanthauza “popanda chirichonse,” ndipo limapezeka nthaŵi yokhayi m’Baibulo. Chithunzithunzi chimene limapereka cha dziko lapansi lozingidwa ndi malo opanda kanthu chikuvomerezedwa ndi akatswiri kukhala “masomphenya odabwitsa,” makamaka kaamba ka nthaŵi yake.a
Umu sindimo mmene anthu ambiri m’masikuwo anawonera dziko. Lingaliro lina lanthaŵi yakale linali lakuti dziko lapansi linachirikizidwa ndi njovu zoimirira pamsana wa kamba wamkulukulu.
Aristotle, wanthanthi Wachigiriki amenenso anali wasayansi wa m’zaka za zana lachinayi B.C.E., anaphunzitsa kuti dziko lapansi sirikalenjekeka konse pamlengalenga wopanda kanthu. Mmalo mwake, iye anaphunzitsa kuti lirilonse lamakamu akumwamba linalumikizidwa kuchipupa cha mbulunga yolimba ndi yopenyekera ngati galasi. Mbulunga imodzi inakhala mkati mwa inzake. Dziko lapansi ndiro linali mkati koposa; mbulunga yakunja koposa ndiyo inagwira nyenyezi. Pamene mbulungazo zinkazungulira imodzi mkati mwa inzake, zinthu zokhala pazipupa zawo—dzuŵa, mwezi, ndi mapulaneti—zinayenda modutsa mlengalenga.
Mawu a Baibulo akuti kwenikweni dziko lapansi ‘limalenjekeka popanda kanthu’ anali akalekale zaka zoposa 1,100 Aristotle asanakhale. Komabe, Aristotle anawonedwa kukhala wanzeru koposa m’tsiku lake. Malingaliro ake anali kuphunzitsidwabe kukhala zenizeni pafupifupi zaka 2,000 pambuyo pa imfa yake! Monga momwe The New Encyclopædia Britannica imanenera, m’zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17 C.E., ziphunzitso za Aristotle “zinakula kukhala chiphunzitso chachipembedzo” m’maso mwa tchalitchi.
Wanthanthi wa m’zaka za zana la khumi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi Giordano Bruno anayesa kutsutsa lingaliro lakuti nyenyezi “zinagwira, kunena kwake titero, kudenga limodzi lathambo.” Iye analemba kuti linali “lingaliro loseketsa limene lingakhulupiriridwe ndi ana, akumayerekezera kuti ngati [nyenyezizo] sizinamamatire kuchinthu chakumwamba ndi guluu wamphamvu, kapena kukhomereredwa ndi misomali yochindikira koposa, mwinamwake zikatigwera monga matalala.” Ndipo kutsutsa Aristotle kunali kuputa ngozi m’masiku amenewo—Tchalitchi chinachititsa Bruno kutenthedwa ali wamoyo kaamba ka kufalitsa malingaliro ake otsutsa chipembedzo ponena za chilengedwe chaponseponse.
Mu Msuzi Wakuthambo
Chifukwa chakutulukiridwa kwa telesikopo (makina owonera zinthu ziri patali), akatswiri odziŵa zakuthambo ambiri anayamba kukayikira Aristotle. Ngati dzuŵa, mwezi, ndi nyenyezi sizinalumikizidwe ku mbulunga zomazungulira dziko lapansi, pamenepo kodi chimene chikanazigwiriziza kumwambako nchiyani ndikuziyendetsa mozungulira? Katswiri wamasamu wa m’zaka za zana lakhumi mphambu zisanu ndi ziŵiri René Descartes analingalira kuti anapeza yankho. Iye anavomerezana ndi Aristotle kuti mlengalenga wokhala pakati pa ife ndi makamu akumwamba suungakhale wopanda kanthu. Chotero anayerekezera kuti chilengedwe chonse chinali chodzala ndi chokutidwa ndi madzi openyekera—msuzi wakuthambo.
Nthanthi imeneyi inawonekera kukhala ikuthetsa mavuto aŵiri. Choyamba, inasonyeza kukhalapo kwa chinachake chimene ‘chinagwiriziza’ makamu akumwambawo kusagwa; kuti zonse zinalenjekeka mumsuziwo! Chachiŵiri, inathandiza kufotokoza mayendedwe amapulaneti. Descartes ananena kuti mapulanetiwo anagwidwa pakati pa maziŵe ozungulira, kapena matamanda, m’madzi amene anawapangitsa kuyenda mozungulira m’njira zawozo. “Nthanthi ya Maziŵe Ozungulira” imeneyi, monga momwe inatchedwera, ingatichititse chidwi lerolino. Koma inali nthanthi yaikulu m’maphunziro achilengedwe chonse kwazaka zoposa zana limodzi m’maiko ena.
Asayansi ambiri anaikonda kuposa ndi chiphunzitso chatsopano: Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka la Isaac Newton, lofalitsidwa mu 1687. Newton ananena motsimikiza kuti mapulaneti sanafunikire zinthu zowoneka kumawagwiriziza kumwambako. Inali mphamvu yokoka imene inalamulira mayendwe awo ndi kuwabindikiritsa m’njira zawozo. M’chenicheni, iwo akulenjekeka mumlengalenga mopanda kanthu ndipo akuima popanda kanthu. Anzake a Newton ambiri anaseka lingaliro lake la mphamvu yokoka. Ndipo ngakhale Newton iyemwini anakupeza kukhala kovuta kukhulupirira kuti mlengalenga unali malo chabe, kwakukulukulu opanda kanthu.
Komabe, mkupita kwanthaŵi malingaliro a Newton anapambana. Lerolino, kuli kosavuta kwambiri kwaife kuiŵala kuti funsoli lachimene chikugwiriziza mapulaneti linadzutsa mkangano woopsa pakati pa asayansi ophunzira ndi aluntha zaka mazana 32 pambuyo pakuti Baibulo linanena kalekale mwamawu okhweka kuti dziko lapansi ‘likulenjekeka popanda kanthu.’ Kodi ndimotani mmene Yobu anadziŵira kulongosola zinthu ndendende mwanjirayo? Kodi nchifukwa ninji anakhoza kunena kuti palibe chinthu chenicheni chimene chimagwira dziko lapansi, pamene kuli kwakuti kunatengera “akatswiri” zaka zoposa 3,000 kufikira chosankha chofananacho?
Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Baibulo Liri Patsogolo Kwambiri pa Nthaŵi Yake?
Baibulo limapereka yankho lanzeru. Pa 2 Timoteo 3:16 timaŵerenga kuti: “Lemba lirilonse adaliuzira Mulungu.” Motero Baibulo siriri chotulukapo cha nzeru ya munthu, koma mmalo mwake, liri kuperekedwa kolondola kwa malingaliro a Mlengiyo kwa ife.
Kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti inu mudziwonere nokha kuti kaya kudzinenera kwa Baibulo kumeneko kuli kowona. (1 Atesalonika 2:13) Mwakutero mungapeze njira yofikira malingaliro a Munthuyo amene anatilinganiza ndi kutilenga. Kodi ndimagwero ena ati amene angapose apa amene angatiuze zimene ziri mtsogolo ndi mmene tingakhalire ndi moyo wachimwemwe ndi wachipambano m’dziko lino lovutitsidwa?
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Buku lakuti Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament limati: “Mosangalatsa Yobu 26:7 amapereka chithunzi cha dziko lodziŵika panthaŵiyo kuti linali lolenjekeka m’malo opanda kanthu, mwakutero kuyembekezera zodzatulukiridwa ndi sayansi yamtsogolo.”
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]
Mwachirolezo cha British Library