Ufumu Womangidwa pa Mchenga, Mafuta, ndi Chipembedzo

KODI ndi dziko liti lomwe nlalikulu mofanana ndi Kumadzulo kwa Yuropu, liri ndi anthu okwanira 12 miliyoni okha, ndipo dziko lonselo liri pafupifupi chipululu chokhachoka? Kodi ndiufumu uti umene unakhazikitsidwa mu 1932, unapeza mafuta ambirimbiri mu 1938, ndipo unakhala wachitatu ku maiko aakulu otulutsa mafuta osayengedwa padziko lonse? Kodi ndiufumu uti umene umalingalira Korani kukhala malamulo ake otsatiridwa ndipo nkomwe kumapezeka mizinda ndi misikiti iŵiri yolemekezeka koposa ya Chisilamu?

Yankho la mafunso onseŵa ndi Ufumu wa Saudi Arabia, wolamulidwa ndi Mfumu Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz. Wokhala ndi makilomita 2,240,000 m’mbali zonse zinayi, iwo umatenga mbali yaikulu ya chilumba cha Arabia, wokhala ndi Nyanja Yofiira kumadzulo, Nyanja ya Arabia kum’mwera, ndi Gulf ya Arabia kum’mawa.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji ndinakondweretsedwa ndi dziko Lachiluya limeneli? Ndidawona mu nyuzipepala chiitano cha chiwonetsero mu Mzinda wa New York cholipiriridwa ndi boma la Saudi Arabia. Ndinasangalatsidwa kufuna kudziŵa zambiri za mwambo ndi njira yamoyo yosiyanayi. Ndipo popeza kuti mwinamwake sindikapita konse ku Saudi Arabia, bwanji osalola Saudi Arabia kubwera kwa ine?

Saudi Arabia—Yakale ndi Yatsopano

Mwamsanga nditangoloŵa m’malo achiwonetserowo, ndinazindikira kuti chirichonse chinakonzedwa kupangitsa anthu kulikonda dziko la Arabia. Paliponse padali ophunzira pa yunivesite okhala ku U.S. a ku Saudi omwe anali otsogoza ophunzitsidwa bwino. Onse anavala thobe yotchukayo, malaya oyera aatali, amene amafanana ndi mkanjo ndipo amafika kumapazi. Aliyense anavalanso ghutra, kapena nduwira ya mizere yoyera ndi yofiira, yomangiriridwa ndi chingwe chakuda. Onse ankalankhula Chingelezi chabwino ndipo adali aulemu kwenikweni poyankha funso lirilonse limene ine kapena wina aliyense analifunsa.

Mwakutsatira khonde lowalitsidwa pang’ono, limene lidali ndi zithunzi za banja lachifumu la Saudi limodzinso ndi zisonyezero za zithunzithunzi za mbali zosiyanasiyana za Saudi Arabia, kenaka ndinachezera malo omwe anasonyeza moyo wakumaloko wa Aluya ndi Abedouin. Hema wakuda wa Wachibedouin anawonetsedwa ndi ziwiya zonse za moyo wawo woyendayenda. Komabe, ndikupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga lamakono, njira yamoyo ya Abedouin, yokhala ndi mwambo wake wa kukhala wochereza alendo, ukufa.

Mbali yotsatira ya ulendowo inali chikumbutso cha mphamvu yachipembedzo imene imayendetsa ndikulamulira moyo wa ku Saudi Arabia—Chisilamu.a

Mecca, Kaaba, ndi Korani

Bukhu lopatulika la Chisilamu, Korani, “limalingaliridwa kukhala lamulo la [Saudi Arabia] ndipo limapereka malamulo amakhalidwe ndi chitsogozo,” ikulongosola motero brosha yaboma. Magazini ena akuti: “Ufumuwo umazika malamulo ake amayanjano, ndale, ndi azachuma mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso Zachisilamu.” Ngakhale kuti padali makope angapo a Korani olembedwa ndi manja omwe anaonetsedwa, mutu waukulu wa chigawo chimenechi unali mzinda wa opita paulendo wachipembedzo wa Mecca (Arabic, Makkah) wokhala ndi msikiti wake waukulu ndi Kaaba pakati pake. Izi zinasonyezedwa ndi zithunzi zazikulu zowonerapo.

Kaaba, nyumba yaikulu yopangidwa ngati chibanda yomangidwa ndi miyala ndikukutidwa ndi nsalu yochindikala yakuda, ikulongosoledwa ndi bukhu Lachisilamu kukhala “malo olambirira amene Mulungu analamula Abrahamu ndi Ismayeli kuwamanga zaka zoposa zikwi zinayi zapitazo.”b Choncho Chisilamu (choyambitsidwa ndi mneneri Muḥammad m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri C.E.) chimanena kuti nchogwirizanitsidwa ndi Abrahamu, kholo lomwe ndikalambula bwalo wa Chiyuda ndi Chikristu. Chotero icho nchimodzi cha madongosolo atatu aakulu achipembedzo okhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi.

Kwenikweni Kaaba ili pakati pa bwalo lalikulu lomwe limapanga mbali ya msikiti waukulu wa Mecca. Paulendo wachipembedzo wa chaka ndi chaka (ḥajj), Asilamu oposa miliyoni imodzi amathamangira kumeneko kukapemphera ndikuzungulira Kaaba nthaŵi zisanu ndi ziŵiri. Msilamu wamphamvu aliyense amalingalira kukhala thayo lake kupanga ulendowu pafupifupi kamodzi m’moyo wake. Chiwonetserocho chinaphatikizaponso chithunzi chowonerapo cha msikiti waukulu wa Medina (Arabic, Madinah), manda a Muḥammad.

Zosangalatsa kwenikweni zinali zitseko zolemera zokometseredwa za Kaaba zomwe zinawonetsedwa. Mwanthaŵi zonse, Asilamu okha ndiwo amaziwona izo, popeza kuti ndiwo okha amene amaloledwa kuloŵa m’msikiti wa ku Mecca. Chidali chovuta kukhulupirira kuti zidali zitseko zoyambirira zenizeni kufikira pamene wotsogozayo analongosola kuti zidali zitseko zimene zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira mu 1942 mpaka 1982, pamene zinaloŵedwa mmalo ndi zatsopano. Izo nzopangidwa ndi golidi ndi siliva ndipo nzokometseredwa ndi zithunzi za golidi zomwe ziri ndi mavesi a m’Korani olembedwa m’Chiluya. Pakhoma lapafupi panalenjekedwa kiswah, kapena nsalu yochinga yakuda yolemera, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kukuta Kaaba, yopetedwa ndi malemba ambiri ochokera m’Korani a golidi.

Moyo Wamakono ku Saudi Arabia

Chakutsogoloko paulendowo, kudali zopangidwanso za zochitika zenizeni za m’khwalala, ndi aluso lopanga zinthu akumaluka mphasa ndipo ena akumasula zitsulo kukhala ziwiya zogwiritsira ntchito panyumba. Akatswiri ena ankapuntha zikopa kuti apange nkhwaira zodziŵika za Aluya. Wina ankapanga zikwere zambalame zamtengo. Winanso ankaumba mbiya ndi mkombero wa woumba woyendetsedwa ndi phazi.

Pomalizira pake ndinafika kuchigawo chomwe chinawonetsa zipambano zofikiridwa za Saudi Arabia yamakono. Kunali kowonekeratu kuti kutumbidwa kwa mafuta kunasintha chuma cha Saudi ndi kakhalidwe ka dzikolo. ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) inapeza magwero aakulu a mafuta mu 1938. Mabotolo owonetsera a madzi akudawo anawonetsedwa. Brosha ya kampani inalongosola kuti: “Aramco tsopano ili ndi antchito oposa 43,000, pafupifupi zitsime 550 zogwira ntchito, migelo ndi mapaipi opitamo mafuta zautali wokwanira makilomita 20,500 ndi makampani olekanitsa mafuta ndi gasi oposa 60.”

Nzosadabwitsa kuti ndimaziko azachuma olimba moterowo, mabrosha achidziŵitso anganene kuti Saudi Arabia imachilikiza sukulu ndi malo ophunzirira okwanira 15,000 amene amatumikira ophunzira oposa 2.5 miliyoni. Maphunziro ngaulere kwa aliyense mpaka kufika ku yunivesite. Ndipo kuli mayunivesite asanu ndi aŵiri.

Ndithudi, simafuta okha omwe ali ku Saudi Arabia. Maprojekiti aakulu othirira amalizidwa, ndipo ulimi wafalikira ku mlingo wakuti dzikolo limatumiza kumaiko ena nsomba, nkhuku, tirigu, ngole, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi mkaka ndi dzinthu zina zapafamu.

Mbali Ziŵiri ku Kobiri Iriyonse

Ndinamaliza kuchezera kwanga “Saudi Arabia” kwa maola atatu ndiri wosangalatsidwa ndi zokwaniritsa za dziko laling’onoli. Ndinazizwa kuti zinthu zikanakhala zosiyana motani ngati dziko lirilonse lidali ndi magwero a petroleum kapena zinthu zina zamtengo wake zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse.

Ngakhale kuti ndinaupeza ulendowo kukhala wophunzitsa, sindinathe kulephera kuwona kuphonya m’mbali ya chipembedzo. Sindinaphunzire chirichonse ponena za mwala wa Kaaba weniweniwo, mwala wonyezimira wakuda umene umalambiridwa ndi Asilamu ochezera Mecca. Chisilamu chisanakhazikitsidwe, mwalawo “unkalambiridwa monga chinthu chamalaulo,” analongosola motero Philip K. Hitti m’bukhu lake lakuti History of the Arabs. Mwambowo umati pamene Ismayeli ankamanganso Kaaba, analandira mwala wakudawo kuchokera kwa mngelo Gabriyeli.

Chophonya china chinali chakuti sindinapeze umboni uliwonse wa magulu aakulu aŵiri a Chisilamu, Sunni ndi Shia. Kugaŵanikana kumeneku kunachitika kalelo m’nthaŵi ya oloŵa mmalo a Muḥammad ndipo nkozikidwa pa kusiyana kwa kumasulira ponena za amene ali oyenerera kukhala oloŵa mmalo ake auzimu—kodi mzerawo umatsatira achibale enieni a Muḥammad monga mmene amanenera Asilamu a Shiite kapena kodi ngwozikidwa pa gulu losankhidwa monga mmene a Sunni ambiri amanenera? Anthu a ku Saudi ngampatuko wosamalitsa wa Wahhabi ndi gulu la Hanbali, gulu lamphamvu kwambiri pa magulu onse anayi a Asilamu a Sunni.

Omwe adawonekeratu kuti padalibe pachiwonetserocho anali akazi a ku Arabia. Ndinalingalira kuti kusaikidwapo kumeneku kunali chifukwa cha kumasulira kosamalitsa kwa Saudi kwa malamulo Achisilamu onena za mbali ya akazi m’moyo wapoyera.

Pamene ndinkachoka pachiwonetseropo, ndinakumbutsidwa mokakamizika za mwambi wakuti kuli mbali ziŵiri ku kobiri iriyonse. Pabwalo m’makwalala, padali Aluya odandaula omapereka magazini onena za nkhanza ndi kupanda chilungamo za ku Saudi Arabia ndikutsutsa kusoŵeka kwa dongosolo la demokrase m’dzikolo (mulibe lamulo lakudziko kapena nyumba yamalamulo). Zinandipangitsa kuzindikira kuti kwa anthu ena, mchenga, mafuta, ndi chipembedzo sindizo zonse. Komabe ndinakhala ndi lingaliro lowoneka bwino la moyo mu Saudi Arabia ndi chiyambukiro cha Chisilamu pa anthu ake.—Yothandiziridwa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu/Chithunzi patsamba 16]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

SAUDI ARABIA

Mecca

IRAN

IRAQ

SUDAN

Nyanja Yofiira

Nyanja ya Arabia

[Zithunzi patsamba 17]

(Kuchokera kumanzere) Zitseko za Kaaba, katswiri wazaluso Wachiluya, ndi malembo oŵerenga opetedwa Achiluya

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

David Patterson