Kuchotsedwa Ntchito—Chothetsa Nzeru cha Wolembedwa Ntchito

“Kunandifika mondidabwitsa zedi. Ndinali wosokonezeka maganizo.”—Manijala wa dongosolo la zolankhulana, wazaka zakubadwa 44.

“Ndinkhonya yoopsa ku chidaliro chaumwini. Umadzimva kukhala wachabechabe.”—Ofisala wamkulu woyang’anira chuma, wazaka zakubadwa 38.

“Kodi ndichuma chamtundu wanji chimene tachipanga chomwe chimataya anthu pamene afika pakukhupuka?”—Mkulu wantchito m’fakitale yosoka zovala, wazaka zakubadwa 47.

KODI nchokumana nacho chotani chimene anthuŵa anagweramo? Aliyense wa iwo anapyola m’chokumana nacho chosautsa maganizo cha kuchotsedwa ntchito.

Tayang’ananinso misinkhu ya antchito amenewo. Iwo sanali atsopano pantchito, chotero mwachiwonekere iwo analingalira kuti anali nacho chisungiko pantchito. Ndipo anali panthaŵi imene ambiri angailingalire kukhala zaka zawo zakulandira malipiro apamwamba. Koma mapeto a ntchito yawo anali ofulumira ndi osayembekezeredwa. “Anandiuza kuchotsa zinthu pa desiki langa ndikulongedza katundu wanga,” anatero manijala wa dongosolo la zolankhulana wotchulidwa pamwambapo. “Basi pompo, ndiko kunali kupita kwanga.”

Kodi Nchiyani Chinachitika?

Kusatsimikizirika kwa zachuma sichinthu chachilendo. M’maiko ambiri, nthaŵi zonse mwakhala nyengo za kukhupuka kotsatiridwa ndi kubwerera m’mbuyo kapena kugwa kwa chuma. Ndipo kutsika kwachuma kwa padziko lonse kwaposachedwapa, kochitika nkhondo ya ku Persian Gulf isanaulike, kunasonyeza mmene chuma chingakhalire chosakhazikika ngakhale pambuyo pa kukhupuka kwa zaka zambiri. Anthu ambiri, ena kwanthaŵi yoyamba, anazindikira kuti sanayenera kuwona ntchito zawo ndi malipiro mopepuka.

Chiyambukiro cha kugwa kwa chuma pa antchito chinali choopsa. Makampani anakakamizika kuchepetsa malipiro monga momwe anathera, kaŵirikaŵiri zikutulukapo kuchotsa anthu ambiri pantchito. Ngakhale m’maiko okhupuka ndi otsungula, omwenso ndimamembala a Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, anthu okwanira 25 miliyoni anali malova panthaŵi ina.

“Pafupifupi tsiku lirilonse ndimalandira mafoni kuchokera kwa mabwenzi anga a m’makampani aakulu omwe achotsedwa ntchito,” anatero m’misiri wolinganiza mkati mwanyumba. “Makampani ambiri amene ndimagwira nawo ntchito anatsika m’ntchito zawo zandalama ndi theka kusiyana ndi chaka chimodzi chapitacho.”

Kuchotsedwa ntchito nthaŵi zonse kwakhala mbali ya ntchito zamanja. M’kugwa kwa chuma kwaposachedwapa, chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha antchito za muofesi nawonso anachotsedwa ntchito. “Izi ndintchito zapamwamba,” anatero Dan Lacey, mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yotchedwa Workplace Trends, “ntchito zimene zinatikhozetsa kugula nyumba m’malo abwino ndi kukhala ndi magalimoto aŵiri.”

Zambiri za ntchito zimenezo zinataidwa m’zaka zoŵerengeka zapitazo. Ndipo antchito omwe anachotsedwa anadzipeza kukhala, monga momwe Newsweek inanenera, “olemedwa ndi ngongole za nyumba, mabanja achatsopano, ngongole zazikulu ndi mtsogolo mosatsimikizirika.”

Kodi Pamakhala Ziyambukiro Zotani?

Zonsezi ziri ndi chiyambukiro chosautsa paŵiri: Anthu ochotsedwa ntchito amakanthidwa ponse paŵiri m’zachuma ndi malingaliro. Vuto la zachuma limakhala lodziŵikiratu. Pokhala akupeza ndalama zochepa, muyezo wa kakhalidwe ka munthu uyenera kusinthidwa. Ndipo ulova umakhalanso ndi chiyambukiro cha malingaliro.

Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la achichepere kulinga ku kusungika kwa ntchito limasintha. Kusinthasintha ntchito kumakhala chinthu chozoloŵereka, njira ya moyo yolandirika. The Wall Street Journal inanena kuti kuchokachoka ntchito kwapangitsa achichepere ambiri m’Briteni kukhala “osakhwima konse.”

Pamakhala ziyambukiro za malingaliro zozama kwa amene amachotsedwa ntchito pambuyo pokhala pantchito mokhazikika kwa zaka zambiri. “Patakhala kuchotsedwa ntchito,” anatero Neil P. Lewis, katswiri wa zamaganizo yemwenso ndimkulu wantchito “sumangotaikiridwa kulandira cheke chamalipiro, koma umataikiridwanso pang’ono maganizo aumwini.”

Kwenikweni, akatswiri a zamaganizo anena kuti nsautso ya maganizo yochititsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito njofanana ndi nsautso ya maganizo yochititsidwa ndi imfa ya wokondedwa ndi chisudzulo. Kusokonezeka maganizo koyambirira kumachititsa mkwiyo, umenenso umatsogolera ku chisoni ndiyeno kuulandira mkhalidwewo. “Anthu ena amapyola m’zonsezo m’masiku aŵiri okha,” akutero Lewis. “Ena amatha milungu ndi miyezi.”

Kukula kwa vuto lamalingaliro kumawonekanso m’chakuti ochotsedwa ntchito amagwera mosavutsa muuchidakwa ndi m’kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala ogodomalitsa. Kuthedwa nzeru kungatsogoleredi ku chiwawa cha m’banja kapena kupatukana. “Malingalirowo amafuna malo owathetsera,” anatero Stephen Pilster-Pearson, wachiŵiri kwa wotsogoza antchito pa Yunivesiti ya Wisconsin, U.S.A., “ndipo amodzi a malo amenewo, ndipanyumba ndithu.”

Poyambukiridwa moipitsitsadi, womaliza maphunziro a yunivesiti wina m’Hong Kong anasankha kudzipha pambuyo pa zaka zisanu za ulova. Iye analoŵa pa njanji sitima ikubwera.

Chotero pamene anthu ataikiridwa ntchito, nzambiri zimene zimayambukiridwa kuwonjezera pa ndalama. Chifukwa chake, nkofunika kuyang’ananso mbali zina za vutolo m’malo mwa ndalama zokha. Malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri amaloŵetsedwamo, ndipo mabanja ayenera kugwirizana ndi kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kupeza zothetsera vutolo.

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Kodi Ali Mapeto a Kufutukuka kwa Chuma?

Chaka chatha, mantha a mavuto a zachuma anasimbidwa kuzungulira padziko lonse. Talingalirani zitsanzo zingapo:

Falansa: “Dziko likufikira mapeto a nyengo yaitali koposa ya kufutukuka kwa chuma kumene silinakhalepo nako. . . . Ngati maiko a ku Ulaya sakudera nkhaŵa kwambiri pakali pano, nchifukwa cha kukhupuka kochititsidwa ndi kugwirizanitsidwanso kwa Jeremani, iwo sangapulumuke kotheratu. . . . Misika yawona ngozi imene ikubwera.”—Le Monde, Paris.

Brazil: Kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa chuma mu United States “mosapeŵeka kukayambukira maiko ena otsungula ndipo, monga chotulukapo, kukalepheretsa mokulira malonda ogula zinthu ku maiko osatukuka kwambiri.”—Fôlha de S. Paulo, São Paulo.

Briteni: “Chuma cha Briteni, ndi kukwera kwake mitengo kovuta kukuthetsako, malipiro achiwongola dzanja okwera, ndi kupita patsogolo kochedwa, zikuwonekanso kukhala zodetsa nkhaŵa.”—Nyuzipepala ya Financial Times, ya ku London.

Canada: “Olemba ntchito ochepa kwenikweni akufunafuna antchito ochepa kwambiri.”—The Toronto Star.

Jeremani: “Zofanana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta kwa mu 1973 zikuwonekera kale . . . kukhala zizindikiro za kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa chuma.”—Nyuzipepala ya Neues Deutschland, Berlin.

Japani: “Mitengo ya kugula nthaka iri ngati bomba lophulika mosavuta loikidwa patsinde pa chuma chadziko. Ngati bombalo liphulika ndipo mitengo ya nthaka itsika, mabanki a Japani akhoza kugwa pamene [maloni] odalira pa nthaka ya Japani akakhala pafupifupi osaphula kanthu. Ichi pambuyo pake, chikachititsa kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa chuma kwa padziko lonse.”—Australian Financial Review, Sydney.

Komabe, kutha kwa Nkhondo ya ku Gulf kuchiyambi kwa 1991 kunabweretsa ziyembekezo zatsopano za kukhupuka m’ntchito zachuma kuzungulira padziko lonse. Chikhalirechobe, nzowonekeratu kuti chuma cha maiko ndizinthu zosalimba, makamaka polingalira ngongole zochuluka zimene zikuvutitsa kale maiko ambiri.