Chiŵerengero cha Anthu cha Dziko Lonse—Bwanji za Mtsogolo?
NYUMBA zosakonzedwa, mikhalidwe yauve, kupanda chakudya ndi madzi oyera, matenda, kudya kosakwanira—ameneŵa ndi mavuto ena osaŵerengeka ziri zenizeni zatsiku ndi tsiku za miyoyo ya mbali yaikulu ya chiŵerengero cha anthu cha padziko lonse. Komabe, monga momwe tawonera, anthu ambiri okhala m’mikhalidwe imeneyo mwanjira ina yake amakhoza kulimbana nayo ndi kupitirizabe ndi moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Komabe, kodi bwanji ponena za mtsogolo? Kodi anthu adzatofunikira kupitirizabe kupirira zenizeni zovuta za moyo kufikira kunthaŵi yosadziŵika? Kucholoŵanitsa nkhaniyo, kodi bwanji ponena za chiwonongeko ndi kupanda chiyembekezo zimene asayansi ya malo okhala ndi ena akuneneratu kukhala zochititsidwa ndi kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kopitirizabe? Iwo akutiuza kuti tikuwononga malo athu okhala mwa kuipitsa mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka pa zimene timadalira. Akusonyanso kuchiyambukiro cha kutentha kwadziko kochititsidwa ndi kugwidwa kwa mbaliwali zadzuŵa—kutulutsidwa kwa utsi woipa, wonga wa carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (zinthu zoziziritsa ndi zochititsa thovu), zimene zidzachititsa kutentha kwa mpweya ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la kachedwe kakunja ka padziko lonse lapansi, limodzi ndi zotulukapo zowopsa. Kodi zonsezi potsirizira pake zidzathetsa kutsungula monga momwe tikukudziŵira? Tiyeni tipende mosamalitsa mfundo zazikulu zingapo.
Kodi Pali Anthu Ochulukitsitsa?
Choyamba, kodi kuchuluka kwa a anthu a padziko lonse kudzapitirizabe kukumawonjezereka kufikira kunthaŵi yosadziŵika? Kodi pali chisonyezero chirichonse chakuti zimenezi zidzafika kuutali wotani? Ndithudi, nzowona, kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu cha padziko lonse lapansi chikuwonjezereka mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa za kulinganiza mabanja. Chiwonjezeko cha pachaka tsopano chiri pafupifupi mamiliyoni 90 (chofanana ndi Mexico wina chaka chirichonse). Kukuwonekera monga ngati kuti palibe chiyembekezo chamwamsanga chokuletsa. Komabe, akumayang’ana mtsogolo, akatswiri amakhalidwe adziko lapansi akuvomereza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu potsirizira pake chidzatsika. Funso limene liri m’maganizo mwawo nlakuti nkumlingo wotani ndipo ndiliti.
Mogwirizana ndi zisonyezero za UN Population Fund, chiŵerengero cha anthu chadziko lonse chingafikire mamiliyoni zikwi 14 chisanayambe kutsika. Komabe, ena, akuyerekezera kuti chingakule kufikira pakati pa mamiliyoni zikwi 10 kufikira mamiliyoni zikwi 11. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, mafunso aakulu ngakuti: Kodi padzakhala anthu ochulukitsitsa? Kodi dziko lapansi lingakhoze kusamalira anthu ochuluka kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kufikira katatu koposa chiŵerengero cha anthu chimene chiripo tsopano?
Malinga ndi ziŵerengero zimene ziripo, anthu mamiliyoni zikwi 14 kuzungulira padziko lonse angakhale ndi avareji ya anthu 104 pakilomitala iriyonse monsemonse. Monga momwe tawonera, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu cha Hong Kong chiri anthu 5,592 pakilomitala iriyonse monsemonse. Patsopano lino, kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu mu Netherlands ndicho 430, pamene kuli kwakuti cha Japan ndicho 327, ndipo ameneŵa ndimaiko amene amasangalala ndi miyezo ya moyo yoposa yachikatikati. Mwachiwonekere, ngakhale ngati chiŵerengero cha anthu cha padziko lonse chingakule kufikira kumlingo wonenedweratuwo, chiŵerengero sindicho vuto.
Kodi Padzakhala Chakudya Chokwanira?
Pamenepo, bwanji, ponena za mlingo wa chakudya? Kodi dziko lapansi lingatulutse chakudya chokwanira kudyetsa anthu mamiliyoni zikwi 10 kapena mamiliyoni zikwi 14? Mwachiwonekere, kutulutsidwa kwa chakudya kwa padziko lonse kwa patsopano lino sikuli kokwanira kusamalira chiŵerengero cha anthu chachikulu motero. Kunena zowona, kaŵirikaŵiri timamva za njala, kudya mosakwanira, ndi chirala. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti sitikutulutsa chakudya chokwanira chosamalira chiŵerengero cha anthu tsopano, osatchula owonjezereka kuŵirikiza nthaŵi ziŵiri kapena zitatu?
Limenelo ndifunso lovuta kuliyankha chifukwa chakuti limadalira pa zimene zikutanthauzidwa ndi liwulo “kukwanira.” Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri m’maiko aumphaŵi kopambana adziko sangathe kupeza chakudya chokwanira choti adye nthaŵi zonse moyenerera, anthu m’maiko olemera, okhuphuka akuvutika ndi zotulukapo za kudya zakudya zonenepetsa—nthentha zopuŵala ziŵalo, mitundu ina ya kensa, nthenda yamtima, ndi zina zotero. Kodi zimenezi zimayambukira motani mkhalidwe wa chakudya? Mwa kupenda kumodzi, kumatenga makilogalamu asanu a dzinthu kutulutsa kilogalamu imodzi ya nyama yang’ombe. Monga chotulukapo, mbali imodzi mwa zinayi ya odya nyama okhala padziko lapansi amadya pafupifupi theka la dzinthu zolimidwa padziko lonse.
Ponena za kuchuluka kwa chiwonkhetso cha chakudya cholimidwa, wonani zimene bukhu lotchedwa Bread for the World limanena: “Ngati kutulutsidwa kwachakudya kwa padziko lonse kwatsopanoku kunagaŵiridwa molingana mwa anthu onse a padziko lonse, limodzi ndi kuwawanya kochepa kwambiri, aliyense akanakhala ndi chokwanira. Chokwanira, mwinamwake chosachepera pa kukhala chokwanira.” Mawu amenewo adanenedwa mu 1975 zaka zoposa 15 zapitazo. Kodi lerolino mkhalidwewo ngwotani? Malinga ndi kunena kwa World Resources Institute, “m’zaka zoposa makumi aŵiri zapitazo, chiwonkhetso cha kutulutsidwa kwa chakudya kwa padziko lonse chawonjezereka, chikumaposa kwambiri chofunikacho. Monga chotulukapo, m’zaka zaposachedwapa, mitengo yachakudya chodyedwa ndi anthu ambiri pamisika ya m’maiko onse yatsika m’lingaliro lenileni.” Kupenda kwina kumasonyeza kuti mitengo ya chakudya chodyedwa ndi anthu ambiri chonga mpunga, chimanga, nyemba, ndi dzinthu zina inatsika ndi theka kapena kuposa koposa panthaŵiyo.
Chimene kwakukulukulu zonsezo zimatanthauza nchakuti vuto lachakudya siliri kwakukulukulu pa mlingo wotulutsidwa monga pa kugaŵira molingana ndi mkhalidwe wa kadyedwe. Luso lazopangapanga latsopano lapeza njira zotulutsira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpunga, tirigu, ndi dzinthu zina zimene zingaŵirikize kaŵiri koposa zimene tsopano zikutulutsidwa. Komabe, mbali yaikulu ya ukatswiri m’gawo limeneli ikusumikidwa pa dzinthu zogulitsidwa zonga fodya, ndi matimati, kukhutiritsa zikhumbo za olemera koposa kudyetsa anthu aumphaŵi.
Kodi Bwanji Ponena za Malo Otizungulira?
Mowonjezerekawonjezereka, awo amene akusumika chisamaliro chosamalitsa pankhaniyi akufikira pozindikira kuti kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndiko imodzi yokha ya mbali zimene zikuwopseza mtsogolo mwa mtundu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m’bukhu lawo lakuti The Population Explosion, Paul ndi Anne Ehrlich akupereka lingaliro lakuti chiyambukiro cha zochita za anthu m’malo athu otizungulira chingasonyezedwe mwa samu yosavuta yakuti: Chiyambukiro = chiŵerengero cha anthu × mlingo wa kulemera × chiyambukiro cha luso lazopangapanga lamakono pamalo otizungulira.
Mwa muyezo umenewu, olemba bukhulo akutsutsa kuti maiko onga United States ali okhalidwa ndi anthu ochulukitsitsa, osati chifukwa chakuti ali ndi anthu ochulukitsitsa, koma chifukwa chakuti mlingo wawo wa kulemera umadalira pa muyezo wapamwamba wa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zopezedwa m’nthaka ndi maluso azopangapanga amene amawononga kwambiri malo otizungulira.
Kupenda kwina kukuwonekera kukhala kukutsimikizira zimenezi. The New York Times ikugwira mawu katswiri wazachuma Daniel Hamermesh kukhala akunena kuti ‘zinthu zotaidwa mumpweya zimene zimapangitsa kuwonongedwa kwa mpweya wotetezera dziko lapansi nzogwirizana mwathithithi ndi mlingo wa mkhalidwe wazachuma koposa chiŵerengero cha otulutsa zinthu zoipazo. Munthu wa ku America wachikatikati amatulutsa carbon dioxide wambiri kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 19 poyerekezera ndi munthu wokhala ku India wachikatikati. Ndipo nkotheka kotheratu kuti, mwachitsanzo, Brazil wolemera mwazachuma wokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu chosakula mofulumira angathe kutentha nkhalango zake zazikuluzo mofulumira kwambiri koposa Brazil waumphaŵi wokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu chomakula mofulumira.’
Akumapereka kwakukulukulu mfundo yofananayo, Alan Durning wagulu la Worldwatch Institute akunena kuti: “Anthu olemera kopambana mamiliyoni chikwi chimodzi m’dziko lonse adzipangira mtundu wa kutsungula wolakalaka kupeza zinthu zambiri ndi wowawanya kotero kuti planetilo liri m’ngozi. Kakhalidwe ka moyo ka olemera apamwamba ameneŵa—oyendetsa magalimoto, odya nyama yang’ombe, omwa soda, ndi okonda kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zolinganizidwira kutaidwa—ndiwo amene akupangitsa chiwopsezo cha malo otizungulira kumlingo waukulu mosayerekezereka ndi kanthu kena kalikonse kusiyapo mwinamwake chiwonjezeko cha chiŵerengero cha anthu.” Iye akusonyeza kuti “mbali yachisanu yolemera kopambana” ya mtundu wa anthu imeneyo ikutulutsa pafupifupi mbali zisanu ndi zinayi mwa khumi za machlorofluorocarbon ndi yoposa theka la zinthu zowononga mpweya wabwino zimene zimawopseza malo otizungulira.
Nkhani Yeniyeni
Kuchokera m’zapamwapazi, kukufikira kukhala kwachiwonekere kuti kuimba mlandu chiwonjezeko cha kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kokha pamasoka oyang’anizana ndi mtundu wa anthu lerolino ndiko kuphonya mfundo yeniyeni. Nkhani yoyang’anizana nafe sindiyo yakuti tikupereŵera malo okhala kapena kuti dziko lapansi nlosakhoza kutulutsa chakudya chokwanira choti chidyedwe mokwanira ndi munthu aliyense kapena kuti zinthu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zidzakhala zitagwiritsiridwa ntchito panthaŵi iriyonse mwamsanga. Zimenezi ziri kokha zisonyezero. Nkhani yeniyeni njakuti anthu owonjezerekawonjezereka akulakalaka kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zapamwamba mowonjezereka popanda kulingalira zotulukapo za zochita zawo. Kulakalaka zinthu zambiri kopanda polekezera kumeneku kukuwonongetsa malo otizungulira kotero kuti kukhoza kwa dziko lapansi kukuposedwa mofulumira. Mwamawu ena, vuto lalikulu siliri kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha chiŵerengero cha anthu.
Wolembayo Alan Durning akufotokoza motere: “M’malo okhalidwa ndi zamoyo okhoza kuwonongedwa mofulumira, chotulukapo chotsiriza cha anthu chingadalire pakuti kaya tingakulitse lingaliro lamphamvu la kudziletsa, lozikidwa palingaliro lofala lochepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu ndi kupezedwa kwa kulemeretsedwa kwa zinthu zosakhala zakuthupi.” Mfundoyo njachimvekere, koma funso liyenera kufunsidwa lakuti, Kodi nkwachiwonekere kuti anthu kulikonse modzifunira adzakulitsa kudziletsa, akumachepetsa zinthu zowonongedwa, ndi kulondola zinthu zolemereretsa zosakhala zakuthupi? Kutalitali. Mwakugamula pa mtundu wa moyo womwerekera ndi wokhulupirira kuti kusanguluka ndicho chinthu chachikulu m’moyo wofala kwambiri lerolino, zosiyanazo ndizo zimene ziri zachiwonekere kuchitika. Anthu ochulukitsitsa lerolino akuwonekera kukhala akumatsatira lamulo lakuti: “Tidye timwe pakuti maŵa timwalira.”—1 Akorinto 15:32.
Ngakhale ngati anthu okwanira angazindikire zenizeni ndi kuyamba kusintha njira yawo ya moyo, ife tikanakhalabe osakhoza kulungamitsa zinthu panthaŵi iriyonse yamwamsanga. Tawonani timagulu ta ochirikiza malo otizungulira tambiri ndi madongosolo a moyo oloŵa mmalo amene awonekera m’kupita kwa zaka. Ena a iwo angakhale atapambana m’kufikira kukhala nkhani zazikulu pamasamba oyamba amanyuzipepala, koma kodi iwo akhaladi ndi chisonkhezero chenicheni chirichonse panjira za otchedwa kuti chitaganya chachikulu? Kutalitali. Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri vutolo? Nchakuti dongosolo lonse lathunthu—zamalonda, zamakhalidwe a anthu, ndi zandale zadziko—nlokonzekera kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro lobadwa nalo losagwira ntchito ndi la kugwitsira ntchito zinthu zolinganizidwira kutaidwa. Mumkhalidwe umenewu sipangakhale kusintha popanda kulinganizidwanso kotheratu kwa mkhalidwe wonse wathunthu. Ndipo zimenezo zingafunikire maphunziro aakulu kwambiri.
Kodi Pali Mtsogolo Mwachimwemwe?
Mkhalidwewo ungayerekezeredwe ndi uja wa banja lokhala m’nyumba yokhala ndi zonse zofunika, nyumba yokonzedwa bwino kwambiri yoperekedwa ndi munthu wina wopatsa. Kuti awapangitse kukhala olandirika kotheratu, iwo akuloledwa kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zonse za m’nyumbamo kumlingo wowakhutiritsa. Kodi nchiyani chimene chingachitike ngati banjalo linayamba kuwononga fanichala, kuphwanya makoma, kuswa mazenera, kupangitsa zimbudzi kuima, kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi ochulukitsa koposa oyenerera, kapena mwachidule, kuwopseza kuwonongeratu nyumba yonseyo? Kodi mwiniwake adzangowona mwamphwayi ndi kusachitapo kanthu? Sikwachiwonekere. Iye mosakaikira angachitepo kanthu kuchotsa okhala m’nyumba owonongawo kuwachotsa pamalo ake ndi kuibwezeretsera mumkhalidwe wake woyenerera. Palibe aliyense amene akananena kuti mchitidwe woterowo unali wopanda chifundo.
Pamenepa, kodi bwanji ponena za banja la anthu? Kodi sitiri ofanana ndi alendo okhala m’nyumba yokhala ndi zonse zofunika ndi yokonzekeretsedwa bwino lomwe yoperekedwa ndi Mlengi, Yehova Mulungu? Inde, tiri otero, pakuti monga momwe wamasalmoyo akunenera kuti: “Dziko lapansi nla Yehova ndi zodzala zake zomwe, dziko lokhalamo anthu ndi iwo okhala mmwemo.” (Salmo 24:1; 50:12) Sikokha kuti Mulungu anatipatsa zofunikira zonse zimene zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wothekera—zounikira, mpweya, madzi, ndi chakudya—komanso wazipereka ziri zambiri ndi zosiyanasiyana kupangitsa moyo kukhala wokondweretsa. Komabe, monga alendo okhala m’nyumba, kodi ndimotani mmene mtundu wa anthu wadzisungira? Mwachisoni, osati bwino kwambiri. Ife kwenikweni tikuwononga mudzi wokongola umene tikukhalamo ndi moyo. Kodi mwiniwake, Yehova Mulungu, adzachitanji?
“Kuwononga iwo akuwononga dziko lapansi”—zimenezo ndizo zimene Mulungu adzachita! (Chivumbulutso 11:18) Ndipo kodi iye adzatero motani? Baibulo likuyankha kuti: “Ndipo masiku a mafumu aja Mulungu wa kumwamba adzaika ufumu woti sudzawonongeka kunthaŵi zonse, ndi ulamuliro wake sudzasiidwira mtundu wina wa anthu, koma udzaphwanya ndi kutha maufumu awo onse, nudzakhala chikhalire.”—Danieli 2:44.
Kodi tingayembekezere chiyani muulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Mulungu wokhala kunthaŵi zanthaŵi? M’mawu a mneneri Yesaya, tikupatsidwa lingaliro lapasadakhale la zimene zidzachitika:
“Ndipo iwo adzamanga nyumba ndi kukhalamo; ndipo iwo adzawoka minda yamphesa, ndi kudya zipatso zake. Iwo sadzamanga, ndi wina kukhalamo; iwo sadzawoka, ndi wina kudya; pakuti monga masiku a mtengo adzakhala masiku a anthu anga; ndi osankhidwa anga adzasangalala nthaŵi zambiri ndi ntchito za manja awo. Iwo sadzagwira ntchito mwachabe, kapena kubalira tsoka; pakuti iwo ndiwo mbewu ya odalitsidwa a Yehova, ndi obadwa awo adzakhala pamodzi ndi iwo.”—Yesaya 65:21-23.
Ha ndimtsogolo mwachimwemwe chotani nanga kaamba ka mtundu wa anthu! M’dziko latsopano lopangidwa ndi Mulungu limenelo, mtundu wa anthu sudzakanthidwanso ndi mavuto a nyumba, chakudya, madzi, thanzi labwino, ndi kunyalanyazidwa. Potsirizira pake, mtundu wa anthu womvera, pansi pa chitsogozo cha Mulungu, udzakhala wokhoza kudzaza dziko lapansi ndi kuligonjetsa, popanda chiwopsezo chirichonse cha kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu.—Genesis 1:28.
[Bokosi patsamba 13]
Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Kaŵirikaŵiri Chakudya Chimakwera Mtengo?
Ngakhale kuli kwakuti mtengo weniweni wachakudya wakhala ukutsika, zochitika zanthaŵi zonse nzakuti mitengo yachakudya ikukwera. Kodi nchifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chimodzi ndicho kukhala kwa anthu m’mizinda. Kuti aunyinji adyetsedwe m’mizinda yomakulakula ya padziko lonse, chakudya chiyenera kuyendetsedwa ulendo wautali. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States “chakudya chochepa chimayenda ulendo wa [makilomitala 2,100] kuchokera kumunda kufikira pambale yodyera,” akutero mafufuzidwe a Worldwatch. Wakudyayo ayenera kulipirira osati kokha chakudyacho komanso mitengo yobisika ya kuchikonza, kuchiika m’matumba, ndi kuchiyendetsa paulendowo.
[Chithunzi patsamba 10]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Msanganizo wa mpweya wa dziko lapansi umagwira kutentha kwa dzuŵa. Koma kutentha kumene kumapangidwa—kotengedwa ndi mbaliŵali—sikungawonjoke mosavuta chifukwa cha zinthu zoipitsa mpweya wotetezera dziko lapansi, chotero kukumawonjezera kukutentha kwa nthaka ya padziko lapansi
Zinthu zoipitsa mpweya wotetezera dziko lapansi
Mbaliŵali zowonjoka
Mbaliŵali zogwidwa
[Zithunzi patsamba 12]
Kumafunikira makilogalamu asanu a dzinthu kutulutsa kilogalamu imodzi ya nyama yang’ombe. Chotero, chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi za chiŵerengero cha odya nyama yang’ombe a padziko lonse chimadya theka la dzinthu zotulutsidwa padziko lonse