Kodi Dziko Lingagwirizanitsidwe?

‘Kaŵirikaŵiri, mawu akuti dana naye mnansi wako anaonekera kukhala chizindikiro cha khalidwe la 1992.’

MMENEMO ndimmene anaonera magazini a Newsweek. Magaziniwo anawonjezera kuti: “Magaŵano amenewa—pakati pa mnansi ndi mnansi mnzake, fuko ndi fuko lina, mtundu ndi mtundu wina—ndizo zinthu zimene zakhala chikhoterero chathu nthaŵi zonse, ndipo zochitika za chaka chino zinabutsa zikayikiro zakuti kaya tikuwongokera pa kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi.”

Posachedwa, kuukirana, kuphana, ndi kugwirira chigololo m’dziko limene kale linali Yugoslavia zafalitsidwa m’manyuzipepala kuzungulira dziko lonse. Ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina kokha, anthu okwanira 150,000 aphedwa kapena asoŵa. Ndipo anthu ena pafupifupi 1,500,000 athaŵa kwawo. Kodi mukunena kuti zochitika zasakondweretsa zimenezi sizingachitike konse kwanuko?

Nduna ya UN José-María Mendiluce anachenjeza kuti: “Anthu angasinthe mosavuta konse kukhala makina audani ndi akupha. . . . Anthu a Kumadzulo amaganiza kuti nkhondo ikuchitika pamtunda wotenga maola atatu kuchokera ku Venice pachifukwa chabe chakuti anthu a maiko a Balkans ali osiyana kwambiri ndi Azungu ena. Kumeneko nkulakwa kwakukulu.”

Pamene Soviet Union anapasuka mu 1991, chiwawa cha mafuko chinatsatira posapita nthaŵi. Anthu pafupifupi 1,500 anaphedwa, ndipo pafupifupi 80,000 anathaŵa kwawo m’Georgia amene kale anali lipabuliki la Soviet Union. Mazanamazana anafa, ndipo zikwi zambiri zinathaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Moldova. Pakhalanso kutayika kwa miyoyo m’kulimbana kwa pakati pa Armenia ndi Azerbaijan, limodzinso ndi m’maiko omwe kale anali malipabuliki a Soviet Union.

Russia ndiye wamkulu kupambana maiko onse omwe kale anali malipabuliki a Soviet Union. Ngakhale kumeneko mafuko ambiri akufuna kupanga maiko awoawo odziimira paokha. Nchifukwa chake, nyuzipepala ya The European inati m’chilimwe chathacho: “Chitaganya cha Russia chili pafupi kusweka.” Nyuzipepalayo inati: “M’milungu ingapo yapitayo, madera atatu anavomerezana kudzilengeza kukhala malipabuliki . . . Enanso atatu anasonyeza mlungu wathawu kuti adzachita chimodzimodzi.”

Ngati maiko ena apangidwa, mungakhale mukulimbana ndi maina achilendo, onga Kaliningrad, Tatarstan, Stavropolye, Chechnya, Vologda, Sverdlovsk, Bashkortostan, Yakutiya, ndi Primorye. Kodi zimenezi sizikumvekera kukhala zofanana ndi zimene zachitika kudziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia—kumene Serbia, Croatia, ndi Slovenia apangidwa ndi kumene mwina kungapangidwenso maiko ena?

Nduna yowona za zochitika m’dziko la United States Warren Christopher ananena za “kuvumbuluka kwa mikangano yamafuko, yachipembedzo ndi yamadera yoletsedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali” nafunsa kuti: “Ngati sitipeza njira ina imene mafuko osiyana angakhalire limodzi m’dziko limodzi, kodi tidzakhala ndi maiko angati?” Iye anati kungakhale zikwi zambiri.

Magaŵano Kulikonse

Kodi mukhulupirira kuti ndimikangano ingati yamafuko, yachipembedzo, ndi yamadera imene inali kuchitika kuchiyambi kwa chaka chatha? Kodi mukunena kuti 4, 7, 9, 13, mwina ngakhale 15? M’February, The New York Times inandandalika yokwanira 48! Wailesi yakanema singakusonyezeni zithunzithunzi za mitembo yokhathamira ndi mwazi ndi ana amantha zotengedwa m’mikangano 48 yonse, koma kodi zimenezo zimachititsa masokawo kuoneka ngati kuti sali enieni kwa mikhole yake?

Kulibe mbali iliyonse ya dziko kumene nkhondo ili yosatheka. Dziko la Liberia la ku West Africa lasakazidwa ndi chiwawa chamafuko. Mtsogoleri wina wa zigaŵenga anachirikizidwa ndi mtundu wa Gio ndi Mano kulanda mpando prezidenti, amene anali wa fuko la Krahn. Anthu oposa 20,000 anaphedwa m’nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni imene inaulika, ndipo zikwi mazana ambiri anathaŵa kwawo.

Ku South Africa, anthu achiyera ndi akuda akulimbanira ulamuliro wandale. Koma nkhondoyo sili chabe pakati pa anthu akuda ndi achiyera. Chaka chatha chokha, anthu pafupifupi 3,000 anaphedwa m’kumenyana kwa pakati pa magulu olimbana a akuda okhaokha.

Ku Somalia anthu pafupifupi 300,000 anafa ndipo miliyoni imodzi anatayikiridwa nyumba zawo pamene kulimbana kwa mafuko kunabutsa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. Ku Burundi ndi Rwanda, kulimbana kwamafuko pakati pa Ahutu ndi Atutsi kwachititsa imfa zikwi zambiri m’zaka zaposachedwa.

Kumenyana kukuonekera kukhala kosatha pakati pa Ayuda ndi Aluya ku Israel, pakati pa Ahindu ndi Asilamu ku India, ndi pakati pa Aprotestanti ndi Akatolika ku Ireland. Chiwawa cha mafuko chinaulikanso chaka chatha ku Los Angeles, California, chikumaphetsa miyoyo yoposa 40. Kulikonse kumene anthu a mafuko osiyana, mitundu, kapena zipembedzo zosiyana amakhalira pamodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kumabuka nkhondo zowopsa.

Kodi anthu angathetse vuto la mkangano wa mafuko limeneli?

Zoyesayesa Zogwirizana za Anthu

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani zimene zinachitikira zoyesayesazo m’maiko omwe kale anali Yugoslavia ndi Soviet Union. Mu 1929, Yugoslavia anapangidwa poyesa kugwirizanitsa mafuko osiyanasiyana okhala kummwera koma chakummaŵa kwa Ulaya kukhala dziko limodzi. Soviet Union nayenso anapangidwa mofananamo mwa kugwirizanitsa anthu osiyanasiyana a mafuko, chipembedzo, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri maiko aŵiriwo anali ndi maboma amphamvu owagwirizanitsa pamodzi, ndipo m’kupita kwanthaŵi kunaonekera ngati kuti nzika zawo zinali zitaphunzira kukhalira limodzi.

“Mapu a mafuko a Bosnia, ndipotu a Yugoslavia nkhondoyo isanaulike, anali ngati chikopa cha nyalugwe,” anafotokoza motero munthu wotchuka wa ku Serbia. “Anthu anali ogwirizana zolimba.” Kwenikweni, pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya maukwati ku Yugoslavia anali pakati pa anthu a mafuko osiyana. Mkhalidwe wofanana woonekera ngati umodzi unali utapangidwa mwa kugwirizanitsa mafuko osiyanasiyana ku Soviet Union.

Chotero, anthu anadabwa kwambiri pamene, pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri zoonekera ngati za mtendere, chiwawa chamafuko chinaulika. Lerolino, monga momwe analembera mtolankhani wina, anthu tsopano “amafotokoza zomwe zinapanga dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia ndi fuko, chipembedzo ndi mtundu.” Kodi nchifukwa ninji maiko ameneŵa anapasuka pamene maboma amphamvu amenewa anagwa?

Zochititsa

Anthu mwachibadwa samadana ndi anthu a fuko lina. Monga momwe nyimbo ina yotchuka panthaŵi ina inanenera, mufunikira ‘kuphunzitsidwa mosamalitsa nthaŵi isanathe, musanakwanitse zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri kapena zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, kuda anthu onse amene achibale anu amada.’ Nyimbo imeneyi imanena za banja la achichepere a mafuko osiyana. Komabe, malinga ndi kunena kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo Zarka Kovac, anthu a m’dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia “alibiretu kusiyana kulikonse kwakuthupi.” Chikhalirechobe, chiwawacho nchopambanitsa mosamvetsetseka. “Umaduladula munthu amene wapha kuti usazindikire mbale wako,” anatero Kovac.

Mwachionekere, kudana kwamafuko koteroko sikuli chibadwa cha anthu. Anthu aphunzitsidwa mosamalitsa ndi manenanena a anthu ndi achibale awo amene amasimba za nkhanza zakale. Kodi ndani angakhale kumbuyo kwa zonsezi? Poyesa kumvetsetsa nkhanza ya nkhondoyo, bizinesimani wina wa ku Sarajevo anakakamizika kunena kuti: “Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi cha nkhondo ya ku Bosnia ndikhulupirira kuti Satana akuyendetsa zinthu. Imeneyi ndimisala yeniyeni.”

Ngakhale kuti ambiri samakhulupirira kukhalako kwa Satana Mdyerekezi, Baibulo limatchuladi kukhalako kwa munthu wosaoneka, wamphamvu zoposa zaumunthu amene amasonkhezera moipa kwambiri khalidwe la anthu. (Mateyu 4:1-11; Yohane 12:31) Ngati mungaganize—za kuona ena molakwa kopambanitsa, udani, ndi chiwawa—mwina mungavomereze kuti Baibulo silimangoyerekezera chabe pamene limati: ‘Iye wotchedwa Mdyerekezi ndi Satana, akunyenga dziko lonse.’—Chivumbulutso 12:9; 1 Yohane 5:19.

Pali Chiyembekezo

Pamene tipenda chipwirikiti cha posachedwa chadziko, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi mtundu wa anthu wogwirizana chimaonekera kukhala chili patali kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Mikangano pakati pa mitundu ndi mafuko ikuwopseza kwambiri kukhalapo kwa munthu kuposa ndi kalelonse. Komabe, pakati pa mdima wa dziko lonse umenewu, pali chiyembekezo chabwino koposa. M’chilimwe cha 1993, gulu la anthu ochokera m’mafuko ochita nkhondowo linasonyeza chinthu chimodzi chogwirizanitsa chimene chalichititsa kulaka mkangano wamafuko ndi kugwirira ntchito pamodzi m’chikondi ndi umodzi.

Modabwitsa, chinthu chowagwirizanitsa chimenecho ndicho chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chachititsa anthu kugaŵanikana—chipembedzo. Magazini a Time anasimba kuti: “Mutapenda mosamalitsa ufuko woipitsitsa uliwonse, kapena utundu, kaŵirikaŵiri mudzapeza kuti magwero ake enieni ndichipembedzo . . . Maudani achipembedzo amakhala ankhalwe ndi opanda polekezera.” Mofananamo, India Today inati: “Upandu woipitsitsa wakhala ukuchitidwa m’dzina la chipembedzo. . . . Chimadzetsa chiwawa chowopsa ndipo chili mphamvu yowononga kwambiri.”

Ndithudi, chipembedzo kaŵirikaŵiri ndicho chochititsa mavutowo, osati chowathetsera. Koma gulu lachipembedzo limodzili lotchulidwa pamwambapa—gulu la anthu ochuluka—lasonyeza kuti chipembedzo chingagwirizanitse anthu, osati kuwagaŵanitsa. Koma kodi ndani kwenikweni akupanga gululi? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji iwo apeza chipambano chachikulu pamene ena alephera? Kuti tiyankhe, tikukupemphani kuŵerenga nkhani zotsatira. Kutero kungakupatseni lingaliro latsopano la mtsogolo mwa anthu.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Manda mu Bosnia. Haley/Sipa Press