Sarajevo​—⁠Kuyambira 1914 Kufikira 1994

YOSIMBIDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU SWEDEN

Papita zaka 80 kuyambira pamene kuwomberedwa mfuti kwatsoka kumeneko kunachitika pa June 28, 1914, ku Sarajevo. Mfutiyo inapha Archduke Francis Ferdinand ndi mkazi wake, Archduchess Sophie, ndiyeno udani pakati pa Austria-Hungary ndi Serbia unakula kukhala Nkhondo Yadziko I. Mwa anyamata 65 miliyoni amene anatumizidwa kunkhondo, pafupifupi 9 miliyoni sanabwerere. Kuphatikizapo anthu wamba, anthu okwanira 21 miliyoni anaphedwa. Ena amalankhulabe za kuulika kwa nkhondoyo mu August 1914 kukhala nthaŵi pamene “dziko linapenga.”

MFUTI zakhala zikulira kachiŵirinso m’Sarajevo monse. Ndipo osati m’Sarajevo mokha komanso mu angapo a malipabuliki asanu ndi limodzi a mgwirizano wakale wa Yugoslavia.a Buku lakuti Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning (Yugoslavia—A Land in Disintegration) limati: “Ili nkhondo yachiweniweni imene mnansi akumenyana ndi mnansi. Chizondi chakalekale ndi mkhalidwe wa kunyumwirana zakula kukhala udani. Udani umenewu wabutsa nkhondo ndipo nkhondoyo yapha anthu ambiri ndi kuwononga zambiri. Zili ngati vuto lomaipiraipira kapena mchitidwe womawonjezereka wa udani, kunyumwirana, ndi kuphana zomakulakula.”

Pamene nkhondo inaulika ku Yugoslavia mu June 1991, kunali kosadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri anakumbukira mfuti imene inalira ku Sarajevo mu June 1914. Kodi kulimbana kwatsopano kumeneku kukachititsa zotsatirapo zowononga zofananazo? Kodi mtendere ku Ulaya ukawopsezedwa? Kodi makonzedwe a “kuyeretsa fuko” (kupha ndi kuthamangitsa dala fuko, mtundu, kapena kagulu ka ndale) akafalikira kumbali zina za dziko? Maiko apereka ziletso kuti ayese kuthetsa kumenyanako. Koma kodi chochititsa chenicheni cha mavuto a ku Yugoslavia wakale nchiyani? Kodi zochitika zaposachedwapa za ku Sarajevo zili zogwirizana ndi kupha mwa chiwembu kwa mu 1914?

Yugoslavia ndi Nkhondo Yadziko I

Kulimbanaku sikwachilendo. Pachiyambi penipeni pa zaka za zana lino, dera la Balkan Peninsula linanenedwa kukhala “chigawo chosakhazikika cha Ulaya.” Buku la Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning likuti: “Ili nkhani yonena za kunyonyotsoka kwa mgwirizano kumene udani wakhala ukukula kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri. Kunena zoona, kulimbanako kunalipo kale pamene Ufumu wa Serbia, Croatia ndi Slovenia [dzina lakale la Yugoslavia] unapangidwa pamapeto a Nkhondo Yadziko I.” Zochitika za m’mbiri zidzatithandiza kuona mmene kulimbana kwamakonoku kulili kogwirizana ndi Nkhondo Yadziko I.

Mbiri imatiuza kuti panthaŵi ya kuphedwa mwa chiwembu kwa Francis Ferdinand mu 1914, maiko a Asilavu a Kummwera a Slovenia, Croatia, ndi Bosnia ndi Herzegovina anali zigawo za Ufumu wa Austria-Hungary. Komabe, Serbia anali ufumu wodziimira paokha ndipo anali wotero kuyambira 1878, wochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi Russia. Komabe, Aserbu ambiri anali kukhala m’zigawo zolamuliridwa ndi Austria-Hungary, ndipo motero Serbia anafuna kuti Austria-Hungary alepe madera onse amene anali kulamulira mu Balkan Peninsula. Ngakhale kuti panali kulimbana pakati pa Croatia ndi Serbia, iwo anali ogwirizana pa cholinga chimodzi: kudzimasula kwa owalamulira awo akunja odedwawo. Omenyera ufulu analingalira za kugwirizanitsa Asilavu a Kummwera onse kukhala ufumu umodzi. Aserbu anali osonkhezera koposa m’kupanga dziko lodziimira palokha limenelo.

Panthaŵi imeneyo mfumu yolamulira, Francis Joseph, anali ndi zaka 84. Posapita nthaŵi Archduke Francis Ferdinand anali kudzakhala mfumu yatsopano. Omenyera ufulu Achiserbu anaona Francis Ferdinand kukhala chopinga cha ufumu wa Asilavu a Kummwera umene anafuna.

Ophunzira ena achichepere a ku Serbia anatengeka ndi lingaliro la dziko lomasuka la Asilavu a Kummwera ndipo anali ofunitsitsa kufera cholinga chawo. Achichepere angapo anasankhidwa kuti akaphe mwa chiwembu Archduke ameneyo. Anapatsidwa zida ndi kuphunzitsidwa ndi kagulu kachizembera komenyera ufulu ka ku Serbia kotchedwa Black Hand. Achichepere aŵiri mwa ameneŵa anayesa kumupha, ndipo mmodzi anakhoza. Dzina lake linali Gavrilo Princip. Anali ndi zaka 19.

Kupha mwa chiwembu kumeneko kunakwaniritsa chifuno cha olinganiza ake. Pamene nkhondo yadziko yoyamba inatha, ufumu wa Austria-Hungary unali utatha, ndipo Serbia anakhala patsogolo kugwirizanitsa Asilavu kuti apange ufumu wina. Mu 1918 ufumu umenewo unatchedwa Ufumu wa Aserbu, Akroati, ndi Asloveni. Dzinalo linasinthidwa kukhala Yugoslavia mu 1929. Komabe, pamene magulu osiyanasiyana amenewo sanafunikirenso kugwirizana pa udani wawo umodzi kulinga kwa Austria-Hungary, kunakhala kwachionekere kuti panali mikangano pakati pa magulu enieniwo. Kuli mafuko osiyanasiyana pafupifupi 20, zinenero za boma zinayi ndi zazing’ono zingapo, maalufabeti aŵiri osiyana (Roman ndi Cyrillic), ndi zipembedzo zazikulu zitatu—Chikatolika, Chisilamu, ndi Chiorthodox cha Aserbu. Chipembedzo chikupitirizabe kukhala chogaŵanitsa chachikulu. M’mawu ena, munali zogaŵanitsa zakalekale zambiri m’Dziko latsopanolo.

Yugoslavia ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II

M’Nkhondo Yadziko II, Germany anaukira Yugoslavia, ndipo, malinga ndi kunena kwa buku la The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, “anthu oposa 200,000, makamaka Aserbu Achiorthodox, anaphedwa m’magulumagulu” ndi Akroati Achikatolika amene anali kugwirizana ndi Anazi. Komabe, Josip Tito Wachikroati, pamodzi ndi ochirikiza Chikomyunizimu anzake ndipo mogwirizana ndi Abritishi ndi Aamereka, anakhoza kuthamangitsa Ajeremani. Nkhondoyo itatha, iye anaonekera monga mtsogoleri wodziŵikiratu wa dzikolo ndipo anayamba kulilamulira motsendereza. Anali mwamuna wodzigangira. Ngakhale Stalin sanakhoze kumkakamiza kugwirizanitsa Yugoslavia ndi maiko ena Achikomyunizimu.

Anthu ambiri a ku Yugoslavia wakale anena kuti: ‘Tito akadapanda kukhalapo, mgwirizanowo ukadanyonyotsoka kalekale. Iye yekha ndiye anali ndi kutsimikiza mtima ndi ulamuliro wofunikira kusungitsa mgwirizanowo.’ Zimenezi zakhala zoona. Kulimbana kunayambanso mu 1980 pambuyo pa imfa ya Tito, kukumakula kufikira nkhondo yachiweniweni inaulika mu 1991.

Zipolopolo Zimene Zinasintha Dziko

M’buku lake lakuti Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, mlembi Frederic Morton analemba za kuphedwa kwa Francis Ferdinand kuti: “Chipolopolo chimene chinaloŵa pakhosi pake chinalengeza kulira kwa mfuti koyamba m’kupha kosakaza kopambana kumene mtundu wa anthu sunadziŵe kufikira panthaŵiyo. Chinayambitsa njira yotsogolera ku Nkhondo Yadziko II. . . . Zambiri za nkhosi za mkhalidwe wotizinga zinayamba kupotedwa m’mphepete mwa Danube chaka chimodzi ndi theka Archduke asanalasidwe kamfuti kumutu.”—Kanyenye ngwathu.

Zochitika zaposachedwapa ku Yugoslavia wakale sindizo “nkhosi za mkhalidwe wotizinga” zokha zimene zinayambira mu 1914. Wolemba mbiri Edmond Taylor akunena kanthu kena kamene olemba mbiri ambiri amavomereza: “Kuulika kwa Nkhondo Yadziko I kunayambitsa ‘Nthaŵi ya Mavuto’ m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri . . . Mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina zipwirikiti zonse za m’zaka makumi asanu zapitazo zinayamba mu 1914.”

Pakhala zoyesayesa za kufotokoza chifukwa chimene kulira kwa mfuti ku Sarajevo kunakhalira ndi zotsatirapo zowopsa zimenezo. Kodi ndimotani mmene kuwombera mfuti kaŵiri kwa “mwana wa sukulu” kunapengetsera dziko lonse ndi kuyambitsa nyengo ya chiwawa, chipwirikiti, ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala imene yapitiriza kufikira m’tsiku lathu?

Kuyesayesa Kufotokoza 1914

M’buku lake lakuti Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, mlembiyo akuyesayesa kufotokoza zimene zinachitika mwa kusonyeza chimene akutcha “mphamvu yatsopano” imene inasonkhezera mitundu mu 1914. “Mphamvu” imeneyi, iye akutero, kwenikweni inali zinthu zingapo zochitikira pamodzi. Malingaliro angapo oyenera amene anatchulidwa anaponderezedwa ndi mfuu yomakula yosalekeza ya nkhondo. Kumemezedwa kwa dziko limodzi kunasonkhezera kumemezedwa kwa maiko ena onse. Ulamuliro unachotsedwa pa olamulira ndi kuikidwa m’manja mwa akazembe a nkhondo. Ndiponso anthu ambiri anaona nkhondoyo kukhala mwaŵi wa kuloŵa mu “seŵero lalikulu la dzikolo” motero akumamasuka ku moyo wa masiku onse wotopetsa. Pambuyo pake, mkulu wina analemba kuti: “Mofanana ndi amuna olakalaka mvumbi kuti uwachotsere kutentha kwa m’chilimwe, mbadwo wa 1914 unayembekezera mpumulo umene nkhondo ikadzetsa.” Mlembi Wachijeremani Hermann Hesse ananena kuti anthu akapindula kwambiri kutulutsidwa mu “mtendere wachikapitolizimu wonyong’onya.” Mawu akuti nkhondo ndi “kuyeretsa, chimasuko, chiyembekezo chachikulu” ananenedwa ndi mlembi wopata mphotho ya Nobel Wachijeremani, Thomas Mann. Ngakhale Winston Churchill, potengeka ndi lingaliro la nkhondo, analemba kuti: “Kukonzekera nkhondo kukundikopa moipa. Ndikupempha Mulungu kuti andikhululukire kaamba ka malingaliro owopsa otero opeputsa nkhaniyi.”

Chifukwa cha “mphamvu yatsopano” imeneyi zochitika zotenga mtima zinachitidwa mu Ulaya monse pamene asilikali anali kuguba kupita kunkhondo. Mphukira zanthete zinamangiriridwa ku zipewa zawo, magango a maluŵa anakoloŵekedwa ku mizinga, magulu oimba anaimba nyimbo, akazi anawatsazika ali pamazenera mwa kugwedeza mipango yakumanja, ndipo ana okondwera anathamanga m’mbali mwa asilikali ogubawo. Kunali ngati kuti anthu anali kukondwerera ndi kusekerera kudza kwa nkhondo. Nkhondo yadziko inadza modzizimbaitsa monga ngati kuti inali nthaŵi yachikondwerero.

Chimenechi nchidule cha zina za zimene Morton, wogwidwa mawu poyamba, anatcha “mphamvu yatsopano” imene iyenera kutithandiza kumvetsetsa chimene chinachititsa nkhondo yoyamba. Koma kodi “mphamvu” imeneyi inachokera kuti? Wolemba mbiri Barbara Tuchman analemba kuti maindasitale anapatsa munthu mphamvu zatsopano ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano. Kunena zoona, “chitaganya . . . chinali . . . kudzala ndi udani watsopano ndi nyonga zotukusira.” Stefan Zweig, amene panthaŵiyo anali wophunzira wachichepere wa ku Vienna, analemba kuti: “Sindingachifotokoze mwanjira ina kusiyana ndi mphamvu yochuluka imeneyi, chotsatirapo chatsoka cha udani wobisika umene unali kutukusira m’zaka makumi anayi za mtendere ndi umene tsopano unafuna kuphulika mowopsa.” Mawu akuti “sindingachifotokoze mwanjira ina” akusonyeza kuti iye mwiniyo zikumvuta kufotokoza. M’mawu oyamba a buku lake lakuti Thunder at Twilight, Morton akulemba kuti: “Kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezo zinachitika panthaŵiyo ndi kumalowo? Ndipo motani? . . . Kodi pali njira yomvetsetsera vutolo?”

Inde, ambiri amene amayesa kufotokoza 1914 amaganiza kuti zifukwa zake zazikulu nzovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa. Kodi nchifukwa ninji nkhondoyo sinamenyedwe chabe ndi mbali zoloŵetsedwamo mwachindunji? Kodi nchifukwa ninji inakula kukhala nkhondo yadziko? Kodi nchifukwa ninji inatenga nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri nikhala yosakaza kwambiri? Kwenikweni kodi nchiyani chimene chinali mphamvu yachilendo imeneyi imene inayamba kulamulira mtundu wa anthu m’mphakasa ya 1914? Nkhani yathu yotsatira, patsamba 10, idzafotokoza yankho la Baibulo la mafunso ameneŵa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Mofanana ndi amuna olakalaka mvumbi kuti uwachotsere kutentha kwa m’chilimwe, mbadwo wa 1914 unayembekezera mpumulo umene nkhondo ikadzetsa.”​—⁠Ernest U. Cormons, kazembe wa Austria

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

1914

Baibulo linalosera zochitika zosakaza zimene zachitika chiyambire 1914

“Anatuluka kavalo wina, wofiira: ndipo anampatsa iye womkwera mphamvu yakuchotsa mtendere pa dziko ndi kuti aphane; ndipo anampatsa iye lupanga lalikulu. Ndipo pamene anamasula chizindikiro chachitatu, ndinamva chamoyo chachitatu nichinena, Idza. Ndipo ndinapenya, taonani, kavalo wakuda; ndipo iye womkwera anali nawo muyeso m’dzanja lake. Ndipo ndinamva ngati mawu pakati pa zamoyo zinayi, nanena, Muyeso wa tirigu wogula lupiya, ndi miyeso itatu ya barele yogula lupiya; ndi mafuta ndi vinyo usaziipse. Ndipo pamene anamasula chizindikiro chachinayi, ndinamva mawu a chamoyo chachinayi nichinena, Idza. Ndipo ndinapenya, taonani, kavalo wotumbuluka; ndipo iye womkwera, dzina lake ndiye Imfa; ndipo Hade anatsatana naye; ndipo anawapatsa ulamuliro pa dera lachinayi la dziko, kukapha ndi lupanga, ndi njala, ndi imfa, ndi zilombo za padziko.”—Chivumbulutso 6:4-8 (Onaninso Luka 21:10-24; 2 Timoteo 3:1-5.)

“Nkhondo Yaikulu ya mu 1914-18 ili ngati chigawo chachikulu choŵauka chadziko chomwe chimalekanitsa nthaŵiyo ndi nthaŵi yathu. Mwakupululutsa miyoyo yambiri imene ikanagwira ntchito m’zaka zimene zinatsatirapo, kuwononga zikhulupiriro, kusintha malingaliro, ndi kuchititsa kusweka mtima kosachiritsika chifukwa cha kusweka kwa ziyembekezo, inachititsa mpata waukulu wakuthupi ndi wamaganizo pakati pa nyengo ziŵirizo.”—Mawu oyamba a m’buku la The Proud Tower, lolembedwa ndi Barbara W. Tuchman.

“Zaka zinayi zimene zinatsatira pambuyo pa [1914] zinali, monga momwe Graham Wallas analembera, ‘zaka zinayi za kuyesayesa kwakukulu ndi kwachamuna koposa kumene anthu sanachitepo ndi kalelonse.’ Pamene kuyesayesako kunatha, ziyembekezo ndi chikondwerero zimene zinali zotheka kufikira mu 1914 zinamira pang’onopang’ono m’nyanja ya kugwiritsidwa mwala kwakukulu. Pa mtengo umene analipirira, chinthu chachikulu chimene anthu anapeza chinali kuzindikira mopweteka zinthu zimene sakhoza kuchita.”—Mawu omaliza a buku limodzimodzilo.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Bettmann Archive

The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London

National Archives of Canada, P.A. 40136

[Mapu patsamba 7]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Mmene Ulaya Analili—August 1914

1. Great Britain ndi Ireland 2. France 3. Spain 4. Ufumu wa Germany 5. Switzerland 6. Italy 7. Russia 8. Austria-Hungary 9. Romania 10. Bulgaria 11. Serbia 12. Montenegro 13. Albania 14. Greece

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Gavrilo Princip

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Ajeremani alandira maluŵa popita kunkhondo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Bettmann Archive

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Culver Pictures