Kodi Udani Udzatha Konse?

NGATI mwaonapo nkhani za pa wailesi yakanema ngakhale zoŵerengeka chabe, mukudziŵa chimene chili udani. Udani ndiwo chochititsa chachikulu cha kupulula anthu kumene pafupifupi tsiku lililonse kumasiya zizindikiro zamwazi m’dzikoli. Kuchokera ku Belfast mpaka ku Bosnia, kuchokera ku Yerusalemu mpaka Johannesburg, anthu atsoka ongopenyerera amaphedwa.

Kaŵirikaŵiri akufawo amakhala osadziŵika kwa owapha. “Mlandu” wawo wokha ngwakuti mwinamwake iwo amakhala a “mbali ina.” Pobwezera mwankhanza, imfa zotero zingakhale kulipsira pa nkhanza kapena pa mtundu winawake wa “kuyeretsa fuko.” Chiwawa chilichonse chimene chinachitika chimasonkhezera udani pakati pa magulu odana.

Maupandu owopsa ameneŵa akuoneka kuti akuwonjezereka. Kumenyana kwa magulu a anthu kukuchitika pakati pa mbewu, mitundu, ndi mafuko kapena magulu a zipembedzo. Kodi udani ungachotsedwe konse? Kuti tiyankhe zimenezo, tifunikira kuzindikira chimene chimachititsa udani, popeza kuti sitinabadwe ndi udani.

Kufesa Mbewu za Udani

Zlata Filipovic, msungwana wachichepere wa ku Bosnia ku Sarajevo, sanaphunzirebe kuda ena. Mu dayale yake iye akulemba movutika mtima za kumenyana kwa mafuko: “Ndimangofunsabe kuti, Kodi nchifukwa ninji? Kodi nkwa chiyani? Kodi ndani yemwe ali ndi liwongo? Ndimafunsa motero komano palibe yankho lake. . . . Pa atsikana anzanga, pamabwenzi athu, m’banja lathu, pali Asebu ndi Akroati ndi Asilamu. . . . Timayanjana ndi abwino osati oipa. Ndipo pakati pa abwinowo pali Asebu ndi Akroati ndi Asilamu, monga momwedi palili pakati pa oipa.”

Komanso, anthu ambiri achikulire amaganiza mwa mtundu wina. Amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chifukwa choyenera chosonyezera udani. Chifukwa ninji?

Chisalungamo. Mwinamwake chosonkhezera chachikulu cha udani ndicho chisalungamo ndi kuponderezedwa. Kuli monga momwe Baibulo limanenera, “nsautso iyalutsa wanzeru.” (Mlaliki 7:7) Pamene anthu achitiridwa moipa kapena mwankhanza, nkosavuta kuti iwo ayambe kuda owapondereza. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingakhale zopanda nzeru, kapena ‘zoyalutsa,’ kaŵirikaŵiri udaniwo umasonyezedwa pa gulu lonse.

Pamene kuli kwakuti chisalungamocho, kaya chikhale choona kapena chongoganizira, chingakhale chochititsa udani chachikulu, sichili chosonkhezera chokha chimene chilipo. China ndicho tsankhu.

Tsankhu. Kaŵirikaŵiri tsankhu limakhalapo chifukwa cha umbuli wa kusadziŵa bwino fuko lina kapena mtundu. Chifukwa cha mphekesera, udani wa mafuko, kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi munthu mmodzi kapena anthu aŵiri, anthu ena angaone mikhalidwe yoipayo kukhala ya fuko lonse kapena mtundu wonse wa anthuwo. Tsankhu litazika mizu, lingachititse khungu maganizo a anthu pa choonadi. “Timada anthu ena chifukwa chakuti sitiwadziŵa bwino; ndipo sitimafuna kuwadziŵa bwino chifukwa chakuti timawada,” anatero wolemba nkhani wina Wachingelezi Charles Caleb Colton.

Komanso anthu andale ndi olemba mbiri, angakhale akuchirikiza tsankhu mwadala kaamba ka zolinga za ndale kapena zautundu. Hitler anali chitsanzo chachikulu. Georg, amene kale anali wa kagulu ka Hitler Youth, akuti: “Manenanena a Anazi choyamba anatiphunzitsa kuda Ayuda, kenako Arasha, ndiyeno ‘adani a [boma la Nazi]’ onse. Monga wachichepere, ndinakhulupirira zimene ndinauzidwa. Pambuyo pake, ndinazindikira kuti ndinali nditanyengedwa.” Monga momwe zinalili ku Germany wa Nazi ndi kwina kulikonse, tsankhu la mtundu ndi fuko lalungamitsidwa ndi zisonkhezero za kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe, magwero enanso a udani.

Kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe, utundu ndi ufuko. M’buku lake lakuti The Cultivation of Hatred, wolemba mbiri Peter Gay akufotokoza zimene zinachitika pa kuulika kwa nkhondo ya dziko yoyamba: “M’nkhondo ya zikhulupiriro, kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe kunali kwamphamvu kuposa zonse. Kukonda dziko la munthuwe ndi kuda adani a dzikolo kunakhaladi lingaliro lamphamvu longa ngati lanzeru loyambitsira mtopola limene linatulutsidwa m’zaka za zana la 19.” Lingaliro la kukondetsa dziko lamunthuwe Lachijeremani linatchukitsa nyimbo ya nkhondo yodziŵika monga “Nyimbo ya Udani.” Osonkhezera udani ku Britain ndi France, akufotokoza motero Gay, anapeka nkhani zambiri zonena za asilikali Achijeremani kukhala akumagwirira akazi chigololo ndi kupha makanda mwankhalwe. Siegfried Sassoon, msilikali Wachingelezi, anafotokoza lingaliro la manenanena Achibritishi kuti: “Zikuchita ngati kuti, munthu analengedwera kupha Ajeremani.”

Mofanana ndi kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe, kukweza mopambanitsa fuko kapena mtundu wina kungasonkhezere udani wa mafuko ena kapena wa mitundu ina. Tsankhu la mtundu likupitirizabe kubutsa nkhondo m’maiko ambiri a mu Afirika pamene kuli kwakuti tsankhu la fuko lidakavutitsabe anthu ku Western Europe ndi ku North America. Chochititsa chinanso chogaŵanitsa chimene chimagwirizana ndi kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe ndicho chipembedzo.

Chipembedzo. Nkhondo za dziko zochuluka zimene zili zovuta kuthetsedwa zili ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu cha chipembedzo. Ku Northern Ireland, ku Middle East, ndi kwina konse, anthu amadedwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo. Zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri zapitazo, wolemba mabuku Wachingelezi Jonathan Swift anati: “Tili ndi chipembedzo chokhoza kutichititsa kuda ena chabe, koma chosakhoza kutichititsa kukondana.”

Mu 1933, Hitler anauza bishopu wa Osnabrück kuti: ‘Ponena za Ayuda, ndili kungopitiriza kuchita zimene Tchalitchi cha Katolika chawachitira kwa zaka 1,500.’ Kupulula kwake kwaudaniko sikunatsutsidwe ndi atsogoleri atchalitchi Achijeremani ochuluka. Paul Johnson, m’buku lake lakuti A History of Christianity, akunena kuti “Tchalitchi chinachotsa Akatolika amene analemba pa zikalata zawo za chuma chawo chamasiye kuti anafuna kuti mtembo wawo udzawotchedwe, . . . koma sichinawaletse kugwira ntchito m’misasa ya chibalo kapena ya imfa.”

Atsogoleri ena achipembedzo achita zoposa kulekerera chabe udani​—aupatulikitsa. Mu 1936, pa kuulika kwa nkhondo yotchedwa Spanish Civil War, Papa Pius XI anaimba mlandu ochirikiza Republic wa ‘kuda Mulungu kwenikweni kwausatana’​—ngakhale kuti kunali ansembe Achikatolika ku mbali yochirikiza Republic. Mofananamo, Kadinala Gomá, bishopu wamkulu wa Spain mkati mwa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeniyo, ananena kuti ‘kupanga mtendere popanda nkhondo kunali kosatheka.’

Udani wachipembedzo sumasonyeza kukhala ukuchepa. Mu 1992 magazini a Human Rights Without Frontiers anatsutsa njira imene akuluakulu a Tchalitchi cha Greek Orthodox anasonkhezerera nayo udani pa Mboni za Yehova. Pa zitsanzo zambiri, anatchula za wansembe wina wa Greek Orthodox amene anaumirira kuimba mlandu Mboni ziŵiri za zaka 14. Mlandu wake? Iye anawaimba mlandu wa ‘kuyesa kumchititsa kusintha chipembedzo chake.’

Zotulukapo za Udani

Padziko lonse, mbewu za udani zikufesedwa ndi kuthiriridwa kupyolera mu chisalungamo, tsankhu, kukondetsa dziko la munthuwe, ndi chipembedzo. Zotulukapo zake zosapeŵeka ndizo mkwiyo, mtopola, nkhondo, ndi kuwononga. Mawu a Baibulo pa 1 Yohane 3:15 amatithandiza kuona kuwopsa kwa zimenezi: “Yense wakudana ndi mbale wake ali wakupha munthu.” Zoonadi, kumene udani ulikukula, mtendere​—ngati ungakhaleko nkomwe​—umakhala pachiswe.

Elie Wiesel, wopata mphotho ya Nobel ndiponso wopulumuka chipululutso cha Holocaust, akulemba kuti: “Ntchito ya wopulumuka ndiyo kupereka umboni wa zimene zinachitika . . . Uyenera kuchenjeza anthu kuti zinthu zimenezi zingachitike, kuti uchiŵanda ungabuke. Udani wa fuko, chiwawa, kulambira mafano​—zili zochulukabe.” Mbiri ya zaka za zana la 20 imapereka umboni wakuti udani suli chinthu chimene chidzangozimiririka chokha.

Kodi udani udzachotsedwa konse m’mitima ya anthu? Kodi udani umawononga nthaŵi zonse, kapena kodi uli ndi mbali ina yabwino? Tiyeni tione.