“Tiyeni, Timange Mzinda”

Yosimbidwa ndi mtolankhani wa Galamukani! ku Germany

MWINAMWAKE mumakhala mumzinda. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, pafupifupi theka la anthu okhala m’dziko amakhala m’mizinda. Buku lina likunena kuti “pamlingo wa pakali panopo, pofika chaka cha 2000, mizinda idzakhala ndi yoposa 75 peresenti ya anthu a ku South America.” Likutiuzanso kuti mkati mwa nyengo ya nthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiŵerengero cha anthu okhala m’mizinda ya mu Afrika chidzaŵirikiza kuposa kaŵiri.

Ngakhale ngati simukukhala mumzinda, mwina mumagwira ntchito kumeneko, kupitako kukagula zinthu zanu, kapena kupitako mwa kamodzikamodzi kukapeza zinthu zofunikira zimene zimapezeka mumzinda. Aliyense amayambukiridwa ndi mizinda. Ha, moyo wathu ukanakhala wosiyana motani nanga popanda iyo!

Mzinda Wotchedwa Enoke

Kumanga mizinda kunayamba kale kwambiri. Ponena za Kaini, mwana woyambirira kubadwa, timaŵerenga kuti “anamanga [mzinda, NW], nautcha dzina lake la [mzindawo, NW] monga dzina la mwana wake, Enoke.” (Genesis 4:17) Mwa kumanga mzinda, mwinamwake waung’ono poyerekezera ndi kamangidwe kamakono, Kaini anapereka chitsanzo ku mibadwo ya mtsogolo.

Chibadwa cha anthu chofuna kuyanjana ndi ena chachititsa anthu kufuna kukhala pamodzi. Zimenezi zakhala choncho osati kokha chifukwa chofuna mayanjano komanso chifukwa cha chisungiko ndi chitetezo, makamaka m’zaka mazana apita pamene zitaganya zinali kuukiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Komabe, zimenezi sindizo zokha zimene zasonkhezera anthu kuyamba kumanga mizinda.

The World Book Encyclopedia ikunena kuti pali zinthu zazikulu zinayi zimene zathandizira kupangidwa kwa mizinda. Ndizo “(1) kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga [makina oyendetsedwa ndi nthunzi ya madzi, mphamvu yamagetsi, njira za kulankhulana], (2) malo abwino [mbali zina ndizo malo, machedwe, mitsinje imenenso iri magwero a madzi], (3) kulinganizidwa kwa anthu [ulamuliro, boma], ndi (4) kuchuluka kwa anthu.”

Mizinda yachititsa malonda ndi kukhala pamalo amodzi kwa antchito kukhala zosavuta. Chotero, m’mizinda yambiri timaona nyumba zambiri zotchipa za antchitowo ndi mabanja awo. Lerolino, pokhala ndi zoyendera za onse ndi zaumwini zopezeka mosavuta, mtunda sumalepheretsa kuyang’anira kwachipambano kwa chuma ndi ndale. Pachifukwa chimenechi, mizinda ingafalitsire chiyambukiro chake kumadera a kumidzi oyandikana nawo.

Mizinda ina yamakedzana inalinso yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zachipembedzo. Lemba la Genesis 11:4 limati: “Ndipo [anthu amene anakhalako pambuyo pa Chigumula cha tsiku la Nowa] anati, Tiyeni, timange [mzinda, NW] ndi nsanja, pamutu pake pafikire kumwamba [yotumikira pa kulambira kwachipembedzo]; ndipo tidzipangire ife tokha dzina kuti tisabalalike pa dziko lonse lapansi.”

Mbali za kakhalidwe ka anthu, chipembedzo, malonda, ndi malo limodzinso ndi ndale zaloŵetsedwamo pomanga mizinda. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mizinda yakhala chisonkhezero champhamvu m’zaka mazana apitawa m’kuumba chitaganya chamakono monga momwe timachidziŵira ndipo yatiyambukira tonsefe.

Yosiyana Komabe Yofanana

The New Encyclopædia Britannica ikunena kuti “malo okhala okhazikika akale kwambiri a munthu akupezeka m’zigwa za chonde za kumalo otentha za mitsinje ya Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, ndi Yellow.” Ndithudi, mizinda yokhalako zaka za zana la 20 zisanakhale inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi mizinda yamakono ya m’mbali mwa mtsinje.

M’zaka mazana apita anthu ochuluka kwambiri anali kukhala m’madera a kumidzi. Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 1300, mzinda waukulu wokha wa ku England unali London, ndipo chiŵerengero chake cha anthu ochepera pa zikwi 40 chinali chosakwanira ndi 1 peresenti yomwe ya chiwonkhetso cha anthu m’dzikomo. Pofika mu 1650 pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya Angelezi onse anali kukhala ku London. Pofika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, chiŵerengero cha anthu mumzindawo chinali kuyandikira pa miliyoni imodzi. Lerolino, nzika za Britain zosakwanira 9 peresenti zimakhala m’madera akumidzi. Ena onse anadzala m’matauni, pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi aŵiri amakhala mumzinda waukulu kwambiri wa Greater London wokha.

Monga chizindikiro cha mlingo umene mizinda yakulira ndi kufalikira, mu 1900, London unali mzinda wokhawo m’dziko lonse umene unali ndi anthu miliyoni imodzi. Tsopano pali mizinda yoposa 200 yokhala ndi nzika zoposa miliyoni imodzi. Odziŵa za malo amalankhula za mzinda waukulu kwadzaoneni, mdadada wa mizinda yolumikizana yonga imene imapezeka ku chigawo cha Ruhr ku Germany, kumene dera la m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Ruhr, kuyambira ku Duisburg mpaka ku Dortmund, limapanga chitaganya chimodzi chosalekeza.

Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyanako, mizinda yamakedzana ndi yamakono yakhala ndi chinachake chofanana—mavuto. Ndipo mavutowo sanali ochuluka kwambiri kapena aakulu kwambiri monga momwe aliri lerolino. Mizinda ili m’mavuto owopsa. Ngati ‘kudzimangira mzinda’ kwaphunzitsa mtundu wa anthu kanthu kena, kunayenera kutiphunzitsa kuti, pansi pa mikhalidwe yopanda ungwiro ndipo pamene kuchitidwa ndi anthu okhoza kulakwa, kumanga mizinda sikuli kwenikweni njira yabwino yokhutiritsira zosoŵa zathu.