“Mzinda Wadzala ndi Chitsenderezo”

PAMENE mneneri Wabaibulo Ezekieli ananena za mzinda ‘wodzala ndi chitsenderezo,’ iye sanadziŵe kalikonse ponena za mavuto amene amakantha mizinda ya lerolino. (Ezekieli 9:9, An American Translation) Ndiponso mawu ake sanali njira yokuluwika yoneneratu za mavuto ameneŵa. Komabe, zimene analemba zingakhale malongosoledwe olondola a mizinda ya m’zaka za zana la 20.

Buku lakuti 5000 Days to Save the Planet linati: “Pokhala yosaoneka bwino ndi yopanda kulinganiza kwenikweni, mizinda yathu yakhala yoipa kukhalamo ndi yoipa kuiyang’ana. . . . Nyumba zimene zili zochuluka m’mizinda yathu zinamangidwa mosalingalira konse za amene adzakhalamo ndi kugwiramo ntchito.”

Mfundo Zosakondweretsa Zonena za Mizinda

Mizinda isanu ndi inayi, yokhala m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko, yafotokozedwa ndi manyuzipepala ndi magazini mwanjira yotsatirayi. Kodi mungatchule mzinda uliwonse ndi dzina lake lolondola?

Mzinda A, wokhala ku Latin America, ngwotchuka chifukwa cha achichepere amene amalembedwa ganyu ya kupha anthu ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha kupha anthu. Ngwodziŵikanso monga malikulu a malonda a anamgoneka.

Mzinda B ndiwo “mzinda woipitsitsa mu [United States] chifukwa cha mbala za m’khwalala.” Mkati mwa miyezi iŵiri yoyambirira ya 1990, kupha kunali “kowonjezereka ndi 20 peresenti kuchokera pa nyengo imodzimodziyo” chakacho chisanafike.

“Anthu mamiliyoni angapo pa chaka amasamukira kumatauni a South America, Afrika, ndi Asia . . . , kusamuka kutsata chiyembekezo chawo chongoyerekezera cha dziko lolonjezedwa.” Polephera kulipeza, ambiri amakakamizika kukhala mu umphawi, potsirizira pake amapemphapempha kapena kuba kuti akhale ndi moyo. Theka la nzika za Mzinda C wa ku Afrika ndi Mzinda D wa ku Asia—limodzinso ndi 70 peresenti ya nzika za Mzinda E wa ku Asia—zikusimbidwa kuti zili ndi timisasa.

“Pamene kuli kwakuti [Mzinda F] uli pakati pa malo a m’tauni achisungiko kopambana mu North America, kuwonjezereka kwa ulova, kukwera kwa upandu ndi udani wa mafuko kwachititsa nzika zake kukayikira za mbali yoipa ya chipambano. Upandu . . . wafooketsa mzimu wa mzindawo. Nkhanza za kugonana zakwera ndi 19% . . . Kuphana kwakwera ndi pafupifupi 50%.”

“Tsiku lililonse anthu 1,600 amasamukira ku [Mzinda G wa ku Latin America] . . . Ngati [uwo] upitiriza kukula pa liŵiro limeneli anthu mamiliyoni 30 adzakhala kumeneko pofika mapeto a zaka za zana lino. Iwo adzayenda pa liŵiro la nkhono m’magalimoto mamiliyoni 11, olephera kuyenda kwa maola angapo panthaŵi ina chifukwa cha kuchulukitsitsa kwa magalimoto . . . Kuipitsa mpweya . . . nkwakukulu kuwirikiza nthaŵi zana limodzi kuposa mlingo wovomerezedwa. . . . Maperesenti 40 a nzika zonse amadwala chifuŵa chosachiritsika. . . . Panthaŵi imene magalimoto amachuluka kwambiri mlingo wa phokoso mumzindamo umakwera pakati pa 90 ndi 120 decibels; 70 decibels imalingaliridwa kukhala yosapiririka.”

“Tsiku lililonse matani 20 a ndowe ya agalu imatoledwa m’makwalala ndi misewu ya [Mzinda H wa ku Ulaya]. . . . Kuwonjezera pa mtengo ndi kusautsako, mfundo ina yowopsa kwambiri yatulukiridwa. Ndowe za agalu ndizo magwero a matenda ochititsidwa ndi kachilombo ka Toxocara canis. Theka la malo amchenga oseŵerera ana a [mumzinda] anapezedwa kuti anaipitsidwa ndi mazira osaoneka ndi maso osapheka a kachilomboko, amene amaloŵa m’nyumba ali kunsi kwa nsapato ndi kumapazi a ziŵeto za m’nyumba. . . . Kutopa, kupweteka m’mimba, ma allergy, mavuto a mtima ndi mitsempha ndizo zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawo.”

“Ngakhale kuti [Mzinda I wa ku Asia] uli wokanthidwa ndi mavuto onse a mizinda yotukuka kwambiri m’dziko losatukuka—umphawi, upandu, kuipitsa—iwo wayamba kudzikhazikitsa monga umodzi wa mizinda yaikulu ya m’zaka za zana la 21.”

Kodi Ndiyo Yokha Kapena Ndiyonse?

Kodi mwakhoza kutchula mizinda imeneyi ndi maina ake oyenera? Mwinamwake ayi, chifukwa chakuti palibe lililonse la mavuto otchulidwawo limene limapezeka ku mzinda umodzi wokha. Mmalomwake, ali zizindikiro za zimene zalakwika pafupifupi mu mzinda uliwonse waukulu m’dziko lonse.

Mzinda A, malinga ndi kunena kwa nyuzipepala yatsiku ndi tsiku ya ku Germany ya Süddeutsche Zeitung ndiwo Medellín, ku Colombia. Chiŵerengero cha kuphana chinatsika kuchokera pa 7,081 mu 1991 kufika pa 6,622 “chabe” mu 1992. Komabe, nyuzipepala yatsiku ndi tsiku ya ku Colombia El Tiempo, ikusimba kuti mkati mwa zaka khumi zapita, pafupifupi anthu 45,000 anafa kumeneko chifukwa cha chiwawa. Chotero pakali panopo magulu osiyanasiyana a boma akuyesayesa mwamphamvu kukonza mzindawo ndi kuwongolera mbiri yake.

The New York Times inadziŵikitsa Mzinda B kukhala New York City zimene mwinamwake sizingadabwitse anthu amene anapitako kumeneko m’zaka zaposachedwapa ndipo makamaka nzika zake.

Ziŵerengero zoperekedwa ndi magazini a ku Germany a Der Spiegel ponena za kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m’mikhalidwe yaumphaŵi ku Nairobi, Kenya (C), Manila, Philippines (D), ndi Calcutta, India (E) zimasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri akukhala m’nyumba zoipa m’mizinda itatu imeneyi yokha kuposa amene amakhala m’maiko onse otukuka a ku Ulaya onga Denmark kapena Switzerland.

Mzinda F—Toronto, Canada—unafotokozedwa mu 1991 ndi magazini a Time m’nkhani imene sinali yokometsera kwambiri poyerekezera ndi imene inalembedwa zaka zitatu kalelo. Lipoti loyamba, lokhala ndi mutu wakuti “Pomalizira Pake, Pali Mzinda Umene Umagwira Ntchito,” linatamanda mzinda umene “umasangalatsa pafupifupi aliyense.” Linagwira mawu mlendo kukhala atanena kuti: “Malo ano angandichititse kudaliranso mizinda.” Nzachisoni kuti, “mzinda umene umagwira ntchito” umenewo tsopano ukuoneka kukhala ukuvutika ndi mavuto amodzimodziwo amene amakantha mizinda ina yomanyonyotsoka.

Ngakhale kuti inanena za Mzinda G kukhala “umodzi wa mizinda yokongola ndi yapamwamba koposa mu America, ndi umodzi wa mizinda yamakono koposa,” magazini a Time akuvomerezabe kuti umenewu “ndiwo Mexico City wa olemera, ndithudi, ndi alendo omwe odzawona.” Pakali pano, malinga ndi kunena kwa World Press Review, osauka amakhala mothithikana “mu chimodzi cha zithando 500 za likululo” m’nyumba “zomangidwa ndi zinyalala za ku maindasitale, mapepala a makatoni, magalimoto akutha, ndi ziŵiya zomangira zakuba.”

Mzinda H ukutchulidwa ndi magazini amlungu ndi mlungu a ku France a L’Express kukhala Paris, umene, malinga ndi kunena kwa The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “kwazaka mazana ambirimbiri, mwa dongosolo lomwe silinalongosoledwe konse mwachipambano, . . . wachititsa chikoka anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse.” Komabe, chifukwa cha mavuto owopsa, china cha chikoka cha “Gay Paree” chazimiririka.

Ponena za Mzinda I, magazini a Time akunena kuti: “Mzinda waukulu womwe panthaŵi ina unalingaliridwa mokhumbirika ndi maiko a Kumadzulo kukhala likulu lokongola, lachikoka la Siam wakale, ‘Venice wa Kummaŵa,’ mzinda wosinthasintha wa angelo ndi akachisi agolidi ndiwo tauni yamakono yomafutukuka ya ku Asia.” Ngakhale angelo ake ndi akachisi ake alephera kuletsa Bangkok, Thailand, kukhala pafupifupi kwakanthaŵi, “likulu ladziko la malonda a kugonana.”

Kupenda Mizinda Mosamalitsa

Zaka khumi zapitazo mtolankhani wina ananena kuti ngakhale kuti mizinda yaikulu ikuoneka kukhala “ili ndi mavuto ofanana, mzinda uliwonse uli ndi mkhalidwe wakewake, ndipo motero ukuyesayesa kukhalapobe mwanjira yapadera.” Mu 1994, mizinda idakayesayesabe, uliwonse mwanjira yakeyake.

Sialiyense amene amaganiza kuti kuyesayesa kukhalapobe kumeneko kwalephereka. Mwachitsanzo, yemwe kale anali meya wa Toronto, anasonyeza chidaliro, akumati: “Sindikuganiza kuti mzinda ukusweka. Uli ndi mavuto, koma ndiganiza kuti tikhoza kuthetsa vuto limeneli.” Zowona, mizinda ina yathetsa mwachipambano, kapena yachepetsako mavuto ake ena. Koma zimenezi zinafunikira zoposa kwambiri chidaliro chokha.

January wapita mtolankhani Eugene Linden analemba kuti: “Mtsogolo mwa dziko muli mogwirizana ndi mtsogolo mwa mizinda yake.” Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, mizinda yaumba dziko lathu, ndipo ikupitiriza kutero. Ndiponso, kaya yamakedzana kapena yamakono, yatiyambukira pa ife tokha—mwinamwake kwambiri kuposa mmene tingalingalirire. Nchifukwa chake kukhalapobe kwake kuli kogwirizana kotheratu ndi kwathu.

Pamenepa, kupenda mosamalitsa mizinda sikuli kokha ndi cholinga cha kuwonjezera chidziŵitso chathu. Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kudzatigalamutsa ku mikhalidwe yovuta imene dziko lilimo tsopano. Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto owopsa a dziko—oonekera m’kuyesayesa kwa mizinda yathu kukhalapobe—pali chiyembekezo!

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Mtsogolo mwa dziko muli mogwirizana ndi mtsogolo mwa mizinda yake.”—Wolemba Eugene Linden

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kupita ku mzinda ndi mzinda kungakhale kosavuta, koma kuthetsa mavuto ake nkovuta