‘Kuyendayenda m’Mizinda Yonse’

PAMENE anali padziko lapansi Kristu Yesu “anayendayenda m’mizinda yonse ndi m’midzi, namaphunzitsa m’masunagoge mwawo, nalalikira uthenga wabwino wa ufumu.” (Mateyu 9:35) Awo ofuna kutsatira mapazi ake anaitanidwanso kulalikira m’mizinda ya dziko. Kumeneko akakumana ndi mavuto ofala m’mizinda ndi kukakamizika kulimbana nawo.

Kupenda mbiri ya mizinda kumasonyeza maubwino ndi kuipa kwa zaka zikwi za kukhalapo kwa anthu, zisangalalo ndi mavuto a zoyesayesa za anthu za kupeza chimwemwe. Kupenda mizinda mowona mtima kumatitsimikiziritsa mfundo yakuti mtundu wonse wa anthu uli banja limodzi, loyang’anizana ndi mavuto ofanana. Lerolino sipayenera kukhala maziko a kunyada kwautundu kapena tsankho laufuko.

Momvetsa chisoni, anthu ambiri samadziŵa zambiri ponena za mizinda, osati ngakhale kumene ili. Pamene ophunzira pa yunivesite a ku United States anafunsidwa m’ma 1980 kuloza mizinda ina, ena a iwo anaika mzinda wa Dublin (Ireland) ku United States ndi Lima (Peru) ku Italy.

Mayeso amene anachitidwa zaka zingapo kalelo pa yunivesite ina anasonyeza kuti pafupifupi theka la ophunzira analephera kuloza London pamapu a dziko. Ena anaika mzindawo ku Iceland, ena ku Continental Europe. Profesa amene anachititsa mayesowo anadandaula kuti 42 peresenti ya ophunzira “analepherera” kotheratu kuloza London. Chochititsa manyazi kwambiri nchakuti 8 peresenti “analephereratu” kuloza mzinda wa ku America kumene mayesowo anali kuchitikira!

Koma mwachionekere nzika za America sizokhazo zimene zili ndi chidziŵitso chochepa cha malo. Kumapeto kwa ma 1980, mayeso a ophunzira a m’maiko khumi anasonyeza kuti nzika za Sweden zimachita bwino kwambiri ndipo nzika za America zinali pamalo achisanu ndi chimodzi. Academy of Sciences ya kudziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union inapeza kuti 13 peresenti ya ophunzira opendedwa a ku Soviet Union analephera kupeza ngakhale dziko lawo pamapu a dziko. Chiŵalo cha Academy imeneyo Vladimir Andriyenkov ananena mwamanyazi kuti: “Zopezedwa zili zosakhulupiririka.”

Bwanji za inu? Kodi mumadziŵa bwino motani malo mwachisawawa ndipo makamaka a mizinda? Bwanji osadziyesa ndi mafunso opezeka patsamba 10? Mungaphunzire mfundo zina zosangalatsa mwa “Kupenda Mizinda Mosamalitsa.”

[Bokosi pamasamba 10, 11]

Kodi Mungautchule Mzindawo?

Gwirizanitsani malongosoledwe otsatirawa ndi mzinda woyenera.

1. Mzinda waukulu wokhala pamalo okwezeka koposa m’dziko.

2. Mzinda waukulu kopambana m’dziko lokhala ndi anthu ochuluka kopambana padziko.

3. Dzina lake lenileni ngakhale kuti siligwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri lili ndi mawu 27, mbali yake yoyamba njofanana ndi tanthauzo la Los Angeles; uli pakati pa chigawo kumene mpunga umalimidwa. Uli ndi akachisi a Chibuddha oposa 400.

4. Uli ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu chimene—kupatulapo mizinda ina inayi—chili chachikulu kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kuposa mzinda wina uliwonse padziko.

5. Unatayikiridwa pafupifupi nzika 250,000 m’tsoka la mu 1976.

6. Phata la chigawo chopanga nsalu cha dziko lake, mzinda umenewu unachita mbali yaikulu m’nthaŵi ya kuyambika kwa maindasitale.

7. Kale umadziŵika monga umodzi wa mizinda yauve kwambiri ya ku Ulaya, lerolino ngwotchuka chifukwa cha mafuta onunkhira okhala ndi dzina lake.

8. Zinenero pafupifupi 60 zimalankhulidwa mumzinda wa kudoko wa ku Asia umenewu. Unali likulu la dziko lake kuyambira mu 1833 mpaka 1912.

9. Mzinda umene unayenerera kukhala likulu, wolinganizidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, unakhala likulu mu 1960.

10. Uli kumapeto kwa chigwegwe cha utali wa makilomita 100, polingalira za dera lake uli umodzi wa mizinda yaikulu koposa m’dziko.

11. Pokhala utatsala pang’ono kuwonongedwa kotheratu ndi chivomezi mu 1755, uli ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa mzinda waukulu wina uliwonse m’bungwe la European Community.

12. Unakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo podzafika 1873, pamene zitaganya za kumbali zonse za mtsinje wa Danube zinagwirizana pansi pa dzina limodzi.

13. Ofufuza malo Achipwitikizi analingalira molakwa chigwegwe chake kukhala mathiriro a mtsinje, motero anaupatsa dzina limene uli nalo.

14. Unakhazikitsidwa mu 1788 monga malo andende, uli umodzi wa mizinda yakummwera kwambiri ya ukulu wake m’dziko lonse.

15. Pokhala ndi miyambo yamphamvu yachipembedzo, mzinda umenewu unatchuka chifukwa cha chipoloŵe chachilendo cha zandale.

16. Mu 1850, Mfumu Kamehameha III anaulengeza kukhala likulu la ufumu wake; dzina lake limatanthauza “Chigwegwe Chotetezeredwa,” ndipo kachedwe kake kabwino ka chaka chonse kamaupanga kukhala wokondweretsa kwa alendo odzawona malo.

17. Nthaŵi zina umatchedwa mzinda wamphepo, panthaŵi ina unatsala pang’ono kuwonongedwa ndi moto; lerolino umanyadira kuti uli ndi nyumba yaitali koposa m’dziko lonse.

18. Chaka cha 1966 chisanafike, unali kutchedwa Léopoldville.

19. Ngwakale mofanana ndi mmodzi wa olamulira otchuka kopambana a Greece, mzinda umenewu umakumbukiridwa ndi ophunzira Baibulo monga malo amene matembenuzidwe otchuka Achigiriki a Malemba Achihebri anachitidwira.

20. Kukula kwake kofulumira kunachitika chifukwa cha kutumbidwa kwa golidi chapafupipo, ndipo ngwapadera chifukwa chakuti ndiwo mzinda wokha waukulu m’dziko umene suli pafupi ndi gombe kapena mphepete mwa nyanja kapena mtsinje.

Alexandria, Egypt

Bangkok, Thailand

Boston, U.S.A.

Brasília, Brazil

Budapest, Hungary

Calcutta, India

Chicago, U.S.A.

Cologne, Germany

Hong Kong

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Johannesburg, South Africa

Kinshasa, Zaire

La Paz, Bolivia

Lisbon, Portugal

Manchester, England

Oslo, Norway

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Shanghai, China

Sydney, Australia

Tangshan, China

[Bokosi pamasamba 11, 12]

Mayankho:

1. La Paz, uli pamalo okwezeka pakati pa mamita 3,250 ndi 4,100 kuchokera pamwamba pa malekezero a nyanja, unakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu a ku Spain mu 1548.

2. Liwu lakuti “Shanghai” limatanthauza “Panyanja,” ndipo pokhala limodzi la madoko aakulu kwambiri m’dziko, ulinso maziko a maphunziro apamwamba ndi kufufuza kwa zasayansi ku China.

3. Mbali yoyambirira ya dzina lalamulo la Bangkok ndiyo Krung Thep, limene limatanthauza kuti “Mzinda wa Angelo”; mu chinenero cha Spanish, liwu lakuti “Los Angeles” limatanthauza “angelo.” Pamene kuli kwakuti mzinda wa Bangkok watukula misewu yake, ngalande zake zambiri zotchuka zakwiriridwa kupanga misewu.

4. Mzinda wa Hong Kong, wokhala ndi anthu 96,000 pa kilomita imodzi m’mbali zonse zinayi, umatsatiridwa ndi Lagos, Nigeria (55,000); Dacca, Bangladesh (53,000); Djakarta, Indonesia (50,000); ndi Bombay, India (49,000).

5. Mu 1976, dziko la China linakanthidwa ndi chimodzi cha zivomezi zoipa kopambana m’mbiri yamakono, chofika pa 7.8 pa sikelo ya Richter. Mzinda wa Tangshan unatsala pang’ono kusalazidwa; anthu pafupifupi 240,000 anaphedwa.

6. Mzinda wa Manchester, wokhala pa mtunda wa makilomita 240 kumpoto kwa London, unakhala maziko a za indasitale mofulumira kwambiri kwakuti pakati pa 1821 ndi 1831, chiŵerengero cha anthu ake chinakwera ndi 45 peresenti.

7. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, mzinda wa Cologne unatchuka kukhala umodzi wa mizinda itatu yauve kopambana m’dziko—Calcutta, Constantinople, ndi Cologne—pachifukwa chimenecho asilikali a ku France amene anatumizidwa kumeneko “anaphimba nkhope zawo ndi zitambaya zoviikidwa m’mafuta onunkhira a Eau de Cologne kuti aletse fungo la mikodzo limene linali guu mumzindamo.”—Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger.

8. Calcutta ndi mzinda waukulu wachitatu wa ku India ndipo unaloŵedwa m’malo monga likulu ndi mzinda wa New Delhi.

9. Lingaliro limene linaperekedwa mu 1789 ndi kuikidwa m’Lamulo la mu 1891, la kukhala ndi likulu mkati mwa Brazil linachitidwa mu 1960 ndi Brasília. Kumangidwa kwake kuyambira pachiyambi kunapereka mwaŵi wochepa wa kumaliza “mzinda wolinganizidwa bwino m’maonekedwe, kamangidwe, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu.”—Encyclopædia Britannica.

10. Mzinda wa Oslo, likulu la Norway, uli pa malo a ukulu wa makilomita 453 m’mbali zonse zinayi, mbali yaikulu ndimapiri owirira ndi nyanja.

11. Matchalitchi anadzaza m’maŵa wa November 1, 1755, kukumbukira tsiku la All Saints’ Day, pamene mzinda wa Lisbon unasakazidwa ndi chimodzi cha zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri m’mbiri, chimene chinapha anthu pafupifupi 30,000.

12. Mu 1873 tauni ya Pest, kumbali ya kummaŵa kwa mtsinje wa Danube, ndi Buda, limodzi ndi Óbuda ndi chisumbu cha Margaret Island, kumbali ya kumadzulo, zinagwirizana mwalamulo kukhala Budapest, umodzi wa mizinda yokongola kwambiri ya ku Ulaya, umene panthaŵi ina unkatchedwa Queen of the Danube.

13. Mawu Achipwitikizi otanthauza “mtsinje” ndi “January”—ofufuza malowo anafika pa January 1, 1502—anaphatikizidwa kupanga dzina lakuti Rio de Janeiro.

14. Mu January 1788 pafupifupi akaidi 750 anafika kuchokera ku Britain monga maziko a malo andende; lerolino Sydney ndimzinda wakale koposa ndi waukulu koposa wa ku Australia.

15. Kwazaka pafupifupi mazana atatu, mizinda yochepa inayambukira moyo mu United States kuposa mmene unachitira mzinda wa Boston, umene unayambitsidwa ndi Apuritan amene anathaŵa ku Ulaya chifukwa cha chizunzo chachipembedzo. Mu 1773 nzika zake zinathandizira kuyambitsa chipolowe cha American Revolution pamene, zitadzizimbayitsa monga Amwenye, zinataya tii wodzala ngalaŵa zitatu padoko la Boston kusonyeza kusakondwa ndi kukhoma misonkho ku Britain popanda phindu la kuimiridwa m’boma.

16. Mzinda wa Honolulu umene poyambirira unali maziko a malonda a mtengo wa sandalwood ndi asodzi a namgumi, unalamuliridwa ndi maiko a Russia, Britain, ndi France motsatizanatsatizana, unabwezeredwa kwa Mfumu Kamehameha III. Mu 1850 iye anaulengeza kukhala likulu la ufumu wake. Hawaii anakhala gawo la United States mu 1900 ndipo anakhala boma lake mu 1959.

17. Ena amatcha Chicago kukhala mzinda weniweni wa ku United States, umene umasonyeza mbali zabwino ndi zoipa koposa za dzikolo. Mbali yapakati ya mzindawo inawonongedwa ndi moto mu 1871 pamene kukulingaliridwa kuti ng’ombe ya mkazi wa a O’Leary inagunda nyali yoyaka m’nkhokwe. Anthu pafupifupi 250 anafa, ndipo 90,000 anasoŵa pokhala. Sears Tower ya ku Chicago, yautali wa mamita 443, ndiyo nyumba yaitali koposa padziko lonse.

18. Mu 1960, mzinda wa Léopoldville, wotchulidwa dzina la Mfumu Leopold II ya ku Belgium, unakhala likulu la Republic of the Congo pambuyo pa kutha kwa Belgian Congo. Mu 1971 dzina la dzikolo linasinthidwa kukhala Zaire; mu 1966 malikuluwo anatchedwanso Kinshasa.

19. Mzinda wa Alexandria unatenga dzina lake kwa Alexander Wamkulu, amene analamulira kuti umangidwe mu 332 B.C.E. Zochepera pa zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, Ayuda okhala mumzindamo—mwinamwake mkati mwa kulamulira kwa Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.E.)—anayamba kutembenuza Malemba Achihebri kuwaika m’Chigiriki kupanga Septuagint.

20. Mzinda wa Johannesburg, womwe sunamangidwe pa gombe, panyanja, kapena pamtsinje, unakula chifukwa cha kutumbidwa kwa golidi mu 1886. Unakula kuchokera pa chiŵerengero cha anthu 2,000 mu 1887 kufika pa 120,000 mu 1899 ndipo uli ndi anthu oposa mamiliyoni 1.7 lerolino.

[Mapu pamasamba 8, 9]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Bangkok, Thailand

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Tourism Authority of Thailand

[Zithunzi patsamba 10]

Kumanzere: Sydney, Australia

Pansi: La Paz, Bolivia

[Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Shanghai, China

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Kumanzere: Honolulu, Hawaii

Kumanja: Hong Kong