Kodi Gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano Nchiyani?

SIGULU lolinganizidwa, komabe magulu mazana ambiri amachirikiza ziphunzitso zake. Lilibe mtsogoleri weniweni, komabe anthanthi ake ndi aphunzitsi ake mwinamwake amafika chiŵerengero cha zikwi. Lilibe buku laukumu la ziphunzitso zoikidwa ndi zikhulupiriro, komabe otsatira ake angapeze chiphunzitso chawo pafupifupi m’laibulale ya anthu onse iliyonse padziko lonse. Lilibe mulungu aliyense woti alambiridwe, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri limachirikiza lingaliro la mulungu amene angapezeke paliponse ndi kulikonse.

Kodi ilo nchiyani? Ndigulu la Nyengo Yatsopano: msanganizo wosadziŵika bwino wa chipembedzo, miyambo, mayanjano, ndale, ndi malingaliro azasayansi, osakanizidwa ndi kuchita chidwi ndi zinthu zachinsinsi za Kummaŵa, mizimu, matsenga, ndipo ngakhale mitundu ina ya kuphunzira maganizo a anthu kwamakono. Msanganizowo umaphatikizapo kukhulupirira kupenda nyenyezi, kuvala thupi lanyama, kukhalako kwa zamoyo zakunja kwa thambo, chisinthiko, ndi moyo pambuyo pa imfa. Nkhawa za malo ndi umoyo zilinso zinthu zofunika.

Aliyense akhoza kuloŵa m’gulu limeneli. Palibe mwambo kapena ubatizo. Ndiponso anthu samafunikira kuleka kugwirizana ndi chipembedzo chawo. Kumbali ina, ambiri amakana kutchedwa okhulupirira “Nyengo Yatsopano” kokha chifukwa chakuti amakhulupirira malingaliro ena a gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano kapena kusangalala ndi maluso ndi nyimbo zina zotchedwa za Nyengo Yatsopano.

Kaŵirikaŵiri ochirikiza ake samadzitcha okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano. Kwenikweni, liwu lakuti “Nyengo Yatsopano” limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ofalitsa nkhani. Masiku ano, mabuku, mashopu, misonkhano, ndi maprogramu a Nyengo Yatsopano kaŵirikaŵiri amapeŵa liwulo. Library Journal ikufotokoza kuti “kufalitsa kopambanitsa kochitidwa ndi zofalitsira nkhani kumapeto kwa ma 1980 kunachititsa chiyambukiro choipa pa zikhulupiriro ndi njira zokayikirika zogwirizanitsidwa ndi Nyengo Yatsopano (ma UFO, kulankhula ndi mizimu, kuwombeza, ndi zina zotero); zimenezi zimasonyezedwa ndi chenicheni chakuti makampani aakulu ofalitsa mabuku . . . ndipo ngakhale malo osindikizira a Nyengo Yatsopano akutaya liwulo Nyengo Yatsopano.” Motero, anthu ambiri angakhale ali pansi pa chisonkhezero cha lingaliro la Nyengo Yatsopano popanda ngakhale kuzindikira.

Kodi Chatsopano Nchiyani ndi Ilo?

Gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano limalingaliridwa ndi ambiri kukhala lamakono. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Profesa Carl Raschke wa pa Yunivesite ya Denver, kulingalira kwa Nyengo Yatsopano kuli kwenikweni “chisonyezero cha makhalidwe osemphana ndi a m’ma [1960].” Akatswiri ena openda zinthu amatchulanso ma 1960, ndi kufunafuna ufulu ndi chowonadi kwa achichepere otaya mwambo, kukhala kuyambika kwa gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano. Ambiri omwe kale anali achichepere otaya mwambo, omwe tsopano ali m’zaka zawo za ma 40 ndi 50, adakafunafunabe chowonadi chosapezeka chimenecho. Koma kufunafuna kwawo sikumakanidwanso kukhala kwachibwana. Ambiri a iwo ali akatswiri a mbali zotchuka za chidziŵitso, ngokangalika m’ndale, ndipo tsopano amaonedwa kukhala ziŵalo zanzeru za chitaganya.

M’ma 1970 ndi ma 1980, anagwiritsira ntchito maluso awo ndi ndalama kupitiriza kufufuza kwawo. Zotulukapo zake? Msanganizo wawo wa zikhulupiriro walandiridwa mofala ndi kulemekezedwa. Ofalitsa nkhani anazindikira mofulumira, zikumachititsa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa nthanthi za Nyengo Yatsopano.

Kwenikweni, pali zochepa kwambiri zomwe zili zatsopano m’zikhulupiriro za Nyengo Yatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, nthanthi yake njozikidwa kwakukulukulu pa zinsinsi za Kummaŵa, zokhalako kwazaka zikwi zambiri. Talingalirani oŵerengeka a malingaliro a Nyengo Yatsopano.

Chiyembekezo cha Nyengo Yatsopano

Popeza kuti chaka cha 2000 chikuyandikira, lingaliro la mtsogolo mwabwino kwambiri, zaka chikwi zabwino kwambiri, likukhala lotchuka. Chikhulupiriro chachikulu nchakuti chitaganya chamakono monga momwe tikuchidziŵira chidzaloŵedwa mmalo ndi chitaganya changwiro chotchedwa Utopia.a Malinga ndi kunena kwa aphunzitsi a Nyengo Yatsopano, zimenezi zidzachitidwa mwakusintha kotheratu kalingaliridwe kovomerezedwa kozoloŵereka mwa chidziŵitso chachinsinsi chimene chakhala chobisika kapena chonyalanyazidwa kufikira zaka zaposachedwapa. Amanena kuti nyengo yatsopano imeneyi ya kugwirizana idzatulutsa nyonga ya anthu ndi kubweretsa mtendere wauzimu m’chilengedwe chonse.

Chiyembekezo chimenechi chikuonekera kukhala chozikidwa kwakukulukulu pa kuneneratu zamtsogolo kwa openda nyenyezi amene amaloza ku tsiku lathu kukhala malire a pakati pa nyengo yomatha ya Pisces ndi nyengo yomadza ya Aquarius. Ochirikiza nthanthi imeneyi amanena kuti chizindikiro cha nyenyezi cha Pisces chakhala ndi chiyambukiro choipa pa anthu kwa pafupifupi zaka 2,000. Iwo amapatsa mlandu Dziko Lachikristu kukhala wopalamula wamkulu m’kuchititsa chitaganya chokondetsa zinthu zakuthupi ndi chosatsungula. Dziko Lachikristu limaimbidwa mlandu wa kutsekereza kupita patsogolo kwa chowonadi. Koma lerolino chowonadi chimenecho chimanenedwa kuti chingapezeke m’matsenga ndipo chidzamveketsedwa mkati mwa nyengo yoyandikira ya Aquarius, nyengo ya kuunikiridwa kwauzimu, nyengo yatsopano.

Okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano ali ogawikana ponena zakuti kaya chitaganya chatsopano chimenechi chidzabweretsedwa ndi zolengedwa zosakhala zaumunthu kapena ndi zoyesayesa za anthu. Nthanthi ina imati “fuko losinthika la Homo sapiens (anthu) la Nyengo Yatsopano, lochokera ku mbewu zokhala ndi majini zobzalidwa ndi anthu ounikiridwa amakedzana zaka 3,500 zapitazo, lidzakula posachedwapa ndi kupulumutsa dziko ku umbombo.”—The Wall Street Journal, January 11, 1989.

Komabe, chiyembekezo cha nyengo yabwino choterocho, Utopia, kapena dziko latsopano, sichatsopano. Nthano za pafupifupi fuko lirilonse lalikulu zimaphatikizapo chiyembekezo cha chitaganya cha Utopia chamtsogolo. Nthano za ku Sumeria, Greece, Rome, ndi Scandinavia zinaphatikizapo chikhulupiriro chimenechi. Encyclopedia of Religion ikunena kuti: “Kulakalaka utopia kumene munthu samakhala paumphaŵi ndi kumene mtendere ndi kukhupuka zili zochuluka zakhala mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya chipembedzo cha ku China kuyambira nthaŵi ya Ch‘in isanafike (chisanafike chaka cha 221 BCE).” Buku lopatulika lakale koposa, Baibulo, limalankhula za zaka chikwi pamene anthu adzabweretsedwa kuungwiro, ndipo nkhondo, upandu, zoŵaŵa, ndi imfa zidzachotsedwa.—Chivumbulutso 21:1-4.

Chipembedzo Chaumwini

M’kanema wake wonena za moyo wake wakuti Out on a Limb, wa woseŵera wachikazi wotchuka ndi woyambitsa gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano Shirley MacLaine akuima pagombe loyeretsedwa ndi mphepo mikono yake itatambasulidwa ndi kufuula kuti: “Ndine Mulungu! Ndine Mulungu!” Mofanana ndi iye, okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano ambiri amachirikiza kufunafuna moyo wodzikweza ndi lingaliro lakuti ndiwo mulungu. Amaphunzitsa kuti anthu amangofunikira kokha kuwonjezera kuzindikira kwawo kuti apeze umulungu wawo.

Iwo amanena kuti, zimenezi zitachitidwa, kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe chonse kumakhala koonekera bwino—chilichonse ndimulungu, ndipo mulungu ali chilichonse. Limeneli silili konse lingaliro latsopano. Zipembedzo zamakedzana za ku Mesopotamia ndi Igupto zinakhulupirira umulungu wa zinyama, madzi, mphepo, ndi thambo. Posachedwapa, Adolf Hitler akusimbidwa kuti analimbikitsa ena kulandira “chikhulupiriro champhamvu, chaungwazi mwa Mulungu m’Chilengedwe, Mulungu mwa anthu athu, m’choikidwiratu chathu, m’mwazi wathu.”

Mwambo wa Nyengo Yatsopano uli ndi mabuku, misonkhano, ndi maprogramu ambiri a kuphunzitsa okhudza nyonga yaumwini ndi kuwongokera kwaumwini. Mawu akuti “Kudzimvetsetsa” akhala ofala. Anthu amalimbikitsidwa kuyesa chilichonse ndi zilizonse zimene zingawathandize kutulutsa maluso awo. Monga momwe wolemba wina ananenera m’magazini a Wilson Quarterly, “chiphunzitso chachikulu cha gululo ‘nchakuti zilibe kanthu kuti umakhulupirira chiyani malinga ngati zili zachipambano kwa iwe.’”

Margot Adler, wochirikiza Nyengo Yatsopano, akufotokoza kuti ambiri a akazi amene amaloŵa m’magulu a Nyengo Yatsopano ya akazi amachita zimenezo “pa zifukwa zaumwini kwambiri. . . . Amada matupi awo, amadzida. Amadza m’magulu ameneŵa amene kwenikweni amanena kwa iwe kuti, ‘Ndiwe Mulungu Wachikazi, ndiwe wabwino.’”

Magazini a New York akufotokoza kufunafuna moyo wapamwamba kwa gulu lina motere: “Mkazi amaimba mawu akuti, ‘Ndife aphunzitsi a Mbadwo Watsopano. Ndife Ofunika.’ Otenga mbali ena, ovala zakumutu zokhala ndi nyanga, zophimba kumaso zokhala ndi nthenga, ndi zovala zochindikala, amavina m’nkhalango, akumadzuma ndi kupanga majesichala, kudandaula ndi kulira.”

Kukhulupirira Matsenga Koyeretsedwa

Malingaliro ena a Nyengo Yatsopano amachirikiza lingaliro latsopano, loyeretsedwa la kukhulupirira matsenga. Kulambira Satana sikulinso kugwirizanitsidwa ndi matsenga m’maganizo mwa okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano ambiri. Wolemba nkhani m’magazini a Free Inquiry akunena kuti: “Pali chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha ochita ufiti, amene alibe zikhulupiriro zimene zimaphatikizapo kulambira Satana.”

Kupenda kochitidwa posachedwapa ku Germany kunasonyeza kuti pali mfiti zokangalika zokwanira 10,000 m’dziko limenelo. Ngakhale ana akukopeka monyenga ndi matsenga. Buku la Lachijeremani lakuti Der Griff nach unseren Kindern (Kuyesayesa Kukopa Ana Athu) likulongosola kuti kudzera “m’makaseti a drama a ana, iwo akuzoloŵera lingaliro latsopano lakuti mfiti ndimkazi wabwino amene amagwiritsira ntchito matsenga kaamba ka zifuno zabwino.” Bukulo likuwonjezera kuti: “Motero ngakhale ana aang’ono akukopeka ndi Nyengo Yatsopano imene ingawatsogolere ku mphamvu zoposa zaumunthu.”

M’mabuku ake, Shirley MacLaine amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti matsenga ali kokha chidziŵitso chobisika ndi kuti kukhala kwake chobisika sikumatanthauza kuti sichowonadi. Nthanthi imeneyi yakopa anthu osaŵerengeka kupenda machitachita auzimu achilendo, onga ngati kupenduza, kupenda nyenyezi, kulankhula ndi maganizo a munthu wina, ndi kulankhula ndi mizimu. Mbali yomalizirayi yakhala yodziŵika kwa zaka zikwi zambiri kukhala luso lakulankhula ndi mizimu. Koma okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano amaitcha njira yolankhulirana. Nthanthi yawo imanena kuti mizimu ya akufa imasankha anthu ena kukhala njira zawo zolankhulana ndi anthu.

Anthu olingaliridwa kukhala njirawo akhoza kuleka kuganiza ndi kulankhula kapena kulemba mauthenga “ounikiridwa,” onenedwa kukhala ochokera kwa anthu akufa kapena zamoyo zakuthambo. Mizimu ya akufa imalingaliridwa kukhala anthu aluntha odikirira nthaŵi yoyenera kuvala thupi lanyama. Pakali pano, iyo imanenedwa kuti ikutsogoza anthu ku nyengo yatsopano.

Okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano ambiri amasonkhana mokhazikika kuti amvetsere kwa olingaliridwa kukhala akatswiri ameneŵa kuti amve zimene ati anene kudzera mwa owalankhulira awo. Ndipo okhulupirira ali ndi mizimu yambiri imene angasankhe kuifunsa. Pakati pa imene imalingaliridwa kuti imalankhula lerolino pali mizimu ya John Lennon ndi Elvis Presley, zamoyo zakuthambo zokhala ndi maina onga Attarro ndi Rakorczy, ndi wankhondo wazaka 35,000 zakubadwa wa ku chisumbu cha nthano cha Atlantis wotchedwa Ramtha.

Nyengo Yatsopano ndi Thanzi

Chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha ogwira ntchito zamankhwala amakhulupirira kuti odwala sayenera kuthandizidwa kokha monga makina owonongeka ndi kuti chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa ku thanzi lamaganizo ndi lamalingaliro la munthuyo. Kachitidwe kotereka kamatchedwa mankhwala ochiritsa thupi lonse, ndipo silili logwirizana kwenikweni ndi chikhoterero cha Nyengo Yatsopano. Komabe, okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano ambiri avomereza mwachidwi mankhwala ochiritsa thupi lonse. Buku lakuti The Cosmic Self likulongosola kuti popanda kukana njira zamakhwala zokhazikitsidwa, okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano amachirikiza kuchiritsa wodwala monga munthu wathunthu, “chinthu chamoyo chokhala ndi thupi, maganizo, ndi mzimu.”

Okhulupirira Nyengo Yatsopano amanena kuti thanzi labwino lingapezedwe popanda mankhwala ofala. “Malo amene anthu ochuluka amakumana kwanthaŵi yoyamba ndi malingaliro a Nyengo Yatsopano ndiwo m’nkhani ya mankhwala oloŵa m’malo,” ikutero nyuzipepala ya ku Britain ya The Herald. Ndipo malingaliro achilendo kwambiri amapendedwa. Mwachitsanzo, dokotala waziŵeto wa ku Australia ndi mlembi Ian Gawler akupereka lingaliro lakuti kansa ingachiritsidwe mwa kusinkhasinkha. Njira zina zochiritsira zimene zanenedwa kukhala zotchuka m’Nyengo Yatsopano zimaphatikizapo kupenda matenda kupyolera m’kupenda kaimidwe ka nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti, kupenda kuŵala kwa munthu, kuchiritsa mwakugoneka tulo, opaleshoni yopanda mpeni, ndi kupenda mkhalidwe wakale. Njira zochiritsira zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachirikizidwa m’magazini apadera onena za thanzi, mankhwala achilengedwe, mavitamini, maseŵera olimbitsa thupi, ndi kadyedwe.

Nyengo Yatsopano ndi Makrustalo

Njira imodzi yotchuka ya kuchiritsa kwa Nyengo Yatsopano imaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito miyala ya krustalo ndi miyala yamtengo wake, monga ngati quartz, ametusto, topaziyo, rubi, opal, ndi emerald. Katswiri wa majuwelo wa m’gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano Uma Silbey akunena kuti: “M’mbiri yonse mudzapeza zitsanzo za mafuko amene anakhulupirira kuti mwala wa quartz ungawonjezere nyonga yamaganizo ndi mphamvu zakuchiritsa.” Akuwonjezera kuti: “Anthu a ku Sumeria, anthu a fuko la Maya ndi mafuko ena anagwiritsira ntchito makrustalo a quartz kuchiritsira.”

Kodi makrustalowo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito motani? Akatswiri ochiritsa matenda ndi krustalo amanena kuti matenda akuthupi ndi a maganizo angachizidwe mwakuika quartz ndi miyala ina yamtengo wake pamalo akutiakuti pathupi. Katrina Raphaell, mphunzitsi wa Nyengo Yatsopano wa krustalo, akufotokoza kuti makrustalo “angaikidwe pansi pa mtsamiro pogona kuti achititse maloto apamwamba ndi olosera. Angagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’machitachita akuchiritsa kukhazika pansi malingaliro osakhazikika, kutonthoza maganizo ovutika ndi kuthandiza kuchiza kusakwanira bwino kwa zinthu zina za m’thupi. Akhoza kugwiridwa panthaŵi ya zowawa zakubala ndi pakubala kuti awonjezere nyonga.”

Nyengo Yatsopano ndi Malo Okhala

Gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano “nlabwino, limafuna kuteteza malo okhala, nlamakono,” amatero magazini a TSBeat a ku Britain a achichepere. Kutenga mbali mokangalika m’kuchirikiza kukhala odera nkhaŵa ndi kakhalidwe ka zamoyo ndi kutetezera malo okhala kwathandiza gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano kuonedwa bwino, ndipo uthenga wa kuyanja malo okhala umenewu wakopera ambiri ku ziphunzitso zake. Komabe, kudera nkhaŵa malo okhala kwa a Nyengo Yatsopano kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyezedwa monga kulambiridwa kwachiwonekere kwa chilengedwe, kokhala ndi miyambo yofanana ndi madzoma akale opatulidwira kwa mulungu wachikazi wa dziko lapansi.

Kodi malongosoledwe amakono ameneŵa a chinsinsi chakale ndiwo yankho la mavuto athu? Kodi pulaneti lidzapulumutsidwa mwa nzeru za mfiti ndi zamoyo zakuthambo? Kodi nyengo yatsopano ya mtendere ndi kukhupuka idzafika konse?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

MacLaine, Nyengo Yatsopano, ndi Ramtha

“UKULU wa nyenyezi unali weniweni ngakhale kuti sitinauone kapena kuupima ndi mizera. Pali kutsimikizirika kwakukulu kuposa kumene ‘timazindikira.’ Ndicho chimene chatchedwa lingaliro la kuganiza kwa nyengo yatsopano. Kuzindikira kwa nyengo yatsopano. . . .

“Ndinachezera obwebweta otchuka amene analankhula ndi mizimu yotsogolera kudziko lamizimu. Ndinapalana ubwenzi ndi ‘anthu auzimu amenewo.’ . . . Mmodzi anali waluntha kuposa enawo. Dzina lake linali . . . Ramtha Wounikiridwa. . . . Iye anati anakhalako monga munthu m’nthaŵi imene chisumbu cha Atlantis chinaliko ndipo anafikira pakuzindikira zinthu kotheratu panthaŵiyo. . . . Pamene ndinayang’ana m’maso mwa Ramtha, ndinadzimva ndikunena kuti, ‘Kodi unali mchimwene wanga panthaŵi imene unali munthu m’nyengo imene chisumbu cha Atlantis chinaliko?’

“. . . Misozi inatsika m’maso mwake. ‘Inde, wokondedwa wanga,’ iye anatero, ‘ndipo iwe unali mchimwene wanga.’”

MacLaine akupitiriza kunena kuti: “Cholinga cha kundiphunzitsa kwake kwauzimu chinali cha kupereka chowonadi chakuti tinali Mulungu. Tinali okhoza kudziŵa monga iye.”—Dancing in the Light, lolembedwa ndi Shirley MacLaine.

Yerekezerani ndi Genesis 3:5, pamene Njoka (Satana) monyenga inati kwa Hava: “Adziŵa Mulungu kuti tsiku limene mukadya umenewo, adzatseguka maso anu, ndipo mudzakhala ngati Mulungu, wakudziŵa zabwino ndi zoipa.” Awo amene amafuna chiyanjo chaumulungu ayenera kupeŵa kuchita chilichonse ndi zolengedwa zauzimu zoipa ndi zonyenga. Lamulo la Mose linati: “Musamatembenukira kwa obwebweta, kapena anyanga; musawafuna, ndi kudetsedwa nawo; ine ndine Yehova Mulungu wanu.”—Levitiko 19:31.

[Bokosi patsamba 26]

“Mankhwala Ena m’Chitaganya Chodzaza ndi Mankhwala”?

“GULU la Nyengo Yatsopano—chowonjezeredwa chatsopano kwambiri kumbiri yathu yaitali ya madzoma auzimu achilendo ndi mankhwala—limachititsa msanganizo wa chitonzo ndi kuipidwa. Osati kokha kunyonyotsoka kwa ulemu komanso kuchita malonda mopanda manyazi kumasonkhezera kukayikira chinyengo chachikulu cha chipembedzo. . . .

“Gulu la Nyengo Yatsopano limayesa kugwirizanitsa kusinkhasinkha, kulingalira komangilira, kuchiritsa kwa chikhulupiriro, . . . chinsinsi, yoga, madzi ochiritsira, acupuncture, zofukiza zonunkhira, kupenda nyenyezi, kupenda malingaliro kwa Jung, biofeedback, kudziŵa zinthu ndi maloto, uzimu, . . . nthanthi ya chisinthiko, njira ya Reich yochiritsa vuto la zakugonana, nthano zamakedzana, . . . kugoneka tulo, ndi njira ina iliyonse yolinganizidwira kukulitsa kuzindikira, kuphatikizapo zinthu zobwerekedwa ku miyambo ya zipembedzo zazikulu. . . .

“Zoloŵa mmalo zachipembedzo za Nyengo Yatsopano zimatonthoza chikumbumtima mmalo mochisautsa. Chiphunzitso chawo chachikulu nchakuti zimene mumakhulupirira zilibe kanthu malinga ngati zili zachipambano kwa inu. ‘Nzowona ngati mumazikhulupirira’: mawu osonkhezera Nyengo Yatsopano. . . .

“Funso silakuti kaya mankhwala a Nyengo Yatsopano amagwiradi ntchito koma kaya ngati chipembedzo chiyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mankhwala. Ngati sichipereka chinachake choposa kutsitsimulidwa kwauzimu, chipembedzo chimakhala mankhwala ena m’chitaganya chodzaza ndi mankhwala.”—“The New Age Movement: No Effort, No Truth, No Solutions, Notes on Gnosticism—Part V,” lolembedwa ndi Christopher Lasch, Watson Profesa wa Mbiri Yakale pa Yunivesite ya Rochester, New York, U.S.A.

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Timagulu topanda mwambo ta Nyengo Yatsopano timapenda nyenyezi, kulankhula ndi maganizo a munthu wina, kusinkhasinkha, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito makrustalo, pakati pa zinthu zina

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Njira zochiritsira za Nyengo Yatsopano zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito makrustalo